Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Supplementation strategies to improve efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis on cattles fed with tropical grass hay
Get PDFThis experiment aimed at increasing rumen microbial protein supply into intestine through ration manipulation. Four Santa Gertrudis steers with a mean liveweight (W) of 218 (±5.6) kg were used in a latin square design (4 x 4) to observe the effect of four diets on the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). The steers were given pangola grass hay (8.5% protein) as the basal diet. The treatments were 1) pangola grass hay alone (KON), 2) pangola grass hay + 19 g urea/kg dry matter (DM) hay (URE), 3) as for treatment URE + a supplement mix at 0.5% W (SUP), and 4) as for treatment SUP + salt at 0.15% W (SUG). Urea was added into the hay to support a theoretical EMPS of 160 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM) whereas supplement mix contains fast, medium, and slow rumen fermentable energy and protein to synchronise energy and protein release in the rumen. Salt was added to alter passage rate of digesta. Addition of urea alone or with supplement mix increased EMPS significantly compared to KON (77 g MCP/kg DOM) but no difference between URE (119 g MCP/kg DOM) and SUP (110 g MCP/kg DOM). Addition of salt into supplement mix increased EMPS by 84% (140 g MCP/kg DOM). It might be concluded that rumen degradable protein (RDP) was deficient in steers fed low quality grass hay hence urea supplementation significantly increased EMPS to a similar extent as that of the supplement mix formulated to have a synchrony in protein and energy release. Increasing fluid dilution rate, by adding salt, also had a dramatic affect on EMPS as observed in treatment SUG. It increased up to the level suggested in the International feeding standards. Key Words: Microbial Protein, Soluble Protein, Dilution Rate, Supplement, Tropical Gras
Effects of inclusion levels of Indigofera sp. on feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain in kids fed Brachiaria ruziziensis.
Get PDFTwenty weaned male goats (F1 of Boer x Kacang) with initial weight of 9 to 12 kg and ages ranging between 3.0 and 4.0 months were used in a study to evaluate the increasing inclusion of Indigofera sp foliage as a source of protein in diets based on chopped Brachiaria ruziziensis for growing goats. Five goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design. The diet treatments were: T0 (control diets): B. ruziziensis (100%), T1 (85% B. ruziziensis + 15% Indigofera sp.), T2 (70% B. ruziziensis + 30% Indigofera sp.) T3 (55% B. ruziziensis + 45% Indigofera sp.) all on DM basis. Feed (DM) was offered daily at 3.5% BW. The content of CP in Indigofera sp is relatively high (258 g/kg DM), while the NDF (350.7 g/kg DM) and ADF (232.2 g/ kg DM) concentrations were low. The content of secondary compounds such as total phenol (8.9 g/kg DM), total tannin (0.8 g/kg DM) and condensed tannin (0,5 g/kg DM) were considerably low. The inclusion of Indigofera sp foliage in diets increased (P 0.05) the DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities. The digestibility of DM (601,0 g/kg DM), OM (625 g/kg DM) and CP (699.0 g/kg DM) were highest in the T3 diets. DM intakes were greatest in the T2 and T3 diets (P 0.05). Total gain increased 39, 78 and 85% in T1, T2 and T3 respectively, compared to that in the control diet. Daily gains were highest in the T3 (52.4 g) and T2 (50.5 g) diets, but feed efficiency was highest (P 0.05) in the T3 diets (0,12). Feed efficiency were not different (P 0.05) among the T0,T1 and T2 diets and ranged from 0.08 to 0.09. It is concluded that the foliage of Indigofera sp could be used as feed supplement to supply proteins with low tannin contents. In a grass-based diets Indigofera sp colud be used at the level of 30 to 45% (DM) for growing kids. Key Words: Indigofera, Inclusion Level, Feed Intake, Digestibility, ADG, Goat
Neuropathology of organophosphate poisoning in dairy cattle
