Makara Journal of Health Research
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Improved Skin Wound Healing Activity of Insulin Cream as Evidenced from the Morphological Evaluation in Guinea Pigs
No full textBackground: There is no histological study evaluating the effects of insulin-containing cream on skin injury. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of insulin-containing creams on wound healing. Methods: Creams consisting of nine parts of oil and one part of aqueous phase (9:1) mixed with 1.5 mL human insulin were prepared. Eighteen male guinea pigs were divided into three groups; the control (9:1 C) group received cream without insulin. The experimental groups received Humulin N (9:1 N) and Humulin R (9:1 R) respectively. A 1 cm2 wound of 1-2 cm thickness was created in the skin. Each animal received 0.5 g of the respective creams which was topically applied once a day for 14 days. The progress of wound healing was monitored daily. Skin tissues were excised at the 14th days from the wound sites and processed for light microscopy. Results: Skin wound treated with the long acting insulin Humulin N had an accelerated wound healing process with restoration of vascular network, increased collagen deposition and early complete wound remodeling. Conclusion: Insulin cream with long acting mechanism facilitates in normalizing cell permeability, promoting vascularization, reducing exudation and stimulate proliferation of cells. These properties render insulin cream suitable for expediting wound healing
Molecular Detection for Japanese Encephalitis and Chikungunya Virus as Etiology Agent for Dengue-Like Fever Symptoms
No full textBackground: Acute fever with dengue-like fever symptoms with headache, rash, arthritis, perifer bleeding like ptechie and rinhorrhea are symptoms that often complained by patient and it may be caused by arboviruses infection. Arboviruses are very endemic in Indonesia, especially Dengue Virus (DENV), Japanese Encephalisitis Virus (JEV), and Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) that causing similar symptoms. Molecular detection is very important to confirm the etiology for adequate management. Methods: This study investigated the etiological agent using one step real time RT reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) method and SYBR Green I as fluorescent binding dye reporter. The viruses that were investigated were JEV and CHIKV. Primer design was using online software NCBI. Those primers fulfill the good primer requirements and can be used as material in RT PCR reaction. Results: The optimum temperature for all primers were at 60 °C. The limit detection of JEV primer was 4355 copy DNA every reaction. Cross reactivity between all primers with DENV serotype 2 RNA and false positive result using healthy person sample were not found. Conclusions: This study has optimized condition RT PCR protocol that can be used as diagnostic tools for patient with dengue-like fever symptoms
Iron Status, Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among 12- to 15-Year-Old Adolescent Girls from Different Socioeconomic Status in Indonesia
No full textBackground: The aim of this study was to determine the iron status and the prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among adolescent girls in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 12- to 15-year-old girls studying in junior high schools that were categorized into high and low socioeconomic status (SES). Their menstrual and nutritional status, parents’ education level and income, and iron intake were assessed. Tuberculin test and assessments for C-reactive protein levels and hematologic and iron parameters were also conducted. Results: Iron status was normal in 69.3% of 163 subjects. The prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency was higher (17.2%; 3.1% iron depletion and 14.1% iron deficiency) than that of IDA (13.5%). The prevalence of IDA was lower among girls from the high SES than that among girls from the low SES (11.5% and 15.8%, respectively). There was no significant relationship among IDA and nutritional status, menstrual status and characteristics, SES, iron intake, and parents’ education level and income; however, bioavailable iron intake in all subjects was found to be less compared to the recommended daily allowance (RDA). Conclusions: The higher prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency than IDA is a potential risk factor for increasing the prevalence of IDA in the future. No significant relationship was found between IDA and its risk factors; however, iron intake was less compared to the RDA in all subjects, which requires further attention
WHO STEPS-wise Approach in Assessment of Tooth Decay and Children's Quality of Life in Indonesia
