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Condensed Tannin Effects on Nitrogen Digestion in Ruminants: A Meta-analysis from in Vitro and in Vivo Studies
Get PDFStatistical meta-analysis approach was conducted to quantify the effect of a wide range of dietary condensed tannin (CT) concentration on nitrogen digestion in ruminants. A total of 19 studies from published papers and own previously unpublished studies comprising of 100 treatments were pooled in a database. The database was segregated into two categories based on different methods or systems where the experiments were carried out, i.e. in vitro (6 studies, 65 treatments) and in vivo experiments (13 studies, 35 treatments). Mixed model effects were applied to the data; different studies were treated as random effects whereas dietary CT (continuous predictor variable) was treated as fixed effects. The results showed that in the in vitro studies, organic matter digestibility (OMD) decreased linearly (P=0.002) as CT concentration in feed increased. Likewise, such linear decrease of OMD at increasing CT was observed in the in vivo studies (P < 0.001) as well as crude protein digestibility (CPD, P < 0.001). The variation on in vitro OMD was higher at lower level of CT. Nitrogen retention was not significantly affected by CT level. It was concluded that CT reduced nutrient digestibility in ruminants, but its effect on N retention was unclear from the present study
Performa Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Ransum Mengandung Bungkil Biji Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) Hasil Fermentasi Menggunakan Rhizopus oligosporus
Get PDFJatropha curcas meal (JCM) contains high crude protein (58%-60%), but it can not be used properly because of anti-nutritional contents known as curcin and phorbolesther. These components interferes protein metabolism and body protein synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented JCM using Rhizopus oligosporus on broilers\u27 performances. Ninety six of day old chicks of Ross strain broiler (initial body weight 45.6±1.7 g) were used and reared for five weeks. The treatments were: R0 (diet without JCM), R1 (diet contained 3% fermented JCM), R2 (diet contained 6% fermented JCM) and R3 (diet contained 9% fermented JCM). A completely randomize design with 4 treatments and 4 replications was assigned in this experiment. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that feeding fermented JCM at the level of 3% to 9% in starter and grower-finisher broilers highly significant reduced (PR. oligosporus indicated no effective detoxification process in relation to the improvement of broiler performances
Herbage Production and Quality of Shrub Indigofera Treated by Different Concentration of Foliar Fertilizer
Get PDFA field experiment on fodder legume Indigofera sp. was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer concentration on forage yield and quality, and to identify optimum concentrations among the fertilizer treatments on herbage yield, chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, minerals), and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) as wll as organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility in goat\u27s rumen. Randomized block design was used for the six concentration of fertilizer treatments; control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/10 l with 3 replicates. Leaves were sprayed with foliar fertilizer at 30, 34, 38, and 42 days after harvest. Samples were collected at 2 harvest times with 60 days cutting interval. Application of the foliar fertilizer up to 30 g/10 l significantly increased herbage DM yield, twig numbers, tannin, saponin, Ca and P content, as well as herbage digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD). The lower and higher concentration of foliar fertilizer resulted in lower value of those parameters, but NDF and ADF contents had the opposite patterns. The optimum level of foliar fertilizer that resulted the highest herbage yield and quality was 30 g/10 l, and the highest in vitro digestibility and Ca concentration was 20 g/10 l
Kecernaan Ransum Domba Berbasis Daun Sawit Teramoniasi yang Disuplementasi Sulfur, Fosfor, dan Daun Ubi Kayu
Get PDFThis research aimed to evaluate the effect of S, P minerals and cassava leaves supplementation on utilization of ammoniated palm oil leaves in rumen sheep. The research used randomized block design with five rations as treatments and four groups as replication. The treatments were A= grass as control; B= ammoniated palm oil leaves; C= ammoniated palm oil leaves + 0.4% S and 0.27% P; D= ammoniated palm oil leaves + 5% cassava leaves; and E= ammoniated palm oil leaves +y 0.4% S, 0.27% P and 5% cassava leaves. The parameters measured were dry matter intake and digestibility of dry matter and fiber fraction (NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicelluloses). Dietary treatments had not significant effect on dry matter intake but significantly increased dry matter and fiber fraction digestibility, especially ADF. Diet E indicated the highest digestibility which supplied the entire nutrient required to growth and optimize activities of rumen microbes.
Microbial Population and Fermentation Characteristic in Response to Sapindus rarak Mineral Block Supplementation
Get PDFThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation with lerak extract combined with mineral block on protozoal and bacterial population, and fermentation characteristic in vitro. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 treatments and 4 replications. Control diet was a substrate that consisted of concentrate, forage and feed block with ratio 50 : 48 : 2, respectively. The treatments as a substrate were: control diet (C), C + 0.09% lerak extract, and C + 0.18% lerak extract from the total ration. Variables observed were protozoal and bacterial population, dry matter and organic matter degradability, N-NH3 and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that there were no significant effect (P>0.05) for all parameter measured with lerak extract supplementation up to 0.18% in the presence of mineral block. However, supplementation of lerak extract 0.18% only slightly reduced protozoal numbers but tended to increase bacterial numbers. Dry matter and organic matter degradability and concentration of N-NH3 were similar among treatments. Volatile fatty acids profile changed which propionate tended to increase and acetate tended to decrease and ratio of acetate to propionate tended to decrease. In conclusion, addition of lerak extract up to 0.18% from total ration in the presence of mineral block was not yet effective to depress protozoal population, but could modify fermentation characteristic in vitro.
