Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Improving microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed fresh tofu waste by crude tannin extract of Acacia mangium
Get PDFTannin can be found in many tropical plants and the presence of tannin may reduce the nutritional value of feed. However, it can give beneficial effect as it protects the protein from its excessive degradation in the rumen. Tofu waste is abundant in a country, including Indonesia, where tofu is produced widely. A feeding trial on sheep to study the effect of tannin on microbial protein synthesis and condition of rumen fermentation, digestibility and N retention of feed containing tofu waste was conducted. Fifteen sheep were allocated to one of 3 treatments, i.e: 1) control treatment, feed without tannin, 2) feed + tannin treatment and 3) feed + tannin + polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The sheep was placed in the individual metabolism cage. They were fed with treatment feed for 14 days and then, the following 7 days, faeces and urine were collected. At the end of the treatment, rumen fluid was taken from each sheep before and after feeding. Rumen parameter (pH, ammonia, SCFA, protozoa) and microbial protein synthesis, digestibility, nitrogen retention were observed. Results showed that inclusion of 4% tannin in the feed depressed ammonia production in the rumen of sheep before and 3 hours after morning feeding. Total SCFA and individual SCFA were not different among treatments. Tannin did not affect daily feed intake. Tannin lowered the dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibilities but it significantly reduced ADF digestibility (P 0.05) and tended to reduce NDF digestibility (P 0.1). However, tannin increased the microbial protein synthesis. PEG addition was expected to bind tannin and alleviate the negative effect of tannin. Key Words: Tannin, Acacia Mangium, Polyethylene Glycol, Tofu waste, Digestibilit
Effect of level of lactic acid bacteria inoculant from fermented grass extract on fermentation quality of king grass silage
Get PDFEnsiling is a method of preserving moist forage based on natural fermentation where lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ferment water soluble carbohydrate into organic acids mainly lactic acid under anaerobic condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of king grass (Pennisetum purpureophoides) ensiled with addition of LAB prepared from fermented grass extract (LBFG). Four treatment were (G0) king grass without additive; (G1) king grass with 2% (v/w) of LBFG; (G2) king grass with 3% (v/w) of LBFG; (G3) king grass with 4% (v/w) of LBFG. Ensiling was conducted in bottle silos of 225 g capacity at room temperatures (27.0 ± 0.20C) for 30 days. The results showed that crude protein content in silage G1, G2 and G3 were relatively higher than that in silage G0. The pH value, butyric acid, total VFA and NH3-N concentrations decreased linearly with increasing level of LBFG addition, while lactic acid concentration increased linearly with LBFG addition. It was concluded that addition of 3% (v/w) of LBFG resulting a better fermentation quality of king grass silage than 2% and 4% (v/w) of LBFG. Key words: Silage, Lactic Acid, Fermentation, King Gras
Growth characterisics of Garut sheep and its crossbred
Get PDFBased on previous study it is agreed that Von Bertalanffy model is the best fitted growth curve model with highest acuracy compared to Gompertz or Logistic models. For that reason in this study Von Bertalanffy model was used to study growth characterisics of Garut sheep and its crossbred. Relative superiority of crossbred sheep compared to Garut sheep in mature size parameter (A) based on Von Bertalanffy model were respectively: M. charolain X Garut = 19.26%; Hair sheep X Garut = 8.08% and MG X HG or HG X MG = 4.22%. While relative superiority of crossbreds compared to Garut in rate of maturing (k) were respectively: MG = -4.91%; HG = -1.34% dan MHG/HMG = 6.05%. Based on its relative superiority mature size parameter (A) and rate of maturing (k) MHG sheep had prospect for more developed due to its performance in term of high mature body weight, faster in reaching standard of slaughter body weight (35 kg) at 440 days, and it is considere as more eficient in biological and economicaly. Key words: Growth Characteristics, Garut Sheep and Crossbreds, Relative Superiorit
Detection of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in feeds by gas chromatography with Electron Captured Detector
Get PDFDeoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin are trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. may pose to threat animal health. This research was aimed to validate an analysis method for DON and T-2 toxin detection in feed using a gas chromatography with electron captured detector ECD (GC-ECD) and to study the contamination level of DON and T-2 toxin in feed. Samples were extracted with organic solvents and derivitized with DMAP and HFBA prior to the detection with GC. Both toxins can be detected simultaneously with satisfied validation with GC. Analysis for DON showed that 17 out of 24 corn samples were positive (0.450 to 1.126 mg/kg), none was positive for 20 rice husk samples and 1 out of 14 cattle feed samples was positive (0.043 mg/kg), whereas analysis for T-2 toxin showed that 2 out of 24 corn samples were positive (0.022 and 0.063 mg/kg), 14 out of 20 rice husk samples were positive (0.027 to 0.720 mg/kg) and 6 out of 14 cattle feed samples were positive (0.039 to 0.084 mg/kg). The study showed that DON and T-2 toxin can be detected using GC-ECD. Whereas, the analysis results from field samples showed that the feeds were still safe to be used for animal feed, however a routine surveillance is needed to minimize further potential hazards. Key words: Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, Gas Chromatography, Feed
