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Closed data, open software: building new ways into the French web archives
No full textInternational audienceThis presentation aims at presenting a fully open-source pipeline to extract, curate, and explore web archives, a captive data source whose access is restricted. Its purpose is to detail both the technical pipeline and the socio-institutional setting that made it possible to emerge, highlighting the challenges of developing open tools for closed sources.The French web archives is an institutional repository of data maintained by the French National Library (BnF). It contains more than 2 petabytes of data spanning over close to 30 years, which accounts to more than 50 billion web pages. Access to this data is restricted under the heritage and legal deposit law: academic researchers willing to work on web archives as data are expected to submit research projects that, upon a formal or informal agreement, will enable them to access this data. But what then? Building the methodological means to pursue epistemological goals in that context is particularly challenging. Web archivists do provide toolkits for exploration. Recent initiatives have scaled up the effort to make these sources more accessible. The RESPADON project has successfully managed to build a “captive web archive” capacity into the Hyphe software, and in doing so has opened a new way into developing tools for such data.In this presentation, we will present a new solution to extensively study, at the qualitative level, specific topics in the full-text indexed collections of the French web archives. Built around the PANDORÆ software, this pipeline has been designed to interrogate the captive data source on site, but also extract relevant metadata in a compliant manner to enable its exploration off-site, while ensuring reproducibility by publishing the code. In doing so, this pipeline provides an up-to-date example of the “one-way mirror” situation of building open tools that are fit to operate on closed data sources
Vers une science de l’habitabilité de la Terre
No full textTexte de positionnement du Centre des Politiques de la TerreThe deterioration of environmental conditions on allscales are front-page news daily, with reports on steadilyrising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere, the aci-dification of the oceans, the disappearance of tropical forests,coastal flooding, the phenomenal decline in the diversity ofliving organisms due to contamination by numerous toxicsubstances, plastic pollution, the subsidence of cities, andearthquakes caused by the over-exploitation of groundwa-ter. Although the International Commission on Stratigraphyfinally decided in 2024 not to declare the Anthropocene anew geological period, the findings of the community ofscientists who study the Earth and life on Earth are indispu-table: human activity has reached geological proportions.This means that, not unlike mantle dynamics or variationsin solar radiation, human activities are influencing the partof the planet that humans inhabit and from which they drawresources to satisfy their needs. These activities are chan-ging the historical trajectory of this thin, fragile film of theplanet’s surface, with the risk that, in some places, it willno longer be habitable within one or a few generations. Themost concrete example of this is rising sea levels that are ofserious concern to entire countries.To inhabit means to reside in a particular place overa more or less extended period of time. Implicit in the verbare two notions central to the Earth sciences in the broadestsense: time and space; in other words, history and geogra-phy. Plants, animals and humans, as well as micro-organisms(Margulis, Sagan, 1997), live in places in time and space,transforming them into inhabited territories as soon as theyestablish long-term biochemical links and interactions.That is why the concept of planetary limits (Rockströmet al., 2009, updated by Steffen et al., 2015), intended todefine at global level the conditions necessary for the persis-tence of current human societies on Earth, needs to be putto the test in terms of territories. The challenge is to charac-terize and understand the various ways in which humans,organized into social groups, have inhabited different terri-tories in the past, currently inhabit them in present, and willinhabit them in the future. This knowledge will enable us toimagine ways of living in territories undergoing change. Thescience of habitability, the purpose of which is to developa collective understanding of habitability, makes an essen-tial contribution in this respect and is therefore of primeimportance today. Developing knowledge about habitabi-lity requires a combination of multiple temporal perspec-tives, from local to global, in spaces described as habitable.Such knowledge stems from interdisciplinary work aimedat understanding the conditions that will make it possibleto preserve the planet’s habitability. The approach is aretroactive one that involves adjustments, based on what islearnt and experienced. Habitability is thus redefined as theresult of strategies of mitigation, adaptation and transfor-mation aimed at respecting our planet’s limits and trajecto-ries. These strategies are based on socio-economic, health,scientific and political choices, as well as collective mobili-zation at different scales, along with different types of value(for example, climate and social justice) (Blanc et al., 2022).The challenge is to counter the trend towards increasing‘uninhabitability’ of territories – a neologism that reflectsthe lack of action despite the urgent need to act, and evenan acceleration of the catastrophe. This is synonymous withcollapse or with the risk of part of the population beingabandoned, even as promises of techno-scientific solutionssuch as carbon capture or green energy are publicized.Les unes des médias font quotidiennement état dela dégradation des conditions environnementales à toutesles échelles spatiales, qu’il s’agisse de l’augmentationcontinue de la teneur en gaz carbonique (CO2) de l’atmos-phère, de l’acidification des océans, de la disparition desforêts tropicales, des inondations côtières, de la baisse phé-noménale de la diversité des êtres vivants en lien avec lescontaminations par de nombreuses substances toxiques, dela pollution plastique, de la subsidence des villes ou desséismes causés par l’hyper-exploitation des nappes phréa-tiques. Si la commission internationale de stratigraphie afinalement décidé de ne pas faire de l’Anthropocène unenouvelle période géologique en 2024, le constat fait par lacommunauté des scientifiques qui étudient la Terre et lavie sur la Terre est sans appel. L’action humaine a atteintdes proportions géologiques : cela signifie que les activitéshumaines, au même titre que la dynamique mantellique oules variations de rayonnement solaire, influencent la partiede la planète que les humain.e.s habitent et dont il.elle.stirent les ressources nécessaires à la satisfaction de leursbesoins. Ces activités font/sont en train de faire bifurquerla trajectoire historique de cette fine pellicule fragile de sasurface, au risque que, par endroits, elle ne puisse plus êtrehabitable d’ici à une ou quelques générations, l’exemple leplus concret étant celui de la montée des eaux faisant dis-paraitre des îles-nations.Habiter évoque l’idée d’une résidence dans un endroitparticulier sur un plus ou moins long terme. Ce verbe mobi-lise deux notions centrales des sciences de la Terre ausens large : le temps et l’espace, autrement dit l’histoireet la géographie. Végétaux, animaux et humain∙e∙s, sansoublier les microorganismes (Margulis, Sagan, 1997), viventdans ces lieux dans le temps et dans l’espace, les transfor-mant en territoires habités dès lors qu’ils y tissent des lienset des interactions biochimiques sur le long terme.Pour cela, le concept des limites planétaires(Rockström et al., 2009, mis à jour par Steffen et al., 2015)qui travaille à définir à l’échelle globale les conditions néces-saires à la persistance des sociétés humaines actuelles surTerre doit être mis à l’épreuve des territoires. L’enjeu estde caractériser et comprendre les diverses manières expé-rimentées par les humain∙e∙s, organisé∙e∙s en groupessociaux, d’habiter différents territoires par le passé, auprésent et dans le futur. Ces connaissances donneront lepouvoir d’imaginer des manières d’habiter des territoiresen pleine mutation. Les sciences de l’habitabilité, dont l’ob-jectif est le développement d’une intelligence collective del’habitabilité, y contribuent essentiellement et sont doncde première importance aujourd’hui. Le développementde connaissances sur l’habitabilité requiert d’allier desperspectives temporelles plurielles, locales à globales, àdes espaces qualifiés d’habitables (ou d’inhabitables). Cessavoirs mobilisent l’interdisciplinarité pour comprendre lesconditions permettant de préserver l’habitabilité de la pla-nète, selon une démarche rétroactive consistant à corrigerselon les apprentissages et les expériences. L’habitabilité estalors redéfinie comme le résultat des stratégies d’atténua-tion, d’adaptation et de transformations visant à respecterles limites et trajectoires planétaires lesquels se déploient àpartir de choix socio-économiques, sanitaires, scientifiques,politiques et au gré des mobilisations collectives à diffé-rentes échelles et mobilisant différents types de valeurs (parexemple, le climat et la justice sociale) (Blanc et al., 2022).L’enjeu est de contrer la progression de l’« inhabitabilité »des territoires - néologisme qui rend compte du laisser-allerface à l’urgence à agir, au risque du délaissement d’unepartie de la population
Is it Still Worth Studying Parliaments?
No full textInternational audienceIn the light of recent changes in societies, political systems and the global order, it is worth asking whether the study of parliaments is still relevant. Are they not institutions of the past? Arenas where the political game is played out but nothing important happens? Several factors might lead us to believe that parliaments are outdated on all sides and devoid of real power, and that political experts need to turn their attention to other phenomena, organs and institutions. However, we must avoid the prevailing pessimism and recall that parliaments are the main players in the fight against the crisis of representative democracy. More than ever, we need to study them and to think about how they can contribute, including by reforming themselves, to rebuilding public confidence in democratic systems and combating the outrages of populism
« La vie gagne toujours, pour qui sait chavirer avec elle. » À propos de Prisonnière à Téhéran de Fariba Adelkhah
No full textInternational audienceThis bibliographical review presents the work of anthropologist Fariba Adelkhah, Prisonnière à Téhéran (Seuil, 2024). The author’s approach is unique and personal, and she presents her experiences in Evin women’s prison in Iran. Reading these prison chronicles takes us into an enclosed space, but reminds us of the importance of living life to its fullest.Cette chronique bibliographique présente l’ouvrage de l’anthropologue Fariba Adelkhah, Prisonnière à Téhéran (Seuil, 2024). L’approche de l’auteure est singulière et personnelle et présente son vécu au sein de la prison des femmes d’Evin, en Iran. La lecture de ces chroniques de prison nous emporte dans un espace clos mais nous rappelle l’importance de chavirer, avec la vie
Naviguer sur l'océan multilatéral : lost in decomposition ?
