Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Prevalence of antibody against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in sentinel cattle in West and East Nusa Tenggara
Get PDFA total of 4,977 sera from a sentinel cattle in West and East Nusa Tenggara were tested for antibody against BHV-1, the causal agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). These sera were collected between June 1990 and June 1993, and were tested by using serum neutralization test (SNT). Out of these sera, 3,713 were suitable for IBR SNT. A total of 349 sera (10.4%) reacted. IBR reactors were more prevalent in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) than in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) . Based on this survey, it is concluded that antibodies against IBR virus are present among cattle in East and West Nusa Tenggara
Pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi (Melia azedarach) leaf
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to investigate pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi leaf (Melia azedarach) on skeletal muscle and myocardial tissues . Fifty two male Wistar rats weighing 140 g to 240 g were intoxicated in 20%; 25% and 40% diet of mindi leaf ad libitwn for 25 days . Clinical signs did not appear the intoxication of mindi leaf. Specific pathological changes were not found macroscopically except cachexia and paleness . Skeletal muscle lesions on the other hand, were consistently noted microscopically . There were degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of muscle fibres ; enlargement of nuclei ; fibrosis; oedema and hyalination . The hyalination was prominent and appeared to be more. progressive two weeks after dosing . Following the skeletal muscle lesions, myocardial showed degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of fibres ; enlargement of nuclei and hypercellularity . Regeneration of skeletal muscle developed on day-5 after the substitution of mindi diet by normal diet indicated by disappearing of hyalin tissues . But, myocardial appeared to be regenerated two days after the substitution of diet . Enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAI) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were not affected. Both enzymes in treated animals were lower than the control . The substitution of diet showed an increased of enzymatic activities during the first two weeks of feeding then reduced at the subsequent weeks . However, these enzymes increased on day-3 after substitution and appeared to maximum followed by a reduction of enzymatic activities in week-4 . On the other hand, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was affected in which higher level was noted in treated groups than control . Substitution of diet has led to the reduction of cpc level on day-2 and appeared to reach the same level as in control group on day-21 . The control group was not affected either clinically, pathologically or biochemically . It remained normal throughout the experimental period
Evaluation of mating behaviour and mating compatibility methods for the Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana.
Get PDFThe effectiveness of the Sterile Insect Technique program (SIT) to eradicate pest insects relies on the success of mating competitiveness between irradiated male flies and wild type males for the wild type females. It has been successfully applied for the New World screwworm fly (NWSF), Cochliomyia hominivorax but remains unproven for the Old World screwworm fly (OWSF), Chrysomya bezziana. The aim of the study was to develop methods for investigating mating behaviour and mating compatibility of C. bezziana under laboratory conditions. Two methods were used for studying mating: individual mating (method 1) and group mating (method 2). The flies used in this study were 5-7 days old. Twenty four hours after emergence, adult flies were sexed and placed into different cages until studied. The female : male ratio in the group mating was 1 : 5 and the males were marked by painting a dot on the thorax using different oil colours. Observation of mating behaviour was investigated every 30 minutes through 10-20 replications for all methods depending on the availability of flies. Data were analysed using ANOVA and the Student’s t-test, with significance demonstrated at the 95% confidence level. The results demonstrated that the frequency of contacts between males and females at different ages was a significantly different (p 0.05) and that the duration of copulation was not significantly affected by fly age both method 1 (p 0.05) and method 2 (p 0.05). Copulation was only initiated following longer periods of contact, mainly in the range of 270-449 seconds. The highest frequency of copulation occurred between 7-8 days, but the duration of mating was similar between 5-8 days old. The study demonstrated that the methods developed were suitable for a mating compatibility study of C. bezziana. Key Words: Chrysomya bezziana, Mating Behaviour, Copulation, Myiasi
Concentration of metallothionein in the liver of chicken which were given cadmium (Cd) into their feed