Post-partum reproductive appearance of buffalo at various levels of GnRH and synchronized with PGF
Get PDFA study of reproductive performance of buffalo treated with levels of GnRH was conducted on twenty buffaloes of Kampar. The animals were divided into five groups. Group 1 received 200 µg GnRH, the second group received 250 µg GnRH, the third group received 300 µg GnRH, the fourth group received 350 µg GnRH and the fifth group received 400 µg GnRH. Each group also received 12.5 µg PGF2α at days 7 following GnRH injection. Sign of estrus was observed 9 days after GnRH injection. Statistical analysis was performed based on completely randomized design. Results showed that the injection of 300µg of GnRH that was followed by 12,5 µg of PGF2α was able to show obvious sign of post-partum oestrus, with sign of estrus appeared at oestrus rate of 27.8 hours, following PGF2α injection, with 100% of pregnancy rate and 100% of calving rate. Key Words: Estrus, Pregnancy Rate, Calving Rat
The Utilization of turmeric and curcuma xanthorrhiza as feed additive for broilers
Get PDFThe use of plant bioactives to replace antibiotics are now widely investigated. Turmeric or Curcuma longa (CL) and curcuma xanthorrhiza (CX), are commonly used by human and known to have active ingredients as antimicrobial. Therefore a research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using these plant bioactives to replace antibiotic in poultry feed. The bioactives concentration of the CL and CX powder were measured prior to the feeding trial and then supplemented into standard diets of broiler chikens. The levels tested in this trial were based on the active ingredients that could inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi, i.e., low, medium and high levels of the CL and CX, respectively. The combination of low level of CL + high level of CX and low level CL + medium level of CX were also tested. A diet without feed additives and with antibiotics were used as controls. Each diet was fed from day old to 35 days old, replicated 6 times and each replication consist of 15 birds. Results showed that neither the antibiotic tested nor the turmeric (CL), xanthorrhiza (CX) nor the mixture of CL and CX gave significant (P0.05) improvement on performances (body weight, FCR and mortatlity), nutrient digestibility of feed and carcass yield of broilers. Key Words: Broilers, Curcuma Longa, Curcuma Canthorrizhol, Bioactiv
Genetic Polymorphism of the Lactoferrin Gene in Dairy and Beef Cattles at National Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer Stations
Get PDFLactoferrin (LTF) adalah gen pengontrol komponen protein susu dan memiliki karakteristik sebagai antimikrobial. LTF pada susu berfungsi untuk mencegah diare, sedangkan pada sapi laktasi untuk mencegah mastitis pada ambing. Mempertimbangkan peran penting dari gen LTF, maka perlu dilakukan peningkatan kadar LTF dalam susu melalui seleksi pada taraf DNA. Polymorfisme genetik dari gen LTF diidentifikasi pada sapi perah dan potong dengan metoda Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restricsion Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), dengan enzim restriksi EcoRI. Genotyping dilakukan pada sapi perah Friesian Holstein (FH) total sejumlah 89 ekor, meliputi dari Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang (BIB Lembang) untuk 17 pejantan, Balai Besar IB Singosari (BBIB Singosari) untuk 32 pejantan, dan Balai embrio Transfer Cipelang (BET Cipelang) pada 40 dara. Genotyping dilakukan pula pada sapi potong dara berasal dari empat bangsa, meliputi Limousin (14 ekor), Angus (5 ekor), Simmental (13 ekor) dan Brahman (5 ekor) dari BET Cipelang. Gen LTF|EcoRI pada sapi perah dan potong pengamatan menghasilkan dua tipe alel, yaitu alel A dan B. Kedua jenis sapi tersebut menghasilkan hanya dua genotipe, yaitu genotipe AA dan AB, tanpa genotipe BB. Ini dapat menjadi hal yang baik karena genotipe AA dan AB dipertimbangkan berasosiasi dengan ketahan pada mastitis. Nilai-nilai dari heterozygositas observasi (Ho) dari gen ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan heterozigositas ekspektasi (He). Disimpulkan bahwa gen LTF|EcoRI memiliki variasi yang baik pada sapi perah dan sapi potong dari ketiga balai bibit nasional tersebut. Kata Kunci: Polymorfisme genetik, Friesian Holstein, gen Lactoferrin, PCR-RFL
Nitrogen kinetics in growing sheep consuming Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium or Calliandra calothyrsus as a sole diet
