Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
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Digestion and ruminal fermentation of cocoa pod silage based ration enriched by gliricidia and calliandra leaves on goats
Get PDFIn term of availability, cacao pod is potential for ruminant feed. According to its nutrients content, cacao pod can be used as feed fiber source. Protein sources materials must be added when cacao pod was ensilaged due to low protein content of this material. The aim of this study was to investigate digestibility value and end products of rumen fermentation of goat fed grass or cacao pod based ration. Randomized block design and 20 heads of lambs (16.95±2.36 kg) to evaluated 5 type of rations: R (50% grass + 50% concentrate); S (50% cacao pod silage + 50% concentrate); SG (50% cacao pod-gliricidia silage + 50% concentrate); SK (50% cacao pod-calliandra silage + 50% concentrate) dan SC (50% cacao pod-mixture of gliricidia-calliandra silage + 50% concentrate). Feeding trial was conducted for over 15 weeks. Measurements were taken on feed digestibility and rumen-fermentation end-products after 3 weeks of treatments. Results shows that nutrients digestibility was different significantly among the groups of treatments (P0.05). Digestibillity of organic matter, NDF and energy of R ration was those of higher significantly (P0.05) than those of other groups. N-ammonia of rumen from goat feed R ration was higher (P0.05) than other groups. Total VFA and each component were different among the groups (P0.05), however the value was similar among the groups of cacao pod silage rations. It is concluded that cacao pod silaged based rations enriched by Gliricidia and Calliandra leaves did not produce similar digestibility value and end products of rumen fermentation with grass based ration
Effect of protein levels and Zinc-biocomplex supplementation in concentrate diets on performance of young male goats
Get PDFThis trial was carried out to investigate effects of protein levels and Zinc biocomplex supplementation in concentrate diets on performances of young male Etawah grade goats. Twenty-four young male goats were divided into four groups and received concentrate diets as follows: R0= 14% crude protein (CP), R1= 18% CP, R2= R0 + 60 ppm Zn and R3= R0 + 120 ppm Zn as Zn biocomplex. Initial live weight was 16.39±2.19 kg. Animals were offered King grass ad libitum and 400 g/h/d of concentrates diets for 16 week trial. The experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete design with four treatments and six replications. The concentrate diets had no significant effect on DM, TDN, NDF and ADF daily intakes (P0.05) but significantly (P0.05) influenced the CP and Zn daily intakes, ADG and FCR. The average DMI, TDN, NDF and ADF daily intakes for all treatments were 670, 547, 333 and 229 g, respectively. The CP daily intake for R0, R1, R2 and R3 treatments were 76.33, 91.83, 75.83 and 76.67 g, and the Zn daily intakes were 42.83, 45.50, 68.83 and 91.33 mg, respectively. The ADG for R0, R1, R2 and R3 were 71.65, 79.96, 78.17 and 82.74 g with the FCR values were 9.95, 8.50, 8.44 and 8.06, respectively. The in vivo digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF were not significant (P0.05) but the digestibility of CP and GE were significant (P0.05). The highest IOFC value occurred at R3 treatment. In conclusion, the improvement of CP levels from 14% to 18% in diets increased the goat performance and the supplementation of 120 ppm Zn as Zn biocomplex in diet containing 14% CP gave better performance and increased the IOFC value compared to animals receiving 18% level of CP in diet of young male goat
Monitoring of avian influenza cases based on the detection of viral antigen subtype H5N1 by immunohistochemical technique
Get PDFMonitoring on the cases of Avian Influenza virus was conducted by detecting viral antigen subtype H5N1 usingimmunohistochemical technique. A total of 212 sampels of various avian tissues were collected from the Provinces of East Java(Districts of Madiun, Tulung Agung, Blitar and Kediri), West Java (Districts of Bogor, Bekasi, Cianjur and Sukabumi), Banten(Districts of Pandeglang and Tangerang) and DKI Jakarta. The sampels were collected four times i.e. June 2004, September2004, October 2004 and between January and February 2005. All sampels were stained using immunohistochemical technique.The antigen could be visualized clearly both in the intra-nuclear and intra-cytoplasmic areas of brain, comb, wattle, trachea,lung, heart, breast and thigh muscle, proventriculus, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine and ovary. A number of 39 of 212 cases(18.4%) have been catagorized as positives. The results show that monitoring of HPAI cases conducted in June and September2004 in the Provinces of West Java, Banten and East Java, none of the sampels were positive. However, monitoring of thedisease in September 2004 in the Province of Jakarta showed that AI virus antigen were detected in various organs of chickenfrom Jakarta. Furthermore, monitoring of the disease conducted between October 2004 and February 2005 revealed that AI virusantigen were also detected in chicken not only from Jakarta Provinces but also from Provinces of Banten and West Java. Basedon these results, it is concluded that between June and September 2004, HPAI infection were not found in areas where previousoutbreaks occured in the Provinces of Banten, West Java and East Java. However, the disease was spread in Jakarta Province inSeptember 2004 and subsequently to some districts in the Provinces of Banten and West Java. A part from this, anticipation ofdisease spread to currently AI-free areas should be considered as part of disease monitoring system.Key Words: Avian Influenza, H5N1, Monitoring, Immunohistochemistry, Poultr
Utilization of chitosan waste in chicken diet
Get PDFAn experiment has been conducted to determine the possibility of using waste from chitosan processing, which contain shrimp soluble, as poultry feed. The fresh waste was immediately mixed with wheat pollard (1:1, w/w) and sun dried. Another portion of the waste was stored, at low pH (4.5) for 1 month before sun drying. Experimental rations were formulated to be isoprotein (21%) and isoenergy (3000 kcal/kg), with 25% wheat pollard (R1), WPUL 26.3% (R2), wheat polard 12.5% (R3) WPUL 13.2% (R4), WPUB 13.2% (R5). Each ration was fed to 40 doc broiler, divided into 5 cages (4 male and 4 female/cage). Feed and water were given ad lib during the 4 weeks trial period. Body weight gain of treatment R2 (762.8 gram) was significantly (P 0.05) lower than the other treatments, while there was no significant difference between treatment R1 (817.2 gram), R3 (816.0 gram), R4 (839.2 gram) and R5 (830.1 gram). And the FCR values were significantly different (P0.05) between treatment R2 with R1, R3, R4, and R5, i.e. is 2.43; 2.24; 2.16; 2.16; and 2.06. Respectively it is concluded that chitosan waste, after sun drying and mixed with wheat pollard, could only be included in the formulation up to 13.2%.Key words : Chitosan waste, broile
Effectivity of probiotic, micromineral enriched yeast and their combination with Azadirachta indica leaves containing tannin on fermentability and digestibility of Pennisetum hybrid
Get PDFOrganic additive for animal had been explored to replace antibiotic growth promoter. Probiotic from lactic acid bacteria was widely used to support the microbial balances in digestive tract, while organic mineral was added into diets to improve bioavailability for preventing mineral deficiency disorders. This experiment was aimed to assess probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici RS2) and micromineral enriched yeast (MEY) combined with tannin from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves containing tannin on king grass (P. hybrid) fermentability using in vitro gas production technique. Treatments consisted of P0 (control/forage without additive), P1 (P0+MEY); P2 (P0+MEY+crude tannin); P3 (P0+Probiotic); P4 (P0+Probiotic+MEY), and P5 (P0+Probiotic+MEY+crude tannin). The study was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in each treatment. Probiotic, MEY or tannin supplementation significantly increased (P0.05) gas production without affecting volatile fatty acid, protozoa numbers, methane production and in vitro digestibility of forage. The highest cumulative gas production was found in forage treated by P4 followed by P5, P1, P5, P2, P3 and control. Kinetic of gas production was significantly affected by treatments after 8 h incubation. Although the treatments were only significantly affected gas production kinetic (b, c and total gas), the hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that some parameters consisted of acetate, propionate, in vitro digestibility, protozoa numbers, and methane production were closely correlated to the gas production kinetic parameters. It was concluded that either organic mineral supplementation or its combination with probiotic, and probiotic+tannin improved fermentabilty of forage without negative effect on in vitro digestibility
Preferences, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of several mulberry species in goats
Get PDFThis study was aimed to investigate the preferences and nutritional qualities of four mulberry species (Morus cathyana, Morus nigra, Morus indica and Morus multicaulis) in goat diet. Foliages were fed to six adult Boer x Kacang goats in a cafetaria style for preference analyses. Nutritional qualities (feed intake, apparent digestibility, N balances, rumen fermentation characteristics) and blood metabolites were measured in a digestion trial. Twenty male goats were used in a completely randomised arrangement of four treatments (mulberry species) and five replications. The selectivity indices were +0,389, -0,156, -0,154 and -0,234 for M. multicaulis, M. nigra, M. cathyana and M. indica, respectively, indicating that M. multicaulis was the most and M. indica was the least preferred species. When fed as the sole foliage the DM intake was higher (P0.05) in goats offered M. multicaulis (780 g/d) and M. nigra (718 g/d) compared to those fed M. cathyana (637 g/d) and M. indica (598 g/d). The DM intake were equal to 38.6; 35.5; 31.5 dan 29.6 g/kg BW, respectively. The DM apparent digestibility were not different (P0.05) among the species ranging from 60-65%. The N balances (N retained) was highest (P0.05) in the M. multicaulis group (16,7 g/d) and was lowest in the M. indica (12,3 g/d) and M. cathyana groups (11,7 g/d). The rumen pH and total VFA concentration was not diferent (P0,05) among treatments. The ammonia concentration was higest (P0,05) in the M. multicaulis and was lowest in the M. indica and M. cathyana groups. The bacteria and protozoa population was not different (P0,05) among the treatments. It is concluded that M. multicaulis was more preferred by goats compared to M. nigra, M. indica and M. cathyana, but all species have potential as foliages for goats as shown by its high intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation rates
Protection level of AI H5N1 vaccine clade 2.1.3 commercial against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 virus from Ducks to SPF chicken in laboratory conditions
Get PDFHighly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 clade 2.3.2 has infected chickens in farms, causing mortality and a decrease in egg production. Vaccination is one of the strategies to control disease of AI subtype H5N1. AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 vaccine is available commercially. The effectiveness of two vaccines of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 (product A and B), and AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 (Sukoharjo) against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 (Sukoharjo) virus SPF chickens was tested in laboratory. Four groups of SPF chickens were used in this study, there were (1) vaccinated with H5N1 clade 2.1.3 (product A), (2) vaccinated with H5N1 clade 2.1.3 (product B), (3) vaccinated with AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 and (4) unvaccinated (as a control). Each vaccinated group consisted of 10 chicken except 8 chicken for control group. SPF chicken were vaccinated with 1 dose of vaccine at 3 weeks olds, and then after 3 weeks post vaccination (at 6 weeks olds). All group of chicken were challenged with 106 EID50 per 0.1 ml via intranasal. The results showed, chicken vaccinated with H5N1 clade 2.1.3 product A and B gave 100 and 80% protection respectively, but showed challenged virus shedding, whereas vaccine of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 gave 100% protection from mortality and without virus shedding. Vaccines of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 product A was better than vaccine product B, and when chicken vaccinated against H5N1 clade 2.3.2, H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccine was the best to be used. In order to protect chicken from AI subtype H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in the field, a bivalent vaccine of H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 subtypes should be developed
Effect of additional of microbial growth factors combined with and without microbe preparate on growth performance of Etawah-cross goat