Get PDFMetallothionein is a metal-binding protein which always detected in the liver of chicken, especially essential element binding protein such as Zn-thionein. Zinc binding protein is usually used for enzyme activity in normal physiology of the animal. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of Cd given into feed on Zn-thionein contain in the liver of broiler chicken. Forty-five broiler chicken were divided into three groups, which was 15 animals in each group. Group 1 as a control group, Group 2 was given 100 mgCd/kg of feed, and group 3 was given 200 mgCd/kg of feed respectively. Body weight of five chicken per group were measured every day and liver samples of five animals per group were collected at day 7 , 14 and 21 after treatment respectively for analysis of Cd and Zn total concentrations and Cd and Zn binding protein. The result indicated that body weight of chicken in the treatment groups were lower than the control group. Zinc binding protein was highest in the control group after 21 days of treatment (2.35 ug/g), but it was low in the two treatment groups were 1.30 and 0.64 ug/g respectively, in which Cd-thionein was formed. On the other hand total Zn concentration were almost similar between treatment, 20.95 ug/g for the control group and 21.24 ug/g for group 2, and 25.37 ug/g for group 3 respectively (P0.05). It can be concluded that Cd contamination in feed can cause decreased of Zn-thionein within 21 days of treatment, causing retardation of the animals. Key words: Cadmium, zinc, metallothionein, liver, chicken, fee
Effect of feeding system and fermented sago waste on performance of broiler chicken
Get PDFAn experiment, with a split plot experimental design, was conducted to determine the effect of feeding system (full vs choice feeding) and fermented sago waste (AST 5 vs 0%) on the performance of broiler chickens. Complete feed was formulated tocontain 21% crude protein, 2900 kcal ME/kg, without or with 5% AST. Feed for choice feeding was formulated to contain 2900 kcal ME/kg, without or with 5% AST with crude protein 23 or 17%. Four hundreds DOC broilers were used for each treatment divided into 4 replicates (100 birds/replicate) on litter system. Feed and water were given ad lib. during the 4 weeks trial. Data collected included feed consumption (weekly), body weight (bi-weekly), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated biweekly. Feeding system has no significant effect on total feed/energy consumption. Choice feeding reduced total protein consumption (P0.01; 323.5 vs 354.9 gram/head/4weeks), increased body weight gained (P0.01; 889.5 vs 835 gram/head/4weeks), improved FCR (P0.05; 1.90 vs 2.03), and PER (P0.001; 0.37 vs 0.43). Fermented sago waste (AST) had no significant effect on total feed/energy consumption (P0.05), reduced total protein consumption (P0.05; 333.6 vs 349.8 gram/head/4weeks), increased body weight gained (P0.05; 887.5 vs 837 gram/head/4weeks), improved FCR (P0.05; 1.88 vs 2.06) and PER (P0.05; 0.38 vs 0.42). It is concluded that broiler chicken had an ability to determine its protein requirement, and AST supplementation significantly improved performance of the birds. Key words: Choice feeding, fermented sago waste, broiler, FCR, PE
Technique development of attractant test for Chrysomya bezziana in laboratory and semi-field conditions
Get PDFSwormlure (SL-2), synthetic attractant for the New World Screwworm Fly (NWSF), Cochliomya hominivorax, have been developed and used in the America. The effectiveness of swormlure in attracting the Old World Screwworm Fly (OWSF), Chrysomya bezziana is not well defined. The aim of the study was to provide suitable condition of the attractant in trapping the higher number at the OWSF in laboratory (cage assay) and semi-field (room assay) conditions. The cage assay to screen responses olfactory stimuli of OWSF was developed to asses the fly responses to lights, exhaust fan (on or off), the flies’ physiological status and whether there was any bias between cages or trap positions. Modifications were made to provide suitable physical and environmental conditions for candidate attractant. These included darkening all windows with paper, the construction of support for the fly cages and installation of additional lights centred above the fly cages. The room assay was used as an intermediate step between the cage assay and the field experiment. The number of entered flies into the trap indicated flies respond to SL-2. The data of cage assay was analysed by ANOVA and data of room assay was analysed by T test (5%). The results showed that standard experimental conditions for the cage assay: two lights above the cages on and the central lights off, covering fluorescent lights with oil paper, the jar trap positions on the centre line parallel to the lights and exhaust fan was turned off (no air flow) during the session but was turned on in between sessions to reduce the odour from SL-2 in laboratory (p0.05). The standard experimental conditions for the room assay used four fluorescents tubes, exhaust fan turned off during the replicates but turned on after replicated 3 and 6 for 15 minutes. Yellow half-size sticky was used as standard target (p0.05). Key words: Swormlure, SL-2, attractant, Chrysomya bezzian
cDNA library construction and isolation of genes for candidate vaccine antigens from Chrysomya bezziana (the Old World Screwworm fly)