Get PDFThe utilization of protein feed by animals are influenced by the process of its degradation in the rumen and its digestion in the intestine. The extent of its degradation and digestion are influenced by the form of protein and the present of secondary compound in the plant. The aim of the study was to determine the amont of protein in the three leguminouse shrubs utilized by the animals. The study on the utilization of protein from leguminouse shrub was undertaken by investigate the nitrogen kinetic in 24 head of growing sheep (BW 23kg) consuming Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra callothyrsus leaves and Rhodes grass hay. The diets were fed every two hours starting at 07:00 am. The animals were divided into four groups of dietary treatment namely LL, GS, CC and CG groups which were fed by Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra dan Rhodes grass leaves, respectively. The Rhode grass, as control diet, was mixed with 1.4% of urea to increase the nitrogen offered to the animals up to 150 g/day. Thus all the four diets were offered the same amount of nitrogen/day. Measurements were undertaken on feed utilization and nitrogen kinetics in experimental animals. The amount of nitrogen consumed then undegraded in the rumen as well as undigested in the intestine was significant higher in CC group (P 0.01) then those in LL, GS and CG groups. The value was 67% for CC group then followed by 35% for LL group and 33% for GS group. The amount of nitrogen degraded in the rumen thus lost in urine was significantly higher in animals fed GS and LL leaves compared to those in animals fed CC diet (P 0.01). The values were 46% for GS and LL group and only 16% for CC group. The amount of nitrogen retained by the animals was similar among the three groups being 17-21% (P 0.05). The Plasma urea concentration, urea entry rate and urea in urine animals were similar in LL and GS groups but higher than those in CC group. The values were 0.86; 0.8; 0.46 mg/ml (P 0.01) and 79; 78; 50 g/d (P 0.01) and 26.7; 24.5; 7.3 g/d (P 0.01) for LL, GS and CC groups, respectively. The conclusion is most of nitrogen from Calliandra was un-degraded and un-digested in the rumen and intestine thus excreted through feces, while most of the protein in Leucaena and Gliricidia was degraded in the rumen thus excreted through urine. Key Words: Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra, Nitrogen-Kinetics, Urea Entry Rat
Coat colour pattern in Garut sheep and its crossbred
Get PDFCoat colour is a qualitative trait whose expression is controlled by genes and could be used as a characteristic of sheep breed and could be used as a trade mark for certain sheep breeder enterprise. The research was done to study the coat color pattern in Garut sheep and its crossbred. In this study 178 heads of sheep was used which consisted of 64 Garut sheep (GG); 24 MG sheep (50% M and 50% G); 14 HG sheep (50% St. Croix and 50% G); 20 HMG sheep and 56 MHG sheep. HMG and MHG sheep are compost of 25% St Croix; 25% M. Charolais and 50% Garut. Phenotypic observation of coat colour were done by visualization and from the picture of sheep as individual identity in each position from the right; the left, front and rear sites. Sheep coat colour pattern in this study was largely determined by 5 main alleles: white or tan (65.7%), wild (17.4%), badgerface (14.6%), Light badgerface (0.6%) and black and tan (1.7%) that present at the Agouti locus. Other locus that determine the coat colour pattern in this study are Albino (C); Australian Piebald (AsP); Brown (B); Extension (E); Pigment Head (Ph); Roan (Rn); Spotting (S); Sur Bukhara and Sur Surkhandarya (SuB/SuS) and Ticking (Ti) all of these locus increase the variation of coat colour pattern. Key words: Coat Colour Patter
Genetic diversity and haplogroups distributions of Kampung chickens using hypervariable-I mitochondrial DNA control region
Get PDFUntil now no studies evaluating the position of Kampung chickens in chicken clade of Asia. Thus studies based on molecular DNA sequence hipervariable-I on Kampung chicken is needed. Molecular studies based on DNA sequences hyper variable-I of Kampong chicken was done to confirm the results of previous evaluations conducted on 15 families of local chickens of Indonesia. An analysis of 210 individuals Kampung chicken (Aceh, North Sumatra, Lampung, Banten, Central Java, Lombok, Sulawesi, Ternate, Morotai and Halmahera) resulted in 51 haplotypes derived from 62 polymorphic sites. Polymorphic sites among the highest seen at 112-397 (93.22%). The highest haplotype frequencies contained in the haplotype H-4 (36.19%), followed by H-1 (18.57%) and H-5 (10, 95%). Kampung chicken phylogeny analysis formed four haplogroups/clade from 7 references of Asian chicken clade. Four haplogroups are clade II = 84.31% (43 haplotypes), clade IIIC = 1.96% (1 haplotype), clade IIID = 3.92% (2 haplotypes), clade IV = 7.84% (4 haplotypes). The results prove of that Indonesian local and indigenous chickens were equally dominated clade II. Analysis of genetic diversity showed haplotype diversity of 0.825 ± 0.021, nucleotide diversity of 0.00600 on average, the genetic distance between populations ranged from 0.003 to 0.011, and the genetic distance within populations ranged from 0.00395 to 0.01031. Genetic distance between individuals in all populations of Kampung chickens was significantly different (P 0.01). Fu's Fs values was negative, indicating high genetic diversity and population expansion on native chicken in Indonesia. Other important result was shown with the major haplotype spread from western to eastern Indonesia, and had strengthened the position of Indonesia as one of the centers of domestication of the chicken. Key Words: Kampung Chicken, Hypervariable-I, Control Region, Mitochondrial DNA, Haplotype, Clad