No full textBackground: The high prevalence of tooth decay is a major oral health problem in Indonesia. We aimed to determine the relationship between tooth decay and quality of life in children living in rural and urban areas in Indonesia. Methods: A pilot survey was carried out with 2550 students in rural, peri-urban and urban sites in 14 provinces in Indonesia. Age groups included 6-7 years old and 11-12 years old, and we used the pathfinder survey technique. Data collected were based on the WHO STEPS-wise framework using a dental examination by the WHO form (Annex 7) and quality of life questionnaire (Annex 8, Q10). Results: Tooth decay prevalence in 6-7 years old was 88.01%, and 70.27% in the 11-12 years old age group. Children aged 6-7 years old was reported that tooth decay affected their appearance (p=0.013), caused them to avoid smiling and laughing (p=0.003), caused other children to make fun of their teeth (p=0.002) and caused them to miss school hours (p=0.005). Among 11-12 years old children, tooth decay reportedly affected their appearance (p=0.001), caused them to avoid smiling and laughing (p=0.041) and caused them to have chewing difficulty chewing (p=0.031). Conclusions: Tooth decay affects children's quality of life, especially with regard to psychological health
Factors Related to Health Behaviors in Persons with Hypertension, Myanmar
No full textBackground: The aim of this study was to describe the relationships between personal and environmental factors and health behaviors in persons with hypertension. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out using a convenient sample of individuals with hypertension from three community health centers in Yangon, Myanmar. Data were collected using a standardized interviewer- administered questionnaire consisting of six sections: demographic characteristics, Self-efficacy to manage Hypertension Scale, Health Behavior Questionnaire, Barriers to Health Promoting Activities Scale, Hypertension Knowledge Questionnaire, and Social Support Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Participants had a high level of perceived self-efficacy (42.13 ± 7.58), a low level of perceived barriers (35.32 ± 19.63), a poor social support (49.64 ± 8.51), a good level of hypertension knowledge (10.63 ± 1.90) and a moderate level of health behaviors (70.59 ± 12.39). Health behaviors had significant relationship with income, social support, hypertension knowledge and perceived barriers (r = -0.28, p = 0.004; r = 0.23, p = 0.019; r = 0.27, p = 0.006; r = -0.21, p = 0.034), respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that health behaviors in persons with hypertension can be improved using hypertension knowledge, social support, and decrease in perceived barriers
Correlation between Folic Acid and Homocysteine Plasma in Severe Pre-Eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy
No full textBackground: Lack of folic acid intake or genetic abnormalities in folic acid metabolism was correlates with elevated plasma or serum homocysteine concentrations. This case-control analytical study aims to determine the correlation between folic acid and homocysteine levels in severe pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy. Methods: We enrolled 46 pregnant women (age 20─35 years) with severe pre-eclampsia or normal pregnancy at a government hospital in Padang, Indonesia, between March and May 2015. The samples size was selected by consecutive sampling. Then, we determined folic acid and homocysteine levels using ELISA and statistical analysis using the independent t-test and Pearson correlation. Results: We observed a difference in folic acid levels between severe pre-eclampsia (39.48 ± 9.40 ng/mL) and normal pregnancy (47.04 ± 13.20 ng/mL, p < 0.05). A difference was also observed in homocysteine levels between pre-eclampsia (18.52 ± 0.41 pmol/mL) and normal pregnancy (17.80 ± 0.73 pmol/mL, p < 0.05). The correlation between folic acid and homocysteine in severe pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy was negative (r = -0.034, p > 0.05 and r = -0.222, p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: Low folic acid levels tend to increase homocysteine levels in severe pre-eclampsia, whereas high folic acid levels tend to lower homocysteine levels in normal pregnancy
Health Financing Policies in Jordan: The Allocation of Public Expenditures in Global Context
No full textBackground: This article aimed to clarify the adequacy of government financial resources toward furnishing the provision of efficient healthcare for fulfilling the health challenges in the light of worse economic scenario in Jordan. Methods: This analytical and prognostic study of healthcare spending in Jordan focuses on the public sectors that finance healthcare. Hence, all the available studies and posted materials in the nearby and global levels were used to analyze the government abilities to proceed with presenting healthcare within the current constraints. Results: Our results revealed that, in any case, the Jordanian government is not organized to proceed or prepared to continue providing health services at the present trend: fast increase in demand over publicly funded services in the absence of efficiency gains. Conclusions: For the healthcare system to be significantly efficient and equitable, the cash burden of contributions ought to be progressive toward preserving long-term sustainability. There is a progressive impact of the reform on healthcare provision and finance systems once the contributor's expenses are used to construct it; however, these findings do not seem to be conclusive
