Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Comparative evaluation of different soybean meal and the replacement using peanut, rapeseed and fish meal for broilers .
Get PDFTwo feeding experiments have been conducted to test the different sources of soybean meal (local, India, USA) and the partial substitution with peanut meal (10%), rapeseed meal (5%) and fish meal (5%) in the diet for broiler. The first feeding experiment was carried out on broiler starter for 4 weeks in wire cages . Twelve rations in factorial design (3 x 4) were conducted using 6 birds/cage and replicated 6 times . Birds fed India soybean meal had significantly less body weight (1,000 g) than those fed local or USA soybean meals (1,037 and 1,023 g, respectively) . Partial substitution with peanut, rapeseed or fish meal did not affect body weight, feed consumption or feed/gain ratio . The average consumption and feed/gain were 1,535 g and 1,569, respectively . In second experiment, one thousand five hundred broiler chicks were allocated in 6 dietary treatments in factorial design (3 x 2) . Factor one was different sources of soybean meal (local, India and USA) and factor two was the inclusion of peanut meal at 0 and 10%. Birds were kept on litter system for 6 weeks . Each treatment used 5 replicates and 50 birds/replicate . The results show no effect of the treatment to any parameter measured . Body weight of bird fed local, India and USA soybean meal were 1,662, 1,641 and 1,669 g and feed/gain were 2 .043, 2 .051 and 2.035, respectively . Cost analysis indicates that ration uses local soybean meal gives a higher cost than those of India and USA soybean meals. Key words : Soybean meal, peanut meal, rapeseed meal, fish meal, broiler
Effect of exogenous glutathione in medium fertilization to improve blastocyst rates of bovine embryos
Get PDFGlutathione (C10H17N3O6S) is a tripeptide (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) widespread in living organism. Glutathione (GSH) at the 5 mM concentration increased the motility and fertility of frozen-thawed sperm. Intracellulair glutathione improved the cleavage rate and embryo development to the blastocyst rate. Research on in vitro embryos production through the implementation of GSH during IVF (in vitro fertilization) on embryo development has been conducted at the Laboratorium Reproductive of Physiology, Research Institute for Animal Production. Ovaries of beef cattle as source of oocytes were collected from the slaughterhouse in a thermo flask with 350C PBS as medium and transported to the laboratory. The oocytes were fertilized in vitro with selected motile sperm using Percoll gradient (90 and 45%). Ten COCs (cumulus oocytes complexes) were transfered to 44 μl of fertilization medium (mTALP) was performed with either 0; 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 mM of glutathione as treatment A, B, C, D and E respectively, and inseminated with 2 μl of capacitated sperm and added 2 μl of heparin and 2 μl of PHE (consisting of 20 μM penicillamine, 10 μM hypotaurine, 1 μM epinephrine). Incubation between sperm and oocytes in the 5% CO2 incubator and RH 90% in fertilization media (TALP) for 20 hours. All zygotes were cultured in modification of CR1aa medium up to blastocyst and were fed serum 5 μl/50μl medium on day 6. Results of this experiment showed that the effect of concentration of glutathione (0, 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 mM) on fertilization medium to the percentage of cleavage rates were 69.35 + 29.40; 79.07 + 13.17; 67.88 + 10.65; 98.10 + 3.30 and 82.62 + 24.19% not significant different (P0.05) among treatments A, B, C, D dan E respectively.The precentages of morula and blastocyst for treatment D were 50.45 + 42.64% and 31.28 + 24.28%; while 36.55 + 24.13% and 17.74 + 17.86% for treatment E respectively. Key words: Glutathione, in vitro fertilization, oocytes, cleavag
Effects of zinc and calcium minerals intake on cadmium accumulation in the liver of broiler chicken
