Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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The clinico-pathological effects of chicken infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza in some farms located in East Java and West Java
Get PDFThe study was conducted to investigate the clinico-pathological features of highly contagious disease occurred in chicken located in East and West Java during the outbreak in September-October 2003. Six farms located in Districts of Surabaya, Malang and Blitar of East Java had been visited. They were mainly commercial layer, breeder layer and breeder broiler, which the population was between 14.000, 80.000, and aged 17-70 weeks. Where as five farms in West Java (Districts of Bogor, Bekasi and their surrounding areas) were visited and consisted of commercial layer and breeder broiler, having population of 3000-16.000 and aged 11-53 weeks. Observation was made according to clinical, gross pathological and histopathological changes. Clinically, most of them had cyanotic wattle and comb and subcutaneous petechiation of non-feathered part of the legs. These were also seen in necropsy, accompanied by general circulatory disturbances in most organs: namely pectoral and thigh muscle, trachea, lungs, epicard, myocard, proventriculus, liver, kidney and ovary. In addition, the liver was congested, friable and necrotic in some parts. Histologically, hemorrhage and non suppurative inflammatory reaction were observed in the brain, skin (comb, wattle and non feathered leg), skeletal muscle, trachea, lung, heart, proventriculus, liver, kidney and ovary whereas vasculitis was found especially in the skin of the wattle and comb, brain and kidney. It is concluded that based on the clinicopathological findings the outbreak of poultry disease in East and West Java were attributed to highly pathogenic avian influenza. Key words: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), chicken, clinico-pathology, outbreak, East Java, West Jav
Infection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in chickens in Indonesia
Get PDFOrnithobacterium rhinotracheale is a bacterium identified as a new species in 1994 and generally associated with respiratory distress in chickens. From 214 of sinus swabs, tracheal swabs, lungs, airsac, liver heart blood samples and yolk sacs of chickens suffered from respiratory distresses, 6 isolates of O. rhinotracheale were isolated. These isolates were obtained from tracheal swabs of broiler chickens aged between 28-35 days old and broiler breeder of 32 weeks old. Upon incubated on blood agar for 48 hours at 37oC in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, round, convect and grey colonies with diametres of 1-2 mm were observed. The bacteria were pleomorphic, Gram negative rods, negative catalase and positive oxidase. Biochemically, the bacteria did not change potassium nitrate, tryptophan, glucose, arginine, urea, esculin, gelatine, arabinose, mannose, mannitol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, maltose, gluconate, caprate, adipate, malate, citrate and phenyl-acetate in API 20 NE system but β –galactosidase was produced. In the API 20 NE system, the isolates were identified as 0020004, 0060004, 0020104 codes. Tracheitis, air sacculitis, pneumonia and cheesy air sacs were pathological changes generally found in chickens infected with O. rhinotracheale. Trachea is the most important organ for the isolation of O. rhinotracheale. Key Words: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Infection, Chicken, Indonesi
Identification of volatile compounds from myiasis wounds and its responsesfor Chrysomya bezziana
Get PDFDevelopment of attractant for screwworm fly was required in myiasis control on livestock. The purpose of this study is to identify of volatile compounds from myiasis wound infested with Chrysomya bezziana larvae including to assess their responses in both cage and room assays. Both Friesian-Holstein heifer (FH) (animal 1) and Bali cattle (animal 2) were used as myiasis model. The artificial wounds (8-10 cm) were conducted on the rump of both animals and infested with about 200 eggs of C.bezziana. Odours from the infested wound were collected on day 1 and 3 for animal1 and day 3 and 5 for animal 2, post C. bezziana larvae infestation. Two different collection devices were used: firstly, absorption onto Tenax kept in steel tubes, whichwas attached to a collected bowl. The volatile organic compounds were collected from the wound and the surrounding animal hide by flowins the air through the inlet and outlet. Secondly, a solid phase micro extraction (SPME) device was inserted into bowl with passive (no air