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Suplementasi Kolin Klorida dalam Ransum untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Ayam Broiler
Get PDFCholin (B-hydroxyethyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide) is a constituent of phospholipids, can interfere the metabolism process that affects the growth. Sometimes cholin in a diet does not meet the animal requirement because of its low availability. The objective of the research was to study the effect of cholin chloride supplementation in the diets on broiler performance. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications were used in the experiment on broiler chicks reared up to 6 weeks of age. The treatment diets were R1 (control), R2 (R1 + 750 mg cholin chloride/kg diet), R3 (R1+ 1,500 mg cholin chloride/kg diet), R4 (R1+ 2,250 mg cholin chloride/kg diet). All of the prestarter diets (0-2 weeks of age) contained isocaloric (3,000 kcal ME/kg) and isoprotein (24.8% crude protein). The starter-finisher diet (2-6 weeks of age) contained 3,000 kcal ME/kg and 20% crude protein. Supplementation of 750 mg cholin chloride/kg diet (R2) increased (P < 0.01) body weight gain and final body weight. Supplementation of 1,500 mg cholin chloride/kg diet (R3) and 2,250 mg cholin chloride/kg diet decreased (P < 0.01) body weight gain, final body weight, as well as feed efficiency. It was concluded that supplementation of 750 mg cholin chloride/kg diet (containing 1,956 mg cholin/kg in prestarter diet and 1,791.3 mg cholin/kg in starter-finisher diet) yielded the best performance of the broilers. Key words : cholin chloride, broiler chickens, performanc
Analisis dan Simulasi Distribusi Suhu Udara pada Kandang Sapi Perah Menggunakan Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Get PDFThis experiment was conducted to analyze the temperature and relative humidity distribution in dairy barn of Friesian Holstein (FH) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a basic consideration for dairy barn design. The capacity of the dairy barn was 20 heads of FH with tail to tail model. The dimensions of the dairy barn were: 13 m in length, 6.3 m in width, and 5.75 m in height. The floor was made from concrete with 20 slope. Asbestos was used as roof of the dairy barn, whereas frame of the dairy barn was made from steel. The results of the analysis showed that during the daytime, air temperature inside the dairy barn increased by the height from floor level. The CFD simulation showed clearly the temperature distribution in the dairy barn. Air temperature obtained from CFD simulation was in line with that of the measured values. Therefore, it can be used as basic consideration for the dairy barn design with respect to low air temperature and uniform air temperature distribution. It was recommended that one of the best design configurations is 6.25 m high, 8.3 m wide, 0.4 m high of wall. The best design could decrease 0.474 0C of air temperature and increased dry matter intake of dairy cattle 0.403 kg per day per head. The amount of heat production of FH was considered to determine the best design of dairy barn. Key words: dairy barn design, air temperature distribution,computational fluid dynamics (CFD
Kualitas Semen Beku Kuda dalam Pengencer Susu Skim dan Dimitropoulos dengan Dimetilformamida Sebagai Krioprotektan
Get PDFEquine semen are far less tolerant in the freezing and thawing process than bull semen. The stallion spermatozoa are known susceptible to cold-shock relating with the content of their fatty acid on the plasma membrane. The extender is one of determining factors in the success of stallion semen cryopreservation, as an energy source and protector the cell from harmfull effect of cold shock. The common cryoprotective agent (CPA) for mammalian spermatozoa was glycerol, but for stallion semen cryopreservation, dimethyl formamide (DMF) was more suitable. This research was conducted to compare the success of the stallion semen cryopreservation in skim milk and dimitropoulos (DV) extender with DMF as cryoprotectant. Semen from three sexualy mature stallions was collected twice a week using an artificial vagina. Semen was evaluated macro- and microscopically and then divided into two tubes, diluted each of them with skim milk dan DV extender (1:1), centrifuged at 3 000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the pellet (spermatozoa) was re-diluted in skim DMF (SDMF) and DVDMF extender with the concentration of spermatozoa was 200x106 ml-1. The semen then packed in 0.3ml minitub straw equilibrated for two hours at 4-50C and frezee in liquid N2 vapor for 10 minutes. The assessment of sperm quality was conducted based on the percentage of sperm motility and viability. In this research, post-thawed semen in DVDMF showed the percentages of the motility (36.2%) and the viability (59.3%) higher (P < 0.05) than SDMF (28.5 and 48.0 %). In conclusion, the DVDMF extender provided better post-thawed semen quality than SDMF. Key words: cryopreservation, stallion semen, skim, dimitropoulos, dimethyl formamid