Get PDFThe construction and use of cDNA libraries for the isolation of genes encoding candidate antigens for use in a recombinant vaccine against Chrysomya bezziana is described. RNA was isolated and mRNA purified from first and third instar larvae of Chrysomya bezziana and used in the synthesis of two cDNA libraries in the bacteriophage vector λ ZAP express®. These libraries were screened using Digoxigenin-labeled DNA probes obtained from two independent approaches. First, a homolog approach used probes designed from previously characterized peritrophic membrane genes identified from the related myiasis fly, Lucilia cuprina. Secondly, a de novo approach used amino-terminal and internal peptide sequence information derived from purified Chrysomya bezziana peritrophic membrane proteins to generate DNA probes. Three peritrophic membrane genes were identified and characterized. Chrysomya bezziana peritrophin-48 was identified using the homolog approach and, Chrysomya bezziana peritrophin-15 and Chrysomya bezziana peritrophin-42 were identified using the de novo approach. The identification of these genes as encoding candidate antigens against Chrysomya bezziana has allowed the production of recombinant proteins for use in vaccination trials. Key words: cDNA library, peritrophin, peritrophic membrane, Chrysomya bezziana, Lucilia cuprina, vaccin
Lamb production of prolific sheep
Get PDFThe research was aimed to study factors that affected litter size (JAS), lamb survival (DHA) and litter weight at birth (BL) and at weaning (BS) on prolific ewes. Production records during the year of 1981-1993 were used in this study (1,437 records). Ewe genotypes (G), management levels (M), ewe parity (P) were the fixed effect and ewe gestation gain (PKB) was a covariable that included in the model. Analysis of variance for unbalanced data with general linear model procedure were used. Mean JAS was 1.77. Sources of variation that affected JAS were G, M, P-M interaction, and PKB. One copy of FecF gene increased the number of lambs born by 0.8. Changing toward a better management levels was followed by an increase of JAS. An increased of one kilogram PKB was also followed by an increase of 0.04 litter size born. The mean of BL was 3.43 kg and the sources of variation that affected BL were G, M and P-M interaction. At all management levels, primipara ewes had lower litter size at birth and litter birth weight than the pluripara ewes. Mean DHA found was 73.93%, it was affected by G-M interaction, P and PKB. First parity ewes has 11% lower of DHA than second parity ewes. An increase of 1 kg PKB was followed by an increase of 2.3% of DHA. Sources of variation that affected BS were G-M interaction, P and PKB. Mean BS in this study was 13.12 kg. Key words : Prolific sheep, lamb productio
Effect of maturation periods and leukaemia inhibitory factor on in vitro bovine embryo development
Get PDFThe period of in vitro maturation,~20 vs 24 hours) with of without supplementation of :,~uk_ni;ia inhib toryy factor (LIF) (0, 500, 1000 or 2000 U/ml) was studied on bovine embryo development in vitro in a 2 x 4 factotial experiment w id oestgnoo i, a randomized block design . A total of 870 bovine oocytes were used . Besides embryo development, cell numbers of blastocysts v. : ;re also co , mted in order to study the quality of the embryos . Oocytes were matured in a modified TCM199 medium containing 10 ug/nil of FS-14 and LP., I 1~ t1L rstradiol, fertilized in TALP and cultured in SOF/AABSA medium. There was no interaction between maturation periods and LIF doses on embryo development (P0 .05). Maturation periods, however, affected (P0.05) blastocyst rates but did not for cleavage o, oocytes and the percentage of oocytes that developed into blastocysts . LIF doses during in vitro maturation did not affect embryo development (P0 .05) . Cell numbers of blastocysts were also not affected by maturation periods and LIF doses (P0 .05), however 20 h in vitro maturation and supplementation of LIF doses tended to increase the cell numbers. This study suggests that 20 h maturation increases blastocyst rates and that supplementation with LIF during maturation does not affect the quality of embryos produced in vitro
Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chicken post administration of enrofloxacin
Get PDFThe presence of drug residue in animal product may threat human health such as increasing resistance to Camplyobacter infection treatment due to the use of enrofloxacin. The objectives of this research was to study the concentration of enrofloxacin (EFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) residues distributed in breast, thigh and liver and to determine the elimination rate of such residues in chicken which recieved enrofloxacin orally at 50 mg/kg bw daily for 9 days consecutively started at 23rd day to 31st day of age. Samples of breast muscle, thigh and liver were collected from chicken at ½ to 288 h after the drug administration. The concentration of EFX and CFX in samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest residues concentration of EFX and CFX at ½ hr post administration of EFX was: in liver (117.47 ng/g), breast (95.16 ng/gr) and thigh (71.40 ng/g), whereas the order of elimination rate was: thigh (120 hr), liver (168 hr) and breast (240 hr). The results also showed that concentration of CFX was higher than that of EFX. Key Words: Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Residues, Broiler Chicke