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Curing Ingredients, Characteristics, Total Phenolic, and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Indonesian Dried Meat Product (Dendeng)
Get PDFDendeng is Indonesian dried meat product that used spices rich in antioxidant component as ingredient. In addition, commercial dendeng usually use saltpeter (nitrate/nitrite salt) as curing ingredient to inhibit rancidity and to produce stable red color. The aims of this study were to investigate composition of spices and saltpeter added, characteristic, total phenolic, and antioxidant activity of commercial dendeng. This research was conducted through interview with some dendeng producers to get information about saltpeter adding and spices composition used in their products. Then the interview results were verified by laboratory analysis. The results showed that spices and saltpeter adding from some producers varied. The saltpeter added in curing process produced inconsistent red color on commercial dendeng in this investigation. Total phenolