Jurnal Biota
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Bioconcentration Factor of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) and Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk.) Inhabiting Coastal Area of Semarang City on Cadmium
Full text linkMangrove plants are expected to act as bioaccumulator for heavy metals in the coastal area. One of heavy metals with great potential risk to the environment is Cadmium (Cd). This research aimed to study the concentration of Cd in the sediment, water, and mangrove organs, as well as to analyse the bioconcentration factor of mangrove plants in the coastal area of Semarang City. This research was carried out through experimental survey. The survey was carried out to a specified environment criteria which could be considered as experiment setting, including the growing location and mangrove species. The growing location including the shore and pond area while mangrove species using Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. The parameters are Cd level in root, leaf, water and sediment. Samples of Cd was taken from leaf and root as well as water and sediment under mangrove stands growing in the shore and pond areas, then the sample was analyzed using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and further testing using DMRT. The result suggested that Cd accumulation was much higher in the pond area, both in the water and sediment. In addition, Cd concentration in mangrove organs showed similar behaviour. Bioconcentration factor analysis suggests that A. marina and R. mucronata are potential as bioaccumulator of Cd based on BCF value more than 1, comprising the index up to 20.333 for A. marina and 24.866 for R. mucronata.
Tanda-tanda Ketoksikan pada Tikus Wistar dengan Administrasi Oral Subakut Ekstrak Kloroform Daun Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata)
No full textSnake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) has been commonly used as traditional herbal medicine in addition to being ornamental plant and phytoremediation agent. Toxicity studies on pharmaceutical substances are required to assess the level of hazard and safety before processing as drugs. Conventional toxicity test focused on determining LD50, despite the fact that not all substances induce death in experimental animals. They might survive but suffering or get sick. This study aimed to evaluate safety level of oral administration of chloroform extract of S. trifasciata leaves (CESTL) for 28 days (subacute) in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as model animal through the observation of clinical signs that lead to lethal and sublethal effects. The procedure referred to OECD Guideline No. 407 with the dose of CESTL was 1000 mg/kg bw (Limit Test). Adult female nulliparous Wistar rats were assigned into three groups which received CESTL, Tween 4 % (solvent for CESTL), or distilled water as control (placebo) 1 mL/individual/day. Parameters observed consisted of mortality, general physical examination, individual and social activity and behavior, body weight, body temperature, food intake, water consumption, fecal condition, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level. Results showed that no animals died or suffered as a result of CESTL poisoning. There were no significant differences in all parameters value among three groups, indicating that CESTL did not generate adverse effects on animal normal physiological condition. Thus, it can be concluded that CESTL at the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw is relatively safe for consumption during subacute period.Daun Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata) telah banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat herbal tradisional selain sebagai tanaman hias dan agen fitoremediasi. Uji toksisitas suatu bahan berkhasiat obat diperlukan untuk mempelajari tingkat bahaya maupun keamanannya sebelum diolah menjadi obat. Uji toksisitas konvensional terfokus pada penentuan LD50, padahal tidak semua zat menyebabkan kematian pada hewan percobaan. Hewan mungkin bertahan hidup tetapi menderita atau sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari tanda-tanda toksisitas yang mengarah pada efek letal dan subletal pada administrasi oral ekstrak kloroform daun S. trifasciata (EKDST) selama 28 hari pada tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) sebagai hewan model. Prosedur mengacu pada OECD Guideline No. 407 dengan dosis EKDST adalah 1000 mg/kg bb (Limit Test). Tikus Wistar betina dewasa perawan dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yang dicekok EKDST, Tween 4%, atau air suling sebagai kontrol (plasebo) sebanyak 1 mL/individu/hari. Parameter yang diamati meliputi: mortalitas, pemeriksaan fisik umum, aktivitas dan perilaku individual dan sosial, berat badan, suhu badan, konsumsi makanaan, konsumsi air minum, kondisi feses, dan kadar glukosa darah puasa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hewan yang mati atau menderita akibat pemberian EKDST. Tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai yang signifikan pada semua parameter pada ketiga kelompok. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa EKDST tidak menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap kesehatan hewan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa EKDST dosis 1000 mg/kg bb relatif aman dikonsumsi selama periode subakut
Repellency of Orange Peel Eco-Enzyme to Reared German Cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.)