Get PDFCadmium is a heavy metal which can accumulate in animal tissues, may have an effect the growth of chicken, causes a residual problems and is danger for human consumption. Study on evaluating the effect of mineral zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) intake on cadmium (Cd ) accumulation in the liver of broilers and their growth was carried out. One hundred and eighty of day old chicks (DOC) were divided into 6 groups, group I was used as control, group II, III, IV, V and VI were given feed containing of 5 ppm Cd, 5 ppm Cd and 10 ppm Zn, 5 ppm Cd and 15 ppm Zn, 5 ppm Cd and 10 ppm Ca, 5 ppm Cd and 15 ppm Ca respectively in their feed. Cd, Zn and Ca were added as CdCl2, ZnCl2 and CaCl2. During the experiment, at week -0, -1,-2,-3 and -4, five chickens from each group were weighed and then they were slaughtered and livers were collected. The liver samples were analyzed for Cd content by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result indicated that Cd exposed to chickens caused the accumulation of that Cd in their liver. The addition of 15 ppm Zn in feed reduced the accumulation of Cd in liver significantly (P0.05). However the addition of Ca in chicken feed gave greater effect in reducing the Cd accumulation in liver compared to that of Zn supplementation. 10 ppm Ca and 15 ppm Ca in chicken feed caused the accumulation of Cd in liver chicken significantly decreased (P0.05). Ca supplementation also caused of increasing body weight of chickens. The body weight of five weeks old chickens given 15 ppm Ca in their feed as in average of 1,820 grams is higher than that of chickens in control group, which was 1,761 grams. Whereas the body weight of chickens in group IV, which was given with 15 ppm Zn in their diet was in average of 1,745 grams. It was concluded that Zn and Ca can reduce the accumulation of Cd in broiler chicken liver. Key words : Zinc, calcium, accumulation, cadmiu
Responses of two genotypes of lambs on the infection of Haemonchus contortus and the level of energy supplements
Get PDFA study was conducted to evaluate the responses of lambs on the infection of Haemonchus contortus and the level of energy supplements. Forty eight male lambs, 3-4 months old were used in a factorial experimental design (2x2x2) which lasted for 9 weeks. The factors were breed (Local Sumatra and Sungai Putih: 50% Local Sumatra, 25% St. Croix; 25% Barbados Blackbelly), level of Haemonchus infection (3,000 L3 and 1,500 L3 per week) and level of energy supplement (2,900 kcal/kg DM and 2,300 kcal/kg DM). Infection at 3,000 L3 decreased (P0.05) ADG of lambs of both energy levels. An extremely low ADG (10-16 g) was observed in 3000 L3 group given low energy level. Body condition of lambs fed high energy level was constant over the experiment, but it decreased at the rate of 0.9 to 1.1 unit at the low energy supplement. EPG was higher (P0.001) in the 3000 L3 group, was lower (P0.05) in the Local Sumatra, but not affected (P0.10) by energy level. PCV was not affected (P0.10) by infection levels, but lower (P0.01) in the low energy group or in the St Croix crosses. Eosinophil and serum protein concentration were not affected by energy and infection level, but they were higher (P0.01) in the local Sumatra. It was concluded that strong effects of level of infection and genotype was detected to influence the impact of Haemonchus infection in lambs. However, the effect of energy levels was less consistent as judged from the EPG, PCV, eosinophil and serum protein data. Key words : Energy level, genotype, infection level, Haemonchus contortus, lamb
Forage integration on farming systems in the district of Bayongbong, Garut
Get PDFA study on forage integration on farming system was studied at Bayongbong of Garut District, West Java from April 1996 to April 1997. The objective of this study was to increase the availability of food and forage which are cultivated on the same land using alley cropping system. Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) Were planted on thesame area using randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Elephant grass and gliricidia were planted as live fence. The experimental plot which were cultivated with food crops, giving the following treatment: A. Elephant grass were planted in row with spacing of 0.5 m. B. Both elephant grass and gliricidia were planted in row with spacing of 0.5 In. C. Gliricidia alone were planted in row with spacing of 0.5 m. D. Experimental plot were planted with elephant grass without any life fencing. E. Experimental plot were planted with food crops as a control. Based on planting pattern com were planted on the experimental plot followed by cabbage. Cutting interval for elephant grass was 42 days while gliricidia was 60 days. Fresh and dry weight of elephant grass, gliricidia, corn and cabbage production were recorded. The results showed that there was no significant different on corn and cabbage production between treatment, while elephant grass production was significantly different (P 0.05) among the treatments. The highest additional production of corn (1.8 kg/m2), and cabbage waste (2.5 kg/2m ) were found in the treatment. The highest elephant grass production was found in treatment A (5.1 kg/m2) followed by treatment D (4.9 kg/m2) and treatment B (4.1 kg/m2). The highest gliricidia forage production was found in the treatment B (0.6 kg/m2). It was concluded that the integration of forage and crops using alley cropping system on farm system was able to overcome the shortage of forage availability for animal production. Key words: Alley croping, farming system, forag