Pertumbuhan Kompensasi dan Efisiensi Produksi Ayam Broiler yang Mendapat Pembatasan Waktu Makan
Get PDFThe present study was designed to investigate the effect of feeding time restriction on compensatory growth and production efficiency of broiler chickens. Four hundred of 7 days-old unsexed broiler chicken of Lohmann commercial strain were used in the experiment. The treatments were: bird fed ad libitum as a control treatment (R-0); bird had free access to feed during two periods of 2 hours (08:00-10:00 and 16:00-18:00) from 7-14 days of age (R-1) and 7-21 days of age (R-2); bird had free access to feed during two periods of 4 hours (08:00-12:00 and 16:00-20:00) from 7-14 days of age (R-3) and 7-21 days of age (R-4). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Feed intake and body weight gain of chicken exposed to feeding time restriction on R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 were lower (P < 0.01) than those of chicken fed ad libitum. There were no significant different on feed intake and body weight gain during realimentation period. Compensatory growth occured on R-2 and R-4 during the 28 to 42 days of age and similar body weight with control at age 42 days. Feed conversion ratio on R-2 and R-4 were lower (P < 0.01) feeding time restriction (7-21 days) and realimentation period (28-35 days). It was concluded that feeding time restriction for 8 hours per day from 7 to 21 days of age indicated compensatory growth and similar body weight and had better feed cost and production index than that of control
Development of a Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test for Pork Components in Raw Beef and Chicken Meats: a Preliminary Study
Get PDFA rapid immunodiagnostic test that provides visual evidence of the presence of pork components in raw beef and chicken meats was developed. Colloidal gold was prepared and conjugated with anti-Swine IgG polyclonal antibody. Immunochromatographic test strips were produced, and then were used to test laboratory adulterated raw meat samples. The samples consisted of pork-in-beef, or pork-in-chicken at 1/0; 1/100; 1/1,000; 1/5,000; 1/10,000 (w/w) adulteration levels that were extracted in phosphate-buffered saline. Raw beef and chicken meats without pork were included as controls. Analysis was completed in 10 min. Detection limit was 1/5,000 (w/w), although 1/10,000 was also observed. This immunodiagnostic tests can be conveniently applied to detect low levels of pork components in raw beef and chicken meat products. For the commercial purposes, further studies need to be carried out
Transaminase Enzyme and Liver Histological Profile of Mice Administered Extract of Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to determine whether pegagan caused toxic effects on the liver. This study used completely randomized design with four treatments, ie 125, 200, 275 mg/kg BW and control, each treatment consisting of six replicates. Variables observed were the level of GPT, GOT and histological profile of liver. GPT and GOT levels were analyzed by analysis of single variant of 0.05. Histological picture of the liver include central venous dilation, inflammation, and damage to the structure of liver cells were performed by descriptive evaluation. Pegagan leaf extract did not show significant effect on GPT and GOT level in the liver of mice, whereas the histology results did not reveal any visible damage to liver cells in each dose. Administration of pegagan extract up to dose of 275 mg/kg BW was safe and would not cause damage to the liver cells
Feeding Value of Low and High Protein Dried Distillers Grains and Corn Gluten Meal for Layer
Get PDFA feeding trial has been conducted to compare feeding value of low and high protein dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and corn gluten meal (CGM) to brown layer in the tropics. Both types of DDGS was included at level 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% in the diet while CGM was included at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% in similar content of metabolizable energy (ME) value (2650 kcal/kg) and protein (17%). Each dietary treatment was fed to 4 birds in individual wire cage and replicated 5 times. The trial was performed for 10 weeks and egg production, egg weight, feed intake was measured. At the end of feeding period, manure was collected and analyzed for moisture content while samples of eggs were measured for yolk color and the yolk was analyzed for xanthophyll level. Result showed that feeding Lopro DDGS, Hipro DDGS, and CGM did not affect egg production (egg mass, egg number, and egg weight), however, feeding DDGS resulted in less feed intake (111 g/day) compared to feeding CGM (114 g/day). Feeding DDGS up to 16% did not affect egg production and similar to feeding CGM up to 8%. Feeding high level of DDGS or CGM did not significantly affect the moisture content of excreta which were between 78.1%-81.9%. Increasing levels of DDGS or CGM increased yolk color score related to the higher level of xanthophylls content in egg yolk. The coloring ability of CGM to egg yolk was higher than that of DDGS. In conclusion, DDGS can be fed to layer up to 16% without affecting egg production while CGM can be fed up to 8% in the diet. DDGS can be used as source of yellow pigment for egg yolk as also found in CGM.
Efektivitas Probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum 2C12 dan Lactobacillus acidophilus 2B4 Sebagai Pencegah Diare pada Tikus Percobaan
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum 2C12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus 2B4 to prevent diarrhea caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were daily orally administered by 108 cfu/ml of both probiotics without or simultaneously infected with EPEC (106 cfu/ml) for 7 days. Negative control was not infected by probiotic and EPEC while positive control was challenged with EPEC alone. After 1, 2 and 3 weeks, total of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and E. coli of mucosa of cecum and cecum content were evaluated. It was observed that rats administered by L. plantarum 2C12 and L. acidophilus 2B4 and challenged with EPEC had better performances when compared with the positive control for daily weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency rate. Diarrhea was determined by total of E. coli on cecum and watery fecal. Both probiotics could increase 1 log10 cfu/cm2 of total LAB on mucosa of cecum and also 1 log10 cfu/g of cecum content. Both probiotics also could reduce 1-3 log10 cfu/cm2 population of E.coli on mucosa of cecum and 1 log10 cfu/g of cecum content. L. plantarum 2C12 and L. acidophilus 2B4 were effective as probiotics against EPEC on rats