Full text linkThe German cockroach is a common pest worldwide that has developed insecticide resistance. Eco-enzyme with an aromatic aroma is one alternative way to prevent insecticide resistance development and repel the German cockroach population. This study aims to determine the value and level of repellency of orange peels\u27 eco-enzyme. The method of this study is a Repellency test of four concentrations of eco-enzyme to the reared resistant German cockroach. The repellency level of eco-enzyme at low concentrations (10%) to high concentrations (100%) ranges from high repellent to very high repellent at one hour of observation. The repellency decreases until 48 hours of observation and ranges from medium to high repellent. Eco-enzyme solutions that are eco-friendly, simple to make, and low in toxicity to humans can use as an alternative to synthetic repellents
First Report of Pediococcus acidilactici: Bacterium Harbored in Lysurus periphragmoides Slimy Spore Mass
Full text linkBacterium is a cosmopolitan microbe. It can be live everywhere and anywhere. They only need a simple nutrition from environment. Some of them also do a symbiosis for completing the nutrients. Lysurus periphragmoides was found in Arboretum in IPB University. The mushroom has a special structure for the head part of the fruiting body. On the head, the slimy spore mass was covering the part. The slimy was wet, sticky, and stinky. From the slime, bacterium was isolated using Luria Bertani Agar medium and incubated for 35C. Bacterium coded as Lyz222 was successfully isolated from the slimy spore mass. The colony looks like the Lactic Acid Bacteria with the specific odor smelled as milk odor. The colony was circular shape, milky white, concave surface, and mucoid density. The cell was coccus and as Gram-positive bacterium. Molecular identification was done for 16S rRNA. Then, the phylogenetic was constructed using RAxML analysis in CIPRES website. The bacterium strain Lyz222 was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The bacterial presence on the head part with slimy spore mass is because the insect or other animal that have touched the L. periphragmoides part. The animal or insect was harboring the bacterium from other source previously, before attaching the L. periphragmoides slimy spore mass. The Pediococcus was commonly found on the milk product, or recently report as on the fruits and vegetables. The result of this study is the first report that Pediococcus as P. acidilactici was found on the slimy spore mass
Aktivitas Enzimatis Eko-Enzim Averrhoa bilimbi L. Di Kabupaten Plaju Sumatera Selatan Dengan Variasi pH
No full textEnzymes are biocatalysts that have many benefits in the industry and the environment. Eco-enzymes are reported to have amylase, lipase, and protease activities. Enzymatic activity is strongly influenced by several factors, one of which is pH. This study aims to determine the optimum enzymatic activity (amylase, lipase and protease) of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit eco-enzymes with various pH treatments (5, 6, 7, 8). Enzymatic activity was measured using a spectrophotometric method. Amylase activity assay using starch as a substrate. Casein and para nitrophenol palmitate were used as substrates. Casein was used as a substrate in the protease activity assays. In the lipase activity assays, para nitrophenol palmitate was used as substrate. Data analysis results are presented in graphical and descriptive. Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit eco-enzyme has a protein concentration of 0.459 mg/ml. The optimum activity of amylase at pH 5 was 11,713.871 U/mg. Optimum activity and protease activity occurred at pH 8 and 6 of 3.667 U/mg and 13,400.77 U/mg, respectively.Enzim merupakan biokatalisator yang memiliki banyak manfaat dalam industri dan lingkungan. Eco-enzim dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas amilase, lipase, dan protease. Aktivitas enzim sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya pH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim (amilase, lipase dan protease) ekoenzim buah Averrhoa bilimbi L. dengan berbagai perlakuan pH (5, 6, 7, 8). Aktivitas enzimatik diukur dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Uji aktivitas amilase menggunakan pati sebagai substrat. Kasein dan para nitrofenol palmitat digunakan sebagai substrat. Kasein digunakan sebagai substrat dalam uji aktivitas protease. Pada uji aktivitas lipase digunakan para nitrophenol palmitate sebagai substrat. Hasil analisis data disajikan secara grafis dan deskriptif. Ekoenzim buah Averrhoa bilimbi L. memiliki konsentrasi protein sebesar 0,459 mg/ml. Aktivitas optimum amilase pada pH 5 adalah 11.713,871 U/mg. Aktivitas optimum dan aktivitas protease terjadi pada pH 8 dan 6 masing-masing sebesar 3,667 U/mg dan 13.400,77 U/mg