Protection of a live Pasteurella multocida B:3,4 vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle
Get PDFCross protection conferred by a live Pasteurella multocida B:3,4 vaccine to infection by P. multocida B:2, the haemorrhagis septicaemia causing bacteria in cattle was investigated. Intranasal aerogenic immunization and subcutaneous injection of the live vaccine were applied to groups I and II of 5 Bali cattle respectively. Another group (III) of 5 cattle were vaccinated with standard oli adjuvant killed vaccine intramuscularly. Cattle were observed for clinical signs and body temperatures were measured. Sera were collected monthly for 12 month and kept at -200C for further testing by ELISA. No adverse sign was observed at cattle of groups I and II after vaccination with the live vaccine. Both intranasal and subcutaneous vaccination of live vaccine showed a similar serological response which started at month-5, peaked at month-(6-7) after vaccination and still sustained at the level above positive cut-off (88 ELISA Unit) at the end of observation month-12. Cattle vaccinated with killed adjuvanted vaccine responded earlier, peaked at 5-6 month after vaccination and declined steadily till the end of investigation. At 6 and 12 months after vaccination catlle were challenged with P. multocida B:2. All vaccinated cattle challenged at 6 months (C-1) and 12 (C-2) months after vaccination survived and showed no clinical signs. Body temperatures of all vaccinated cattle were normal and ranged from 38.10C to 39.10C and 38.50C to 39.50C for cattle chalenged at C-1 and C-2 respectively. However, there was 1 cattle of group I at C-1 showed an initial increase of body temperature to 400C and decreased to normal at 42 hours after challenge. One catlle of group II had a body temperature of 40.70C detected at 5 hours post C-2 and reached a normal temperature at hour-11. Both unvaccinated cattle at C-1 and C-2 died and had body temperatures of 41.40C and 41.10C respectively at the time of death. This investigation shows that live vaccine P. multocida B:3,4 is safe and can protect cattle from haemorrhagic septicaemia for at least 12 months. This vaccine is promising to be used to replace oil adjuvanted killed bacterin for haemorrhagic secticaemia. Key words: Live aerosol vaccine, protection, haemorrhagic septicaemia, cattl
Leaf area, chlorophyll content, and relative growth rate of grass on different shading and fertilization
Get PDFPlant morphology and physiology such as leaf area, total chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were affected by shading and fertilization. An experiment was conducted in Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP) Ciawi, West Java. The objective of this study was to determine the morphology and physiology adaptation of three short grasses species for grazing namely Paspalum notatum, Brachiaria humidicola, Stenotaphrum secundatum on different shading and fertilization level. The experiment was arranged in split-split plot design. The main plot was shading level (0, 38, 56%); sub-plot was fertilizer dosage (0, 100, and 200 kg N/ha) while sub-sub plot was grass species. The results showed that leaf area were significantly different on different grass species, and there was interaction between shading and species on total leaf area. P. notatum on 38% shading level has the highest total leaf area (240.2 cm2). S. secundatum and P. notatum had a better adaptation in shading area compared to B. humidicola by increasing of total chlorophyll and decreasing of chlorophyll a/b ratio. Relative growth rate (RGR) of P. notatum and S. secundatum were increased by the increasing shading level. On the other hand relative growth rate of B. humidicola was decreased by the increasing shading level. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, and RGR were not significantly affected by fertilization dosage. Key Words: Shading, Fertilization, Adaptation, Growth, Chlorophyl
The effect of continuous feeding of gliricidia on reproduction and production performances of Javanese Fat-Tailed sheep: Impact on the second breeding
