Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Effect of different levels of social isolation on the acoustical characteristics of sheep vocalization
Get PDFIn farm animals, vocal analysis is accepted as a non-invasive method for assessing animal welfare in comparison to most physiological measurements. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different degrees of social isolation on the acoustic characteristics of stress-induced bleats from three different breeds of sheep. The experiment consisted of subjecting the animals to three different levels of social isolation during which both locomotive and vocal data were recorded. The data on locomotive behaviour was subjected to descriptive analysis while specialized acoustic software was used to measure a total of thirty-six parameters of recorded bleats. Descriptive analysis showed that the animals displayed more locomotive activity during partial isolation compared to complete isolation. Number of bleats during partial isolation was also found to be higher. The application of two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of isolation level and breed on both temporal and structural acoustic properties. Amplitude, power and time acoustic properties were found to affect acoustic quality of vocal responses to isolation, whereas frequency related properties were also found to be different significantly (P 0.05) between breeds. From spectrogram analysis, the patterns of energy distribution within the calls proved to offer the most evident that differ between isolation levels and breeds. It was concluded that acoustic analysis can be helpful in revealing the affective state of socially isolated rams. Key Words: Sheep, Social Isolation, Vocalization, Behaviour, Animal Welfar
The correlation between mannanase and cellulase activities towards fibre content of palm oil sludge fermented with Aspergillus niger
Get PDFEnzyme (mannanase and cellulase) activities and fibre (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) contents were determined during the fermentation course of palm oil sludge with Aspergillus niger TL (wild type) and A. niger ES I (an asporogenous mutant). The analyses were carried out at the incubation time of 3 and 4 days of aerobic fennentation and at 2 days of anaerobic fermentation afterward. The correlations between mamlanase activity with hemicellulose content and cellulose activity with cellulose content were calculated by linear regression . The activities of matutanase and cellulase are increasing during the aerobic fennentation, while in the anaerobic fennentation the enzyme activities are decreasing due to instability of the enzymes. The enzyme activities of ESI are higher than the TL. The regression coefficient is highly significant for correlation between mamlanase and hemicellulose content of fermented product by ESI (r = 0.83; P0.01) . While other correlations are not statistically significant (P0 .05) . Marutanase and cellulase activities were also detected after the fermented product dried at 60°C which indicated the enzymes are quite stable . Key words: Palm oil sludge, fermentation, cellulase, mamlanase, cellulose, hemicellulose, Aspergillus nige
Population dinamics of Lymnaea rubiginosa in rice fields and its infection with larvae of trematodes
Get PDFField of irrigated rice paddy was the most suitable habitat as breeding site of snail Lymnaea rubiginosa, the intermadiate host of Fasciola gigantica and other trematodes. Fluctuations in the population of fresh water snail, L. rubiginosa in irrigated rice fields and their infection with L. rubiginosa and other trematodes were studied in five villages in the subdistrict of Surade, provivine of West Java. Snail were sampled based on time collection (half man hour) each site of collection. The samples of the snails were further counted and examined for the presence of larval trematodes. The result indicated that snails died during the dry season except those in persistent aquatic refuges such as streams and springs. Surviving snails recolonised rice fields near villages by passive transfer with water from refuges early in the wet season. Some recolonosation may also have resulted from haching of snail eggs deposited in habitats which had not been dried for more than a few weeks. Recolonisation with snails of further rice fields from a village occurred during the later period of the wet season. No snail infected with F. gigantica was found in the distance of more than 200 m from a village. Snail with the highest prevalence of infection occurred in rice fields which received effluent from a cattle pen were fertilised with bovine faeces. Each snail was only infected with one species of tramatodes. Infection with echinostone larvae was most common. Kay words: L. rubiginosa, trematode infection, population dynami
The influence of isobuthyl methylxhantine (IMX) and separation time on viability of spermatozoa and effectiveness of separation using egg albumin column