Karakterisasi Distribusi Ozon Pada Air Distilasi dan Air Kelapa yang Diproduksi Menggunakan Mesin Lucutan Plasma Berpenghalang Dielektrik Ganda
No full textOzone produced using plasma technology can act as an antimicrobial agent that could be applied in a sterilization process. A Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DDBD) machine has ability to produce ozone in sufficient amount for microbial inactivation. The objective of this study is to characterize the ozone distribution expressed as dissolved ozone in distilled water and coconut water produced using a DDBD machine. The information can be useful for industries to design a commercial sterilization process. The results shows that an oxygen flow rate of 0.2 L/min produces the highest ozone concentration, i.e. 3440 mg/L. In addition, the capacity of the machine is relatively similar to all off oxygen flow rate, i.e., 41.28-43.2 g/hour. The oxygen flow rate of 0.2 L/min produces the highest dissolved ozone concentration, i.e. 0.42 mg/L distilled water. This oxygen flow rate is followed by its best kinetic model based on its linear portion during dissolved ozone penetration. A zero order model could describe this penetration process well, including its best k value of 0.0292 mg/L per minute with the highest dissolved ozone concentration among other oxygen flow rates. Besides, distilled water could represent dissolved ozone penetration in coconut water. Ozone gas and dissolved ozone concentration have possitive corellation with R-square value of 0.8934
Locomotion Index and Retinal Thickness of the Eye Anguilla bicolor bicolor in its Developmental Stage
Full text linkWhen migrating to the deep sea, the eye of the eel which functions for locomotion will adapt to the deep environment. This study is the first study to identify the locomotion index and the retinal structure at the stage glass eel, elver, yellow, and silver eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor. Character and habitat information for each stage of eel can be used as a conservation strategy. Seventeen eel fish samples were collected from the Pasir Puncu River in Purworejo. Observation of the Locomotion Index is done by comparing the Eye Index (EI), Pectoral Fin Index (PFI), Anal Fin Index (AFI), and Dorsal Fin Index (DFI) at several stages of development of eel, while histologically the observations were carried out with analyzing the retina structure and the thickness of Rod and Cone Layer (RCL), Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), Inner Nuclear Layer (INL), Ganglion Layer (GL) and Nerve Fiber Layer (NFL). Based on these observations it can be seen that the retina (RC, ONL, INL, GL, NFL) will have increased from yellow to the silver stage, this is due to adaptation eels that adapt to new habitats. The locomotion index shows that the more developed the pectoral fins, the greater the thickness of the NFL, which indicates the greater the number of nerves used for adaptation in the ocean. In the early elver stage, eels tend to swim on the surface of the water in brackish waters. At the yellow eel stage, the eels have started swimming on the bottom of the water that is rich in the substrate with darker environmental characteristics, while at the silver stage, the eel will begin to adjust to the darker deep sea
The Growth of Alocasia macrorrhiza Variegata Roots on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Kinetin
No full textThe sente variegata plant (Alocasia macrorrhiza variegata) is a species of ornamental taro. The unique leaf color of sente variegata, which is a combination of white and green, attracts ornamental plant lovers for hunting or collecting. There has been no cultivation effort from the ornamental plant suppliers and traders for multiplication purposes until now. Sente variegata is obtained directly from the forest. This activity can cause extinction. Micropropagation efforts using plant tissue culture techniques are needed for commercial and sustainability issues. This study aimed to determine the effect of 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and kinetin on the root formation and growth as one step in the shoot