A Clinical Profile of Hepatitis A Patients in Jakarta, Indonesia
No full textBackground: To determine the incidence of hepatitis A infections and the clinical profiles of adult patients admitted to public hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that utilised consecutive secondary data from internal medicine wards of seven public hospitals in Jakarta between 2011 and 2013. Eligibility criteria included patients over the age of 18 years and an ICD-10 diagnosis code of B15, acute hepatitis A. Case proportion was reported per 1000 people by dividing incidence per year to total in-ward patients. Clinical profiles were reported descriptively. Laboratory results were compared and categorised into groups of patients aged below and above 25 years old. Results: Data revealed that hospitalisations of patients with hepatitis A had decreased from 2011 to 2013. 289 patients were studied, the majority were young adults (18-25 years old) and their common chief complaints were nausea (36%), fever (24%), and jaundice (21%). Higher bilirubin levels were seen in older patients. There were 13 patients coinfected with hepatitis B, one patient coinfected with hepatitis C, and one patient coinfected with HIV. Conclusions: The proportion of hepatitis A infection amongst adults admitted to public hospitals in Jakarta was low and had decreased during the study period. Most of the patients reported classical clinical manifestations. This study found that the targeted age group may benefit from receiving routine hepatitis A vaccinations
The Association Between Sanitation, Hygiene, and Stunting in Children Under Two-Years (An Analysis of Indonesia’s Basic Health Research, 2013)
No full textBackground: This study aims to identify the relationship between sanitation, hygiene, and stunting in children under two-years in Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that examined 9,688 children under the age of two. We obtained data from Indonesia's Basic Health Research paper that was released in 2013 and applied multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of stunting amongst children under two-years in 2013 was 33.3%. Results: Our analysis showed that stunting is closely related to low birth weight, age, gender, exclusive breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, garbage removal, and waste management. Appropriate sanitation and hygiene had a significant impact on stunting amongst children under two-years in Indonesia, with waste management and low birth weight being the most important indicators. Conclusions: Nutrition, socioeconomic status, and a healthy environment are key to ensure children under two-years meet the recommended growth standards
Individual and Regional Factors that Affect Fertility Rates in Five Provinces of Indonesia
No full textBackground: This research paper aims to investigate the individual and regional factors that affect fertility in Indonesia. Methods: This was a crossectional study that analysed data from the 2002-2003, 2007, and 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys and the 2012 National Family Planning Coordinating Board Routine Report regarding contraceptive services. The selection criteria for the sample population were married women considered to be of child bearing age (between 15 and 49 years), who had delivered at least one child. Analysis was completed using multilevel logistic regression. Results: Results show that regional factors that affect fertility are influenced by the contraceptive prevalence ratio. The individual factors that affected fertility were the job status of the participant's husband, the level of education attained, the perceived ideal number of children, intervals between births, and previous experience of child mortality. Conclusions: Both central and local governments of provinces with high fertility rates appear to have a lower socio-economic status and require strategic plans that increase expectant mother's participation in education. It is recommended that the National Family Planning Coordinating Board address high fertility rates in Indonesia by way of education. Women of child bearing age who have a low socio-economic status and education level should be targeted to reduce the perceived ideal number of children to 2 and to achieve longer birth intervals (more than 36 months)