Get PDFSupplementation of 3-isobuthyl-1-1-methylxanthine (IMX), as a cAMP inhibitor phosphodiesterase and could raise sperm motility, is expected to optimize the X and Y sperm separation. The purpose of this research was to observe the effect of IMX supplementation and separation time on the quality of separated sperm and the effectiveness of the method of sperm separation. Completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial was used in this research. The first factor was IMX (0.0 and 0.5 mM) while the second factor was separation time (10 and 30 minutes). The parameters observed were sperm concentration, the percentages of sperm motility, live sperm, sperm with intact apical ridge and the ratio of spermatozoa X and Y which measured by morfometric of head sperm square. IMX supplementation did not affect sperm concentration both on 10 or 30 minutes. The 30-minute separation time significantly reduced sperm motility in upper fraction while the addition of IMX significantly reduced sperm motility in lower fraction. There were no significant differences on the percentage of live sperm and sperm with intact apical ridge in every treatment even in upper or lower fraction. The albumin column sperm separation in this research changed the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa from 49.7% : 50.3% (fresh semen) to 65.1-84.0% : 16.0-34.9% in upper fraction; and to 24.0- 30.0% : 70.0-75.9% in lower fraction. The addition of IMX increased significantly X spermatozoa percentage (65.1 to 84.0%) and reduced significant Y-spermatozoa percentage (34.9% to 16.0%) in upper fraction. There was no significant differences on the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa between 10 and 30-minute of separation time treatment. In conclusion, the albumin column separation technique can be used to separate X and Y spermatozoa with the duration of 10 to 30 minutes separation time and did not severely affect the quality of separated sperm. The presence of IMX in separation media has no effect on the sperm separation effectiveness. Key words: Sperm separation, isobuthyl methylxanthine, X and Y spermatozoa, albumin colum
Astudy on the pathogenicity of Eimeria tenella in village chickens in South Kalimantan
Get PDFA study on the pathogenicity of various isolates of coccidia (Eimeria tenella) was carved out in village chickens . The isolates were collected from different districts, namely Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS), Hulu Sungai Tengah (HST), Tapin, and Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan . The result showed that the pathogenicity of E. tenella isolated from two weeks old chickens in HSS district was higher than isolates from the other three districts of the same age of chickens . Further study showed that the isolates of E. tenella from HSS district appeared to cause mortality rates of 64 .3%, 42 .9%, 28 .6%, and 7 .1%, and caecal lesions scores of +4, +3, +2, and +2, in 1, 2, 3, and 4 months old chickens respectively . The body weight gains of the four different age groups of chickens infected with 200,000 oocysts were very significantly lower (P0.01) than the control group. Keywords: Pathogenicity, Eimeria tenella, village chicken, South Kalimanta
The effects of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit on rumen microbes and performance of sheep
Get PDFEighteen local sheep weighing approximately 15 kg were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups . All animals received a mixture of elephant and native grasses (50 :50) ad libitum + concentrate (0.5% of liveweight) . The treatments given were : (1) no additive, (II) addition of placebo and (III) addition of methanol-extracted Sapindus rarak fruit (MES) at level of 0.07% of liveweight. Placebo and MES were given orally every 3 days . Feeding treatments were conducted for 14 weeks . Rumen liquor of all animals were collected in the third week "and observed for rumen ecosystem and ruminal digestibility . Bodyweight gain and feed consumption were measured . The results showed that MES eliminates the protozoal population by 57% and sequently increases bacterial population by 69% when compared to control (1). Lowered protozoa population has no effect on lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids productions, and a consequence, does not change pH (Pa0.05) . However, lowered protozoa population decreased NH3-N content (P0 .05) . Cumulative gas production resulting from substrate (rice straw) fermented by rumen liquor from sheep fed MES-added diet (III) increased by 13% when compared to control (1)). Compared to control (I), average daily gain of sheep fed MES-added diet (111) is increased by 44% with an improved efficiency by 28%. Keywords : Saponin, protozoa, bacteria, performance of shee
Rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis by cell wall and capsule components direct fluorescent antibody assay