multiplication of sente variegata bulb explants. Variations in BAP and kinetin concentrations used separately in this study were 0, 2, 5, and 10 mg. L-1. The results showed that the application of BAP and Kinetin significantly affected the root growth of sente Variegata. Finally, kinetin 10 mg L-1 is the concentration and type of cytokinins recommended for the formation and root growth of sente variegate.The Sente variegata plant (Alocasia macrorrchiza) is a species of gummy Taro. This plant is an ornamental plant that is in great demand because of the uniqueness of its leaves which have a combination of green and white. So far, Sente Variegata plants are obtained directly from the forest and there has been no cultivation effort from flower growers. Direct exploitation of a declining forest has the potential to cause extinction. Because of that. To meet the availability of seeds, it is necessary to have a propagation business with tissue culture techniques. The success factor of salat plant tissue culture is the presence of hormones used such as BAP and Kinetin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Kinetin on the formation and growth of Roots which is an advanced stage of the multiplication stage of Sente Variegata seed explant shoots. This study is an experimental study using a complete randomized design (RAL) with 2 factors. The first factor is the type of hormone that is BAP and kinetin while the second factor is the variation of hormone concentrations of 0, 2, 5, and 10 mg.L-1 . Data analysis using the ANOVA test. followed by the Tukey test. The results showed that BAP and kinetin had a significant effect on growth (emergence time and Root Length). The best concentration of Kinetin hormone for root growth in Sente Variegata (Alocasia mycorrhiza) is Kinetin 10 mg.L-
Study of Diversity Collembola in Peatlands in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan
Full text linkThe Study of Collembola Diversity in Peatland and Its Role as an Environmental Bioindicator is an exploratory study of the biological diversity in peatland areas. Collembola is a group of insects that have the potential as environmental bioindicators. The research objective was to determine the value of collembola diversity on peatlands. Collembola sampling was carried out by making Pitfall traps and Modified Barlles Funnels. Collembola samples obtained from peatlands were identified and analyzed for index diversity (H\u27), uniformity (E), and dominance (C) using the Shannon-Wiener formula. The identification results obtained for Collembola were 52 individuals from seven genera at two different locations including Seira sp, Folsomia sp, Lepidoneilla sp, Willowsia sp, Ceratrimeria sp, Paranula sp, and Dicyrtomina sp. Collembola diversity analysis obtained the diversity index (H\u27: 1.75 and H\u27: 1.18) in the moderate category. The uniformity index (E: 0.98 and E: 0.66) is in the high category. While the dominance index (C: 0.20 and C: 0.40) is in a low category. It can be interpreted that peatlands are still in good condition to support the life of other organisms
The Potential of Moringa oleifera Extract Waste as Fe Adsorbent in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Full text linkThe issue of environmental pollution has become a concern, especially for the government, since the establishment of Law No. 4 of 1982. This is because the effects of pollution can be toxic and even fatal for living beings, particularly humans. One of the pollutants in the environment generated from mining industry waste is heavy metal Fe. In light of these problems, a study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of sawdust and Moringa twigs as by-products in adsorbing heavy metal iron (Fe) in the liquid waste of the gold mining industry. This research is classified as pure experimental research. The research reveals that the mean percentage reduction in the heavy metal iron (Fe) content in the gold mining industry wastewater, after treatment with the addition of Moringa leaf powder, is 9.6%. On the other hand, treatment with the addition of Moringa stem powder achieves a reduction of 92%. This significant difference is attributed to the bioactive compound rhamnosyloxy-benzyl isothiocyanate present in Moringa. This compound has the ability to adsorb and neutralize sludge and metal particles found in the waste suspension, along with dirt particles in the water. Consequently, Moringa shows potential as a natural coagulant for water purification purposes