Evaluasi Keragaman Genetik Gen Hormon Pertumbuhan (GH) pada Sapi Pesisir Sumatera Barat Menggunakan Penciri PCR-RFLP
Get PDFA total of 134 Pesisir cattle were genotyped for growth hormone (GH) gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The genotype and allele frequencies of the GH MspI and GH AluI Pesisir cattle were determined. The GH MspI gene frequencies for the C and T allele were 0.209 and 0.791 respectively, while GH AluI gene frequencies for the L and V allele were 0.992 and 0.008 respectively. The chi-square analysis indicated that this population is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium status. Expected heterozygosis value (He) for GH MspI and GH AluI were 0.3306±0.0266 and 0.0149±0.0073 respectively. The PCR-RFLP GH MspI marker has higher genetic variability compare to PCR-RFLP AluI marker. This finding showed that GH MspI T allele was favorable as a GH marker for Bos indicus breeds. Key words: Pesisir cattle, growth hormone gene, PCR-RFLP, polymorphis
Respons terhadap Suplementasi Sabun Mineral dan Mineral Organik serta Kacang Kedelai Sangrai pada Indikator Fermentabilitas Ransum dalam Rumen Domba
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with mineral soap, organic mineral and roasted soyabean on ration fermentability in the rumen of sheep. Thirty two Garut Sheep (initial weight 22.38 ± 3.56 kg) were assigned into a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments. Body weight was used as blocks (4 blocks). The treatments were FO: basal diet + fish oil, CO: basal diet + corn oil, CaFO: basal diet + calcium soap of fish oil, CaCO: basal diet + calcium soap of corn oil, ZnFO: basal diet + zinc soap of fish oil, ZnCO: basal diet + zinc soap of corn oil, RSB: basal diet + roasted soya bean, MM: basal diet + mineral mix (Zn, Cu, Cr, and Se-organic). The experimental diets were offered for 8 weeks. The results showed that ammonia concentrations of sheep fed CO, CaFO, CaCO, and MM were higher than those of sheep fed FO, ZnFO, ZnCO, RSB diets (9.28 v 6.75 mM). Vollatile fatty acid production was not affected by treatments (110.6 ± 7.69 mM). The levels of amonia and VFA in this experiment were suitable for microbial growth. Rumen bacterial population of sheep fed FO was the lowest (P < 0.05). Rumen protozoa population of sheep fed CO, CaFO, ZnFO, ZnCO, and MM were lower (P < 0.05) than those of sheep fed FO, CaCO, and RSB. It is concluded that supplemention of Ca-soap, organic minerals, and roasted soyabeans to sheep ration increased ration fermentability in the rumen. Ammonia and VFA concentrations were suitable for rumen microbial growth. Fat protection (Ca-soap) did not inhibit bacterial growth in the rumen. Key words: mineral soap, fish oil, corn oil, roasted soyabeans, fermentabilit
Fermentasi Silase dan Manfaat Probiotik Silase bagi Ruminansia
Get PDFForage conservation has long been a part of the agricultural scene in some countries in the world. Ensilage is a preservation method for moist forages that is based on natural lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions. There are six phases which occur during ensilage, storage and feed-out of the fermented forages. The technology of silage making is not popular in Indonesia, although ensilage may successfully occurs in tropical area including Indonesia. The reason may be due to limited information available regarding ensilage for the farmers. This review covered silage fermentation process and probiotics effect of feeding silage to the ruminants. The role of lactic acid bacteria is very important both from the preservation and antimicrobial points of view. Key words: lactic acid bacteria, fermentation, silage, probiotic
Preferensi Pakan dan Kebutuhan Nutrien Anoa Gunung (Bubalus quarlesi Ouwens 1910) pada Kondisi Prabudidaya
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to obtain information in relation to kind of forest plants which were usually consumed by mountain anoa in its natural habitat and community area around the forest, and to estimate energy and nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth of anoa. This study was conducted in Province of Central Sulawesi using six anoas. Digestal analysis method was used to study kind of forest plants in the rumen of anoas. Cafetaria system was used to obtain information related to the dry matter intake of forest plants. Regression analysis was used to estimate energy and nutrient requirements of anoa. The results showed that anoa consumed Ficus vasculosa Rump (fruits), Scleria purpurescens (leaves), Ficus sp. (shoots), Brachiaria mutica (leaves) and Ipomea aquatica Fordk (leaves and stems). The dry matter intake of these feeds were 29.1 ± 8.5, 16.5 ± 3.8, 14.2 ± 2.8, 7.6 ± 1.7 and 4.8 ± 0.6 g/kg W0.75, respectively. The energy and nutrient requirements of anoa for maintenance based on g/kg W0.75 were 22 g TDN, 6.3 g protein, 0.457 g Ca and 0.427 g P. The energy and nutrient requirements of anoas for growth based on g/kg weight gain were 1333.64 g TDN, 399.9 g protein, 29.38 g Ca and 26.85 g P. Key words: anoa, feed preference, nutrient requirement
Performa Broiler dengan Ransum Mengandung Campuran Ampas Sagu dan Ampas Tahu yang Difermentasi dengan Neurospora crassa
Get PDFThe experiment determined the effect of the mixture of sago and tofu by-products fermented with Neurospora crassa on broiler performances. One hundred of broiler chicken were randomly divided into four groups of dietary treatments and five replications (5 birds each). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design according to dietary treatment tested, namely, none or 0% (RA), 7% (RB), 14% (RC) and 21% (RD) fermented sago and tofu by-products mixture. Experimental diets were formulated iso-protein (22%) and iso-energy (3000 kcal/kg). Variables measured were performances, carcass quality (meat cholesterol) of broiler and income over feed chick cost (IOFCC). Results of the experiment indicated that feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention and carcass percentage were not affected by feeding fermented sago and tofu by-products mixture. Meat cholesterol indicated the lowest but IOFCC indicated the highest of RD group treatment mixture as compared to other treatment groups. It is concluded that feeding ration containing 21% fermented sago and tofu by-products maintains broiler performance similarly to that of control group, reduce meat cholesterol by 27% and increase IOFCC by 35.41%. Key words: sago by-product, tofu by-product, Neurospora crassa, meat cholesterol, broile
Analisis D-loop DNA Mitokondria untuk Memposisikan Ayam Hutan Merah dalam Domestikasi Ayam di Indonesia
Get PDFThe current poultry is a domesticated chickens used for both meat and egg production. Pedigree investigation is an important part to understand the process of chicken domestication in Indonesia. Molecular DNA approach using D-loop Mitochondrial DNA marker (hypervariable 1 segment) was used in this analysis. The objective of the study was to construct the pedigree analysis of Indonesian chicken. Four hundreds and eighty four (434) samples belonging to 15 breeds of Indonesian local chicken (Cemani, Kedu, Kedu Putih, Pelung, Sentul, Wareng, Merawang, Kapas, Kate, Arab Silver, Arab Gold, Gaok, Nunukan, Kalosi and Tolaki) and 9 samples of Red jungle fowls (Gallus gallus gallus) were extracted, PCR amplified and subsequently sequenced. Four sequence references from GeneBank, Gallus gallus (NCBI, accession number AB0986688). G. gallus (GenBank accession number AB098668), G. gallus spadiceus (GenBank accession number AB007721), and G. gallus bankiva (GenBank accession number AB007718) were included in this analysis. The sequences of the first 397 nucleotides were used for analysis. The results show that 72 haplotypes were identified from 56 polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Indonesian chicken have a close relationship with 2 subspecies of Gallus gallus (G. gallus gallus and G. gallus spadiceus). Our results suggest that D-loop region is highly variable in Indonesian chicken with large number of haplotypes. Key words: Gallus gallus, Indonesian chicken, D-loop Mitochondrial DN
Ruminal Methane Production on Simple Phenolic Acids Addition in in Vitro Gas Production Method
Get PDFMethane production from ruminants contributes to total global methane production, which is an important contributor to global warming. In this experiment, six sources of simple phenolic acids (benzoic, cinnamic, phenylacetic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) at two different levels (2 and 5 mM) added to hay diet were evaluated for their potential to reduce enteric methane production using in vitro Hohenheim gas production method. The measured variables were gas production, methane, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The results showed that addition of cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids at 5 mM significantly (P p-coumaric > ferulic > cinnamic. The addition of simple phenols did not significantly decrease OMD. Addition of simple phenols tends to decrease total SCFA production. It was concluded that methane decrease by addition of phenolic acids was relatively small, and the effect of phenolic acids on methane decrease depended on the source and concentration applied. Key words: methane, phenolic acids, in vitro, rume