Get PDFDuring the outbreak of anthrax, early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Numerous attempts have been made to design antigen based detection tests and to rapidly identify truly anthrax specific antigens for B. anthracis. In Indonesia, standard identification of B. anthracis relies on a combination of time consuming steps including bacterial culture and Ascoli precipitin test, which can take several days to provide a diagnosis. In this study, two component (cell wall and capsule) direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) were developed to rapidly identify and to directly detect capsulated B. anthracis. The component used in cell wall DFA (CW-DFA) assay is polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex, which was prepared from B. anthracis culture by cell lysis, guanidine and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) extraction. The component used in capsule DFA (CAP-DFA) is poly-D-glutamic acid (PGA) which were prepared by extraction of B. anthracis capsule. Component of polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex and PGA conjugated with hemocyanin were then used as immunogen for immunizing rabbits using Freund’s complete/incomplete adjuvant. The hyperimmune sera were then collected, purified and conjugated to Fluorecent Iso Thiocyanate (FITC). B. anthracis isolates and non B. anthracis isolates were tested by the CW-DFA and CAP-DFA Assays. B. cereus, B. subtilis, other Bacillus sp. and other Gram positive rod bacteria were negative, while capsulated B anthracis gave positive results. The two component (CW DFA and CAP-DFA) assay are specific rapid confirmatory test for capsulated B. anthracis. Key Words: Bacillus anthracis, Cell Wall and Capsule Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assa
Studies on the use ofEchinostoma revolutum larvae as an agent for biological control of Fasciola gigantica
Get PDFThe use of Echinostoma revolutum larvae as an agent for biological control of Fasciola gigantica has been studied in the laboratory of Parasitology, Balitvet. Infection of Lymnaea rubiginosa with Echinostoma revolutum increased the growth and mortality rates of the snails and completely suppressed their egg production . These effects were attributed to a destruction of gonads and other organs of the snails by echinostome rediae, production of which commenced during the second week after the infection. From laboratory studies with L. rubiginosa, there was an evidence of strong antagonism between larvae of E. revolutum and larvae of F. gigantica. Concurrent infection of L. rubiginosa with miracidia of F. gigantica and E. Revolutum resulted in that all snails were infected with E. revolutum only, when they were dissected 30 days later. In contrast, 94% of the snails which were exposed to miracidia of F. gigantica only, were infected with larvae of this species after 30 days . When L. rubiginosa were infected with F. gigantica 20 days previously were exposed to infection with E. revolutum and examined 30 days later, it was found that 77% of the snails had a single infection with E. revolutum, 16 % were infected with F. Gigantica only, and the remaining 7% had common infection. It was concluded that the dominant antagonism of E. revolutum over F. gigantica in L. rubiginosa and the reduction of fecundity and longevity ofsnails infected with E. revolutum could be useful for biological control of F. gigantica. Key. words: Echinostoma revolutum, Fasciola gigantica, biological control, ducks, chicken
The mucosal and systemic immune responses in chickens orally immunised with Campylobacter jejuni antigen entrapped in poly-lactide-co-glycolide microparticles
Get PDFAn oral immunisation in chickens with antigen entrapping in biodegradable microparticles was evaluated in order to achieve optimal antibody responses following oral vaccination. This study was adapted to Campylobacter jejuni antigen in chickens to observe its stimulation both mucosal and systemic immune responses. A group of 5 embryonated chicken eggs was immunised with heat-killed C. jejuni entrapped in poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles at day 17 of incubation deposited into the amniotic fluid. Seven days after hatching the chickens were oral boostered, these was design to as Group A. In the Group B, each embryonated egg was immunised with soluble C. jejuni as in the same as Group A. Immune responses of post vaccination were observed at day-14, the humoral immunity was evaluated with an ELISA and whereas mucosal antibody response was detected by fluorescent histology. The serum IgG and IgA antibody responses, and also the bile and intestinal scrapping IgA antibody responses to campylobacter in Group A were significantly higher than those of the soluble antigen of Group B (P0.05). Total number of immunoglobulin-containing cells for IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes in the ileum in Group A chickens were also significantly higher than those of Group B (P0.05) but was not in the duodenum and spleen. Key words : Campylobacter jejuni, poly-lactide-co-glycolide microparticles, oral immunisation, chicken
Growth response of buffaloes treated with oestradiol 17 B
Get PDFThe effect of oestradiol 17 B was tested in 10 buffaloes, weighing approximately 242 kg . They were fed elephant grass ad libitum plus concentrate feed at a rate of 1 % body weight, and were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5, the treated and control groups . The treated group animals were implanted with a long acting oestradiol-silicone rubber on the left ear for 200 days . Oestradiol treated-buffaloes showed a significant increase in liveweight gain (0.89 vs 0 .68 kg/d) and feed conversion ratio (9 .2 vs 11 .2) . Certainly it has a significant economic advantage in using this growth promotant