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Who can speak for and listen to the Atrato river? Expertise and epistemic “shift” in a rights of nature legal decision in Colombia
No full textInternational audienceThis article draws on the ethnography of a Colombian court case that led to the recognition of the rights of the Atrato River. Beyond the shift inthe legal framework within which rights of nature claim to operate – from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric one – the article asks whether rightsof nature also imply a shift in the expertise that the decisions mobilise. I first examine the ways in which claimants and their lawyers constructedevidence and used expertise to build this case. In a second section, I analyse the way in which the judges of the Constitutional Court contributed tothis probative work by assembling expertise. Finally, I analyse the process of implementing the decision. At this stage, a double movement appears: we see the centrality of expertise in the monitoring of the judgment alongside the interweaving of heterogeneous knowledge in the implementationprojects. Throughout the three stages of my analysis, I examine how different types of knowledge are mobilised, and I ask whether this processreally allows us to think beyond the nature/culture dichotomy.S’appuyant sur l’ethnographie d’une affaire judiciaire colombienne aboutissant à la reconnaissance du fleuve Atrato comme sujet de droits,l’article pose la question de savoir si, au-delà du changement du cadre juridique dans lequel les droits de la nature prétendent opérer, d’uncadre anthropocentrique à un cadre écocentrique, les droits de la nature impliquent également un changement dans l’expertise qu’ils mobilisent.L’article examine tout d’abord la manière dont les requérants et leurs avocats construisent les preuves et utilisent l’expertise pour constituer ledossier. Dans un second temps, il examine la manière dont les juges de la Cour constitutionnelle contribuent à ce travail probatoire en assemblantl’expertise. Enfin, l’article analyse le processus de mise en oeuvre de la décision. A ce stade, un double mouvement apparaît : la centralité del’expertise dans le suivi de l’arrêt et l’imbrication de savoirs hétérogènes dans les projets de mise en oeuvre. Dans ces trois moments, j’examineraicomment différents types de savoirs sont mobilisés, et je me demanderai si ce processus nous permet réellement de penser au-delà de la dichotomie nature/culture
Introduction - In the name of nature: Activists, experts, and the law
No full textInternational audienceIn recent decades, there have been growing debates across the world about the protection of the environment and the protection of animals. Thoughthe two issues have separate histories, they have become so entangled today that some consider the ‘Animal question’ to be “at the very heart of the‘Nature question’” (Mason 2007: 204) – determining the place of human beings in the world. They are managed through legislation, administrativerules, and, increasingly, court decisions. The contributions to this special issue of Civilisations try to understand and analyse the way in which humanrelationships to animals or to the environment are shaped – or not – by legal action, and how people make use of juridical frameworks to activelyengage in the protection of nature; how this issue is handled by lawyers, activists, and the state; and how, in other words, nature is ‘judicialised’ inrelation to ecological or ethical concerns and as part of a will to manage it. Most of these contributions were initially presented during a workshoporganised in 2022 in Paris in the frame of the programme Ruling on Nature. Animals and the environment before the Court, funded by the FrenchNational Research Agency (Programme ANR-19-CE03-0006)
Qui sera candidat ? Une histoire de la candidature à l’élection présidentielle en France, de la Troisième République à nos jours
No full textInternational audienc
Disillusions and paradoxes of the massification of education in France
No full textInternational audienceBased on an analysis of French educational policies since the 1950s, this paper assesses their global impact and their unexpected effects upon individuals and society, concerning students’ learning, access to the labour market, and some attitudes and behaviours, notably civic ones. It shows that from an academic point of view, the lengthening of schooling does not increase pupils’ level as much as the multiplication of diplomas would suggest, nor reduce social inequalities. Moreover, when entering the job market, competition is harsher and the least qualified face more and more difficulties, and develop a resentment that feeds populism. These global unintended effects lead us to question the paradox of the French education system and the meritocratic equality of opportunities it is supposed to implement
Le grand recul démocratique : principaux enseignements du rapport V-Dem édition 2025
No full textNational audienceL’institut V-Dem a publié en mars dernier l’édition 2025 de son rapport annuel sur l’état de la démocratie dans le monde. Cette nouvelle livraison dresse un tableau particulièrement inquiétant : les données confirment le déclin démocratique entamé depuis plusieurs années et éclairent une nouvelle vague d’autocratisation qui ne semble plus épargner les démocraties occidentales
Producing Legal Knowledge : Comparative Methods, Models and Schemes
No full textInternational audienceThis thought-provoking book opens up a distinctive and original framework of analysis of the relationship between legal methodologies and the social and human sciences. Rich in implications both for comparative legal theory and for the understanding of legal reasoning in practice, it adopts a critical epistemological perspective by enlarging the focus of comparative legal studies and allowing for a much-needed decentering of conventional approaches to law across cultures and disciplines
EU LAW AS A RESILIENT AND RESISTING CONCEPT
No full textInternational audienceRecent European Union law is concerned with the reconstruction of the Union's capacity to act, within a context where the material, normative and legal bases of European integration are deemed to be under threat. This gives rise to a transformation of the Union in the form of a 'geopolitical Union' and a reconceptualization of EU law in the form of 'resilient EU law'. This contribution raises the question of whether resilient EU law is capable of responding to deep scepticism and resentment underpinning European societies about social dispossession, cultural threat and ecological collapse. At this critical moment in Europe's history, we need more than just resilient EU law: we need a resisting EU law that is receptive to social reality and reflexive about its own conceptuality
Bridging Divergence and Convergence in U.S.-EU Financial Regulation
No full textInternational audienceThis symposium issue seeks to harmonize international financial regulation by comparing and critiquing U.S. and EU approaches, including their convergences and divergences and the reasons therefor. To achieve this goal, the issue introduces a somewhat innovative approach: each article is co-authored by leading U.S. and EU financial regulation scholars. The divergences in the U.S. and EU financial regulatory frameworks might be explained, at least in part, by the differences in the structure of their financial systems: the United States is primarily market-based, whereas the European Union is largely bank-based. 1 For example, approximately 80% of corporate financing in the United States is funded through the capital markets, compared to only 30% in the European Union. 2 Another possible explanation for the divergences is that EU regulators and the European Central Bank have been more willing to impose top-down policy than their U.S. counterparts, which tend to rely more on voluntary, market-led efforts.Recognizing these differences, this symposium issue's comparative analyses should help the United States and the European Union learn from each other's regulatory successes and failures. That, in turn, should help identify "best practices" and increase regulatory efficiency. The comparative analyses should also further economic growth by increasing U.S. and EU regulatory convergence, building trust, and encouraging cross-border market access and business relationships. The demand for such crossborder access and business is increasingly critical with the expansion of crypto-assets and decentralized finance (DeFi), which transcend geographic boundaries. Regulatory convergence should also increase legal certainty, reduce regulatory risk, lower compliance costs, and facilitate more cooperative cross-border regulatory supervision. Additionally, such convergence could provide more common crisis.</p
Civilianiser le champ militaire ou militariser le champ académique ? Le mythe français des War Studies britanniques et l’alternative allemande
No full textInternational audienceOn assiste depuis quelques années à la croissance, dans le champ académique français, des financements issus du champ militaire. Cette dynamique n'est pas seulement soutenue par des institutions se trouvant à l'interface entre les champs militaires, experts et académiques telles que l'IRSEM, la Direction générale des relations internationales et de la stratégie (DGRIS) du ministère des Armées ou l'Institut des Hautes Études de la Défense Nationale (IHEDN). Le Secrétaire d'État chargé de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique a signé un accord avec le ministère de la Défense - devenu entre-temps ministère des Armées - pour contribuer « au développement d'une filière "War studies française »
La concurrence fiscale en matière d’impôt sur les sociétés dans l’Union européenne : un état des lieux
No full textCet article analyse la montée de la concurrence fiscale sur l'impôt sur les sociétés (IS) au sein de l'Union européenne, dans un contexte où les taux nominaux n'ont cessé de diminuer malgré la relative stabilité des recettes rapportées au PIB. Après avoir présenté les enseignements de la théorie de la concurrence fiscale modélisée comme un jeu non coopératif, l'article montre que plusieurs mécanismes peuvent atténuer cette course au moins-disant, parmi lesquels les infrastructures publiques, les économies d'agglomération et la différenciation des politiques publiques. L'étude présente ensuite les manifestations empiriques de la concurrence fiscale en Europe : baisse généralisée des taux statutaires, recours croissant aux régimes préférentiels (notamment les patent boxes) et divergence accrue entre taux nominaux et taux effectifs. Les entreprises multinationales, en tirant parti des asymétries entre systèmes fiscaux, déplacent leurs bénéfices et renforcent ces écarts. L'article passe enfin en revue les travaux économétriques sur la sensibilité des IDE et des bénéfices déclarés aux écarts de fiscalité. Il conclut en présentant les initiatives européennes de coopération, inspirées du BEPS, visant à lutter contre l'optimisation fiscale agressive et à réduire la concurrence dommageable