Get PDFThe effect of continuous feeding of gliricidia on reproduction and production performances in second breeding of Javanese Fat-Tailed (JFT) sheep through the second breeding period was studied. Twenty six ewes post lactation at first lambing (body weight 22.5-26.5 kg) were divided into four treatment groups. Each group consisted of 6 animals except Group D had 8 animals. They were given King grass (Pennisetum purpureophoides) and gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) leaf with ratio of 100:0 (Group A = control), 75:25 (Group B), 50:50 (Group C) and 0:100 (Group D). Forages were given 2.5-3% (dry matter) of liveweight. All groups were supplemented with 100g/head/day concentrate (crude protein = 16%), but during late pregnancy and lactation they were supplemented at 200 g/head/day. Results showed that feeding gliricidia 25-100% of total forages improved body weight due to the increasing protein intake. The maximum concentration of progesteron increased from 0.81 to 2.78 ng/ml. The ovulation rate and prolification also increased significantly (P0.05) from 1.6 to 3.0 and 1.33 to 2.38, respectively. Individual birth and weaning weights of the lambs were not affected. It is concluded that feeding gliricidia continuously up to 100% as forages and supplemented with concentrate gives positive effect on bodyweight gain, reproduction and production performances in second breeding of JFT sheep. Key words : Sheep, gliricidia, reproduction, second breedin
Growth and sexual development of Etawah-cross kids from does of different levels of milk production
Get PDFThe experiment was conducted to evaluate growth and sexual development of female Etawah-cross kids of the progeny of the does with low (Group L), medium (Group M) and high (Group H) milk production. The does were fed King grass (Pennisetum purpureophoides) (about 2% DM of liveweight) and 400 g/head of concentrate. The amount of concentrate was increased to 600 g/head during the last two months of pregnancy period and during lactation. Kids were weaned at four months of age. Thereafter, they were reared in group and were fed King grass and concentrate. The animals were weighed every two weeks. A mature vasectomized buck were joined in each group to detect the onset of first oestrus (puberty). When kids reached puberty and had a liveweight of about 20 kg, they were mated with intact buck. Ovulation rate, progesterone profiles and fertility were observed. The results showed that pre-weaning growth rates of kids in all three groups were not significantly different (67.0 vs 74.9 vs 70.5 g/day, P0.05). At six and 12 months of ages, Groups L and M had almost the same liveweight which were higher than Group H. Consequently, Groups L and M reached puberty about 3 - 6 weeks earlier than Group H. The average liveweight at puberty was 19.9, 18.2 and 18.8 kg for Groups L, M and H, respectively, or at about 57.1-69.8% (average 63.2%) of mature liveweight. The pregnancy rate following first mating was relatively high (67-73%) and all does were pregnant in the following mating. Average ovulation rate at conception were low (1.1) in all groups. It was concluded that differences in milk production of the does did not significantly affect post-weaning growth and sexual development and performances of kids. Other factors at certain age or growth phases might be more important to affect growth and reproduction of Etawah-cross goat, and this may warrant further study. Key words : Growth, reproduction, Etawah-cross doe
Milk production of rabbit doe and kit mortality as affected by dietary katuk leaf meal (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr)
Get PDFThis study was aimed as to determining the effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) leaf on influence rabbit doe milk production and kits mortality during 3 weeks weeks of age. Twenty four does aged 6-12 months, divided into three blocks, of four treatment diets, were used in our replicity. The diet treatments used katuk leaf meal: 0% (P0), 1% (P1), 2% (P2), and 3% (P3). The parameters observed were: doe’s milk production, kits mortality, kit as level: body weight gain, and immune response. The results showed that supplementation of katuk leaf meal increased (P 0,05) doe milk production and body weight gain of kits during 3 weeks experiment, whereas mortality and immune responses were not affected by katuk leaf meal supplementation. Key Words: Katuk Leaf Meal, Rabbit Does Milk Production, Kit Mortalit