No full textInternational audienceLe multilatéralisme organisationnel apparaît menacé par l'affirmation des politiques de puissance, en particulier à travers le système de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). Les demandes de réforme de ce système perdurent cependant. Et les formes de consultations souples se développent : diplomaties de clubs ou minilatéralismes. La recomposition multilatérale s'effectue ainsi largement hors du système organisationnel. Éloignée d'un ordre international libéral ou d'un ordre multipolaire, elle ne favorise pas l'inscription de l'habitabilité de la planète au faîte de l'agenda multilatéral
Towards Transparency: Exploring LLM Trainings Datasets through Visual Topic Modeling and Semantic Frame
No full textInternational audienceLLMs are now responsible for making many decisions on behalf of humans: from answering questions to classifying things, they have become an important part of everyday life. While computation and model architecture have been rapidly expanding in recent years, the efforts towards curating training datasets are still in their beginnings. This underappreciation of training datasets has led LLMs to create biased and low-quality content. In order to solve that issue, we present Bunka, a software that leverages AI and Cognitive Science to improve the refinement of textual datasets. We show how Topic Modeling coupled with 2-dimensional Cartography can increase the transparency of datasets. We then show how the same Topic Modeling techniques can be applied to Preferences datasets to accelerate the fine-tuning process and increase the capacities of the model on different benchmarks. Lastly, we show how using Frame Analysis can give insights into existing biases in the training corpus. Overall, we argue that we need better tools to explore and increase the quality and transparency of LLMs training datasets
Data Anonymization : A first glance at the legal framework
No full textThis presentation was given as the first part of a Café de la Donnée. We wanted to present anonymization under the GDPR and some of the tension when it comes to sharing research data.France has adopted a Second National Plan for Open Science which extends, reinforces and renews the actions carried out during the three years of the first plan. More than ever, sharing and reuse of data are crucial. When it comes to social sciences data, anonymisation and pseydonymisation are valuable tools that allow data to be shared, whilst protecting research participants.The French Center for Social Political Data (CDSP), with its partners, The National Institute for Demographic Studies (Ined), The National Research Institute for Sustainable DeveIopment (IRD) and The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (INRIA), is organising a free online webinar on the importance of anonymisation, the legal frame around it, as well as the techniques and procedures for anonymising qualitative and quantitative data. This presentation was given as the first part of a Café de la Donnée (more information here : https://www.sciencespo.fr/fr/evenements/cafe-de-la-donnee-social-sciences-research-data-anonymisation/). We wanted to present anonymization under the GDPR and some of the tension when it comes to sharing research data
Active Tigger: An intuitive & collaborative text annotation tool for open social science research
No full textInternational audienceAcross social sciences, researchers are increasingly interested in skyrocketing amounts of textual data. Even as computer scientists have developed useful tools for analysing textual data, these often place high demand on technical mastery. Widening access to these research methods requires evidence-based, inclusive and transparent tools. Active Tigger is a software that aims to : - Facilitate collaborative human annotation and exploration of textual datasets- Use AI to carry out text classification and information extraction- Democratise computational social sciences practices for other communities- Create a lightweight, frugal and open source applicationLa recherche en sciences sociales est de plus en plus amenée à traiter de grandes quantités de données textuelles. Même si de nombreuses méthodes ont été développées par les sciences computationnelles, celles-ci exigent souvent une maîtrise technique. Pour élargir l'accès à ces méthodes, il faut des outils fondés sur des données probantes, inclusifs et transparents. Active Tigger est un logiciel qui vise à : - Faciliter l'annotation humaine collaborative et l'exploration des ensembles de données textuelles- Utiliser l'IA pour effectuer la classification des textes et l'extraction d'informations- Démocratiser les pratiques des sciences sociales computationnelles pour d'autres communautés- Créer une application légère, versatile et open sourc
In Hungary, How Péter Magyar Ambushed Orbán
No full texthttps://geopolitique.eu/en/articles/in-hungary-how-peter-magyar-ambushed-orban