flow) odour collection. Gass chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify volatile compounds from wound. The compounds of the wound on animal 1, collected on day 1, produced only minor quantities of compounds (nonanal, decanal, hexanal and heptanal). Minor components such as DMDS and DMTS were only detected on day 3. The compounds of the wound on animal 2 was more varied and had a peculiar strike-like smell on day 3 and 5. They included indole, phenol, acetone, various sulfides (DMS, DMDS, DMTS), alcohols (butanol, 3-methylbutanol), aldehydes and acids. These compounds were selected and formulated into attractant (B92) then tested in both cage and room assays using SL-2 as control. Respond of flies was analyzed by ANOVA 5% (cage assay) and T test 5% (room assay). The result showed that the fly response to B92 was very low compared to SL-2 in cage assays (P0.05). The addition of B92 to SL-2 could not increase the catch of flies in the cage assays (SL-2+B92=10:1; 10:3), there was no difference between SL-2 and B92/SL-2 in room assay, the fly response still low (P0.05). Key Words: Volatile Compound, Myiasis, Wound, Chrysomya bezzian
Estimation of direct and maternal effects for weaning and yearling weight in Bali cattle
No full textGrowth trait is a function of its inherent ability for growth, milk production and mothering ability of its dam. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal on the genetic evaluation of Bali cattle. There were 8.320 calves used to analyze genetik parameters affecting W205 and W365. A connectedness program was used to evaluate genetik linkages between contemporary groups (CG). Data were analyzed to observe non-genetik factors using PROC MIXED (SAS). Single and multiple trait analyses were done including CG, sex of calf and dam age as fixed effects. Variance components were computed by the ASREML package using animal models BLUP with matrix inverse of relationship. A sequential analysis was performed by including additional random effect to evaluate the inclusion of maternal effects, which were compared using likelihood-ratio tests (LRT). Estimates of direct and maternal effects of single-trait and multiple-traits were different. Heritability for W205-D, W365-D, W205-M, W365-M were 0.31; 0.48; 0.08 and 0.01, respectively. Negatif correlation between direct and maternal effects for both W205-DM and W365-DM were quite moderate. Although the estimates of maternal effects in Bali cattle were low; the inclusion of maternal effects has to be considered due to moderate correlation between direct and maternal effects in order to obtain accurate genetic variances. Key Words: Maternal Effects, Heritability, Live Weights, Bali Cattl
Relative superiority of Boer x Kacang goats at pre-weaning
Get PDFproductivity expected from these crosses is the effect of heterosis or hybrid vigor. Boer goat is selected to improve the productivity of local Kacang goats, because this goat has a high genetic potential and has a large body formation. The objective of this research was to evaluate relative superiority of crossbreed between Boer and local goat (Kacang) during pre weaning period. The research was conducted at Goat Research Station, Sei Putih-North Sumatra, from Januari 2007 to December 2009. During pre weaning period the kids were reared with their mothers in group pen. Research results showed that birth weight and weaning weight of crossbreds (Boerka 1 and Boerka 2) were heavier than that of Kacang goat. The relative superiority of the crossbreds were 21,89 - 43,20% for birth weight, 32,88 – 54,68% for weaning weight and 37,11 – 53,32% for pre weaning daily gain. In addition the degree of mortality at pre weaning period of crossbreeds was lower than that of Kacang goats. Key words: Kacang Goat, Boer, Boerka, Relative Superiorit
Improving nutrient values of solid heavy phase for corn substitute in poultry diet
No full textSolid heavy phase (SHP), a by product material of palm oil factory obtained by ceramic filtration from liquid waste could be produced approximately 2 million tons/year. The by product has a potential for substituting corn in poultry feed. A series of experiment was carried out to improve nutrient value of the SHP in order to obtain a feedstuff that can substitute corn in poultry feed. The SHP was processed by either fermentation or enzymatic process. The product was then dried and analysed for its nutrient values. Fermentation process was carried out by altering the dry matter of the substrate (40 or 50%), while enzymatic process was carried out by altering the dose and kind of enzymes used. The process that produced best nutrient values was considered for producing materials for a feeding trial. In this trial, the products were used in diet formulation to substitute 25 or 50% of the corn included in the control diet. The results showed that the fermentation processed could be conducted with dry matter of substrate at either 40 or 50%. The fermentation process significantly improved the nutrient values of the SHP as shown by decreasing the crude fibre and increasing the crude protein, amino acids and the ME value. The results also showed that the Balitnak enzyme (BS4) was optimum when added at 10 ml/kg dry matter SHP, while the commercial enzyme (EK) was optimum at level of 2 g /kg dry matter SHP. Results of feeding trial showed that 25% of corn in layer diet could be substituted with dried SHP or SHP + enzymes. This substitution tended to improve performances (egg production, egg weight and FCR) of the laying hens. Substitution of 25 or 50% corn with the fermented SHP tends to reduce the performance of the layinghens. Similar trend also occurred when 50% of the corn was substituted with the enzymaticly processed SHP. Key Words: Solid Heavy Phase, Palm Oil Waste, Fermentation, Enzymes, Laying Hen
Changes in rumen ecosystem and feed dry matter degradability of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle through cross inoculation
Get PDFThe research was done to identify changes in rumen ecosystem of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle. As much as three head of fistulated male buffaloes (live weight of 450-550 kg) and three fistulated female cattle (live weight 250-380 kg) were used. This experiment was done three stage as follows: pre-inoculation, inoculation and post-inoculation. In Pre-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken two hours before morning feeding and directly observed for pH rumen liquor, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA). During the last three days of the first week of pre and post inoculation, the in situ dry matter digestibility was conducted. The samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours in the rumen of the experimental animals. Napier grass, leucaena, and wheat pollard were incubated separately in the nylon bags to determine DM digestibility. The cross inoculation (total of rumen content) was done less than 10 minutes. In post-inoculation, the sample of rumen content was taken at two hours before morning feeding as long as two days of two weeks after inoculation. Changes in rumen ecosystem (pH, NH3-N and total VFA) were tested by using Completely Randomized Design. Result showed that the transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly reduced the pH level in the rumen of buffalo. However, it had no significant effect on the ammonia concentration in the rumen of buffalo and showed significantly decreased of bacteria but it was not affect on the total count of protozoa and fungi. The transfer of rumen content from cattle to buffalo significantly decreased the value of insoluble and potential digestible fraction of leucaena. The DM effective degradability of Napier grass was significantly increase (P0.05) within outflow rate 0.02 and 0.04 h-1 after cross inoculation. In wheat pollard, a significantly decrease (P0.05) was occurred when outflow rate was observed at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 h-1Key Words: Rumen Ecosystem, Cross Inoculation, Degradabilit
In vitro degradability test on rice bran containing Tithonia diversifolia (HEMSL.) A. Gray and kelor (Moringa oleifera, LAMK) leaves
Get PDFA research was done to investigate the advantages of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Moringa oleifera Lamk leaves as protein source in ruminant concentrate on in-vitro rumen metabolism. Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications was applied in this experiment. The treatments were: A = Tithonia diversifolia (TD) 75% + Rice Bran (DD) 25%: B = TD (56.25%) + Moringa oleifera (MO) 18.75% + DD 25%; C = TD 37.50%) + MO 37.50% + DD 25%; D = TD 18.75% + MO 56.25% + DD 25%. Samples were weighted 375 ± 5 mg, placed into syringe glass 100 ml, 30 ml rumen liquor with bicarbonat buffer media was added and incubated in 390C for 48 hours. Parameters measured were gas production after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours incubation, degradability of organic matter (DBK) and dry matter (DBO), NH3, total VFA concentration, and microbe biomass production (mg) after 48 hours incubation. Results showed that Moringa oleifera replaced some Tithonia diversifolia in concentrate could improve gas production, total VFA concentration, DBK and DBO significantly (P 0.05). The highest gas production was obtained from treatment D (52.98 ml/375 mg DM) and the lowest was from treatment A (41,02 ml/375 mg DM). The highest VFA total was produced by treatment D (88.20 mM) and the lowest was from treatment A (78.86 mM). The highest DBK dan DBO were obtained from treatment D (73.74 and 73.32%) and the lowest was from treatment A (68.77 and 67.54%). Treatment D produced the highest NH3 and microbial biomass (38.09 mg/100 ml and 89.50 mg), the lowest was obtained from treatment A (35.84 mg/100 ml and 84.66 mg). Key Words: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Moringa oleifera Lamk, Protein, Rive Bran, In Vitr