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to investigate pathological changes in brain tissues of Frisien Holstein dairy cattle affected by organophosphate (OP). The study was directed to anticipate spongiform encephalopathy. Samples consisted of animal feeds, sera and brain tissues were collected from Lembang, West Java. Animal feeds (fodders and commercial feed) were collected directly from the dairy farms around Lembang. Sera (31 samples) were from dairy cattle owned by the local farmers and brain tissues were from the local animal slaughter house. Pesticide residues were analysed following a standard procedure using gas chromatography (GC). There was an interaction between pesticide residues in animal feeds, residue level of pesticides in sera and brain tissues to cause encephalopathy in dairy cattle. Pesticide contamination in animal feeds was regarded as the source of encephalopathy in dairy cattle. The total average of OP residues (16.8 ppb) were lower than organochlorines/OC (18.7 ppb) in fodder, showing that pesticides were originated from the contaminated soils. On the other hand, the total average of OP residues in commercial feeds (12.0 ppb), sera (85.6 ppb) and brain tissues (22.7 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8; 16.7; and 5.1 ppb). The OP appears more frequently used for dairy farm activity as insecticides. Histopathological examination for brain tissues of dairy cattle showed that most cattle were diagnosed as encephalopathy with microscopic changes of vacuolation, neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis of neurons and nucleolysis of neurons. The encephalopathy was confirmed in rats intoxicated with chlorpyrifos methyl as severe brain damage with spongiform-like lesions. Key Words: Encephalopathy, Organophosphates, Cattl
Nematodiasis in sheep and goats kept under traditional farming practice in Batujajar
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the relation of age, sex, season and reproduction on gastrointestinal nematode parasitism of the two most commonly kept breeds of sheep and goat in Bogor district. A total of 119 Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep and 130 Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats with different age and sex were monitored for 16 months. Age of sheep and goat was divided into 3 groups respectively, i.e. before weaning (4 months) 35 and 32, after weaning (4-8 months) 53 and 63; and adults (8 months) 31 and 35. Each 4 weeks, individual faeces were collected and individual animals were weighed. Information on the mortality, morbidity, pregnancy, slaughtered and sold was recorded. The results showed that Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. were dominant species of nematodes found in the faecal cultured. In the period of monitoring, egg counts of nematodes in sheep were higher (P0.05) than in goats, however both animals have similar pattern of egg counts. In the first three months, the egg counts remained steady relatively in 3 groups of age, but soon after that the egg counts increased and reached its peak (in March) of 6186 eggs in sheep and 3434 in goats, there after they decreased along with the onset of dry season. A part from this, the egg counts increased (P0.05) three months before lambing and remained steady until 2 months after partus in sheep, but not in goats. During the monitoring period, weight gain in wet season was lower (P0.05) as compared to dry season. There was no effect of sex on faecal egg count in either sheep or goats although male sheep had higher egg counts than female sheep had in November and January. Evidence of diarrhoeic faeces was higher in wet season than in dry season. Key Words: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostronglysus spp., Sheep, Goat
Evaluation of the Nutritive values of solid heavy phase in replace corn in broilers diet
No full textIndonesia is still importing corn for feed. Utilization of nonconventional feedstuffs may reduce this importation. One of them is solid heavy phase (SHP), i.e., a solid substance gained after filtration of liquid waste of crude palm oil factory with a potential production approximately 2 million ton/year. This research was carried out to study the utilization of SHP to replace corn in broiler’s diet. The SHP was dried and analysed for its nutrient compositions. The metabolisable energy was measured by using hens. Feeding trial was then conducted by replacing corn with SHP in various levels, i.e., 0 (Control), 10, 20, 30, and 40%. All diets were formulated to be isocalori dan isonitrogen. Five hundred broilers DOC were used in this trial and fed for 5 weeks. The performances of the birds were obsereved as parameters. Results showed that the ash, minerals crude fibre and fat contents of the SHP were higher than the corn. The crude protein of the SHP was similar to that of corn, but some amino acids content of the SHP were lower than the corn. The AME and TME values of SHP were 3271 and 3465 cal/g, respectively. Results of feeding trial showed that body weight of the birds were less as the level of SHP to replace corn increased in the diet. The FCR also showed impared as the levels of SHP increased in the diet. However, replacement of 10% corn with SHP did not significantly affect the body weight and FCR as compared with the control. Feed consumptions of the birds were not significantly affected by replacing corn with SHP. Carcass yield and relative weights of some internal organs were not significantly different between dietary treatments. It is concluded that the solid heavy phase could be used to replace 10% corn in broiler’s diet.Key Words: Solid Heavy Phase, Palm Oil By Products, Broiler
Identification of Bmpr-1b and Bmp15 gene mutations in fat tail sheep
Get PDFFat tail sheep (FTS) is regarded as highly prolific local sheep and have been well adapted under tropical climate of Lombok island. BMPR-1B and BMP15 genes that controll reproductive traits such as ovulation rate and litter size in different type of sheep will be studied as candidate genes for prolific traits in FTS. These genes have been reported by various investigators have different prolificacy mechanism between several breeds of sheep, and it is very likely will occur in FTS. This study was designed to understand different prolificacy mechanism that occurred among breed of sheep. One hundred and forty FTS potential for twin and triplet scattered in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province were screened to identify mutation of BMPR-1B and BMP15 genes using Forced PCR-RFLP method. Furthermore, the frequency of allel and genotype caused by mutation was measured in each gene. Results of the study indicated that mutation of FecXG at BMP15 gene resulted in two alleles, namely “wild-type”(+) Allel was 111 bp and 30 bp, and mutan allel (G) was 141 bp with frequency of 0.675 and 0.325. The combination of allel at BMP15 gen resulted in two genotipes, namely: ++ (111 bp/111 bp) and G+ (141 bp/111 bp) with frequency of 0.35 dan 0.65 in FTS. Mutation of FecB at BMPR-1B gen resulted in two allel, namely “wild-type”(+) Allel was 140 bp, and mutan allel (B) was 110 and 30 bp with frequency of 0.718 and 0.282. The combination of allel at BMPR-1B gen resulted in three genotipes, namely: BB (110 bp/110 bp), B+ (110 bp/140 bp), and ++ (140 bp/140 bp), its frequency was 0.11, 0.35 and 0.54 in FTS, respectively. Key words: Mutation, BMPR-1B, BMP15, Fat Tailed, Shee
Grazing characteristics in the dwarf Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) pasture by breeding beef cows at the first and second years after establishment
Get PDFIn order to determine grazing characteristics in the dwarf Elephantgrass pasture under the rotational grazing system, 5 a of pasture established by rooted tillers of dwarf variety of late-heading type (DL) was grazed by 3 head of breeding beef cows in the following 2 years after establishment in 2003 and 2004. Grazing system was conducted at 4 and 5 times for about 1-week grazing with 3-weeks and 1-month rest period in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Tiller number increased seasonally from the first through the fourth or fifth grazing, and herbage dry matter weight reached the peak at the fourth grazing both years, while some characters such as plant height, mean tiller dry matter weight and percentage of leaf blade tended to decrease with the grazing. From the stratified clipping method, percentage leaf blades in the top two, third and in the fourth strata were consumed perfectly and almost perfectly, respectively both years. Herbage consumption increased with the grazing up to the third and fourth grazing and dropped at the last grazing due to the poor regrowth under the decreasing air temperature both years. Dry matter intake per head averaged 4.3–13.4 kg DM head-1 day-1 in 2003 and 6.7-11.4 kg DM head-1 day-1 (15.5-28.6 g DM/kg LW-1 day-1) in 2004. Grazing time on DL elephantgrass was stable at 50–60% in daytime at the first grazing day both years, while that at the last grazing day tended to increase with the grazing both years. Thus, live weights of 3 head of beef cows were maintained in the grazing from the second to the fourth time without concentrate feeding in 2004, when dry matter intake was above 20 g DM LW-1 day-1. Key Words: Dwarf-Elephantgrass, Grazing Characteristics, Beef Cows, Percentage Leaf of Blad