Get PDFEffect of microbial growth factors (FPM) combined with and without microbe preparate (SM) on growth of Etawah-crossgoat has been conducted for 14 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation period. Animals used were 24 male goats of Etawahcross (PE) with a mean liveweight of 17.73 ± 1.80 kg. The animals were randomly distributed into 3 treatment groups. Eachgroup consisted of 8 animals. All animals were fed elephant grass (ad lib.) + concentrate containing 16% crude protein (1.0% oflive weight) as basal diet. The treatment groups were : I. Control (K); II. K + FPM; III. K + SM + FPM. Measurements recordedwere: feed consumption, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter digestibility (in vitro and in vivo DMDs), as well as rumenecosystem. All animals were placed in metabolism cages for 2 weeks for determination of in vivo DMD. The results showed thatFPM combined with and without SM improved the performance of both rumen ecosystem and host animals. Compared tocontrol, combination of FPM with SM increased the following parameters significantly (P0.05): ADG (55 vs. 36 g); DMI (645vs. 609 g head-1 day-1); in vivo DMD (74 vs. 69%); FCR (12 vs. 17); in vitro DMD (49 vs. 46%); colony number of bacteria percell number of protozoa (3.09 x 104 vs. 1.12 x 104); VFA content (3.53 vs. 2.82 mg ml-1); NH3-N content (68 vs. 56 mg l-1); pH(6.78 vs. 6.65). Microbe preparate enhanced the effect of FPM on VFA content so that the combination of FPM and SM(treatment III) significantly increased the VFA content as compared to the control (P0.05).Key words: Microbial growth factor, microbe preparate, etawah-cross goa
Freezing capacity of sperm on various type of superior bulls
No full textLow quality of sperm after freezing and thawing process due to changes in extreme temperature and osmolarity. The sperm freezing capability and sperm membrane damage was to evaluate by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) of Simmental, Limousin and Friesian Holstein (FH) bull of a total of 10 bulls aged 4-8 years. Data were analyzed with a linear model (GLM) and Duncan 's test. Results showed that breed influence sperm motility and MDA levels but not in the membrane integrity (MI) and viability. The FH bull had a low of recovery rate (RR) 57.53± 1.74% with high MDA level (0.81± 0.31 nmol/108 sperm level) and Limousine had the highest RR (59.70 ± 3.23% ) with the low MDA (0.52±0.25 nmol/108 sperm). Freezing decreased the sperm motility, viability and MI of all bulls. Sperm motility, viability and MI decreased by 28.32±1,45% and 29.73±1.54%, 21.58±4.09% and 22.55± 5.60% and 21.25±6.86% and 23.51±6.05 % respectively
Molecular identification technique of Trypanosoma evansi by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Get PDFTrypanosoma evansi is a Hemoflagella parasite that infects cattle and is known as the agents of Surra. Several other trypanosome species infects mammals: T. equiperdum, T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, T. vivax, T. congolense, T.theileri. Some of these species is quite difficult to be distinguished morphologically with T. evansi through conventional techniques (thin blood smear). Molecular technique by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is reported to have the ability to identify, characterize and diagnose trypanosomes accurately. However, a single PCR used is relatively expensive because it takes at least two or more pairs of primers to determine T. evansi. The purpose of this study is to develop T. evansi species identification techniques by multiplex PCR/mPCR (the three pairs of primer in one reaction) that takes the relatively fast and inexpensive. A total of 31 isolates T.evansi were obtained from Bblitvet Culture Collection (BCC) and the Department of Parasitology BBLitvet used in this study. Isolates represent isolates from endemic areas and Surra outbrake isolated from 1988-2014. DNA extraction performed on each sample, including Bang 87 isolates which has been purified as a positive control. Primers used are specific for T. evansi, the ITS-1, Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG 6/7. Before running mPCR, each primer is optimized by using a single PCR. The results showed that the three primers can be combined in a single reaction with mPCR technique and amplify each DNA fragment target perfectly, so identified 31 isolates as T. evansi. This technique can be applied in the field with a lower cost and faster time.Key Words: Trypanosoma evansi, Identification, Multiplex PC