Vaccination of goats with fresh extract from Sarcoptes scabiei confers partial protective immunity
Get PDFProtective immunity has been known to develop in animals infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. However, our previous attempt to induce protective immunity in goats by vaccination with fractions of soluble or insoluble mite proteins had been unsuccessful. Degradation or denaturation of protective antigens occurred during vaccine preparation was suggested as one possible cause of the failure. In this study, mite proteins that used to immunise animals were prepared rapidly in order to prevent protein degradation or denaturation. About 150 mg of freshly isolated mites were rapidly homogenised, centrifuged then separated into supernatant and pellet fractions. Twenty-eight goats were allocated equally into 4 groups. Group-1 goats were vaccinated with the whole mite homogenate supernatant, group 2 with the supernatant, group 3 with the pellet, and group 4 with PBS (unvaccinated control). Vaccination was conducted three times, with three-week intervals between vaccinations, using Quil A as adjuvant, and each vaccination using fresh mite homogenates. One week after the last vaccination, all animals were challenged with approximately 2000 live mites. The severity of lesions, scored from 0 (no lesions) to 5 (75% infested auricle affected), were determined one day, two days, then every week after challenge. Mite challenge caused the development of skin lesions in all animals. No significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were observed in regards to the severity of lesions. However, the mite densities in vaccinated animals were significantly lower (P=0.015) than those in unvaccinated control. This study indicates that the protective antigens of S. scabiei are liable to degradation or denaturation and exist in a very low concentration or have vary low antigenicity. This implies isolation of the protective antigens by the conventional approach, fracionation of the whole mite proteins and testing each fractions in vaccination trials, is seemingly inappropriate for S. scabiei. Key Words: Sarcoptes scabiei, Vaccination, Fresh Homogenate, Partial Immunit
Effect of complete rumen modifier (CRM) and Calliandra calothyrus on productivity and enteric methane productions of PE dairy goat
Get PDFMethanogenesis in the rumen is thought to represent 2-12% loss of energy intake. The energy loss as methane can decrease animal productivity and feed efficiency. In addition, methane is potentially involves in global warming that affects the atmosphere adversely. A research to improve PE dairy goat productivity and reduce enteric methane emission by supplementation of calliandra and complete rumen modifier (CRM) was conducted for 6 months. In this experiment 20 PE dairy goats were divided into five blocks according to body weight. The experimental design used was a randomized block design that consisted of four treatments, A). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 50% (control), B). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 40% + calliandra 20%, C). Elephant grass 50% + concentrate 48% + CRM 2% and D). Elephant grass 40% + concentrate 38% + calliandra 20% + CRM 2%. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Duncan test. The result showed that calliandra and CRM did not affect nutrient consumption, except that protein consumption increased (P 0.05) in calliandra treatments (B and D). Nutrient digestibility increased in CRM (C) treatment, while other treatments did not differ from control. CRM also increased total bacteria (36.84%), milk production (67.21%), milk fat (25.0%), and reduced enteric methane production (65.71%). The improvement of milk production in CRM treatment (C) was followed by better feed efficiency than other treatments. In conclusion, CRM was more effective than calliandra in improving milk production of PE dairy goats and reduced enteric methane emission, but its effectivity was reduced in combination with calliandra. Key Words: Dairy Goat, Calliandra, Rumen Modifier, Methane, Productivit