The comparison of cellulase activities from bacteria and molds isolated from termites
Get PDFScreening for choosing the best bacterium and mold producing cellulase was carried out from eight xylanolytic bacteria and three cellulolytic molds isolated from termites. Each bacterium and mold was inoculated on the agar medium containing minerals and carboxymethylcellulose. The diameters of colony and clearing zones were measured after stained with Congo red. Four bacteria: Bacillus larvae XB 1-1, B. larvae XU 2-2, Bacillus PU 2-2, and B. pumilus PU 4-2 showing higher clearing zone ratio were further submerged cultured in PM medium containing 2% wheat pollard in the shaker incubator at room temperature, 150 rpm for 36 and 48 hours. The three molds: Aspergillus flavus S 13, MS 21, and Penicillium nalgiovense S 11 were also cultured in the same way as bacteria, but in Mandels medium containing 2% wheat pollard for three and five days incubation time. B. pumilus PU 4-2 and A. flavus S 13 produced the highest CMCase in each group respectively. All enzyme assays of A. flavus S 13 had higher activities than that of B. pumilus PU 4-2. The specific activity of CMCase, avicelase, FPase, and cellobiohidrolase were the highest on the enzyme of A. flavus S 13 produced from 3 days incubation time, while its β- glucosidase was the best for five days incubation. In term of activities, A. flavus S 13 had the highest ability to produce cellulase. The ability of B. pumilus PU 4-2 to produce cellulase and xylanase at the same time was an additional value. Key words: Bacillus pumilus, Aspergillus flavus, cellulase
Supplementation of Morinda citrifolia waste as bioactive compound on the performances of broiler
Get PDFA study on the use of dried Morinda citrifolia waste as feed additive in broiler ration was conducted. One hundred day old chicks (doc) were allocated into 4 levels (control; 0.0; 1.2; 2.4 and 4.8 g/kg feed) of M. citrifolia waste with 5 replication. Each replication had 5 birds. The treatments were allocated in a completely randomized design. Variables measured were: feed intake, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentages of carcass and internal organs ( liver. gizard, abdominal fat, and thickness of intestine). The results showed that M citrifolia waste supply did not significantly (P0.05) affect all variables measured, but feed intake of those fed with high levels (4,8 g/kg) of M. citrifolia waste was significantly (P0.05) lower than those fed with 1.2 g/kg. FCR was significantly (P0.05 ) lower as compared to the control; 1.2 and 2.4 g/kg. It is concluded that the best treatment was the supplementation of M. citrifolia waste of 4.8 g/kg, this treatment improved feed efficiency by 5% as compared to the control. Key Words: M. citrifolia Waste, Performances, Broile
Responses of milk quality to roasted soybeans, calcium soap and organic mineral supplementation in dairy cattle diets
Get PDFMilk quality is affected by feed nutrient either macronutrient or micronutrient. Roasted soayabeans and calcium soap were to increase supply by pas protein and fat to dairy cattle. Thus, organic mineral was to increase bioavailability of feed mineral to animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate roasted soybean, mineral soap and organic mineral supplementation on milk quality of dairy cattle. Twenty lactating Frisian Holstein cows (initial weight 361.4 ± 40.39 kg) were assigned into a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments were A: basal diet, B: A + roasted soybean, C: B + calcium soap of corn oil, D: C + calcium soap of corn oil, E: C + calcium soap of fish oil. The experimental diets were offered for 9 and 2 weeks preliminary. The results of the experiment showed that milk protein and lactose were not affected by diets. Milk dry matter of cows fed A, B, and D diets were higher (P0.05) than those of fed C and E diets. Milk fat of cows fed A, B and D diets were higher (P0.05) than those of fed C and E diets. Milk density of cows fed B and E diets were higher (p0.05) than those of fed A, C and D diets. Milk TPC of cows fed B diet were higher (0.05) than those of fed A, C, D, and E diets. It is concluded that milk quality especially milk protein and lactose concentration are not affected by roasted soyabeans, Ca-soap, and organic mineral. Calcium soap of fish oil and organic mineral decrease population of milk bacteria. Key Words: Calcium Soap, Organic Mineral, Roasted Soyabeans, Dairy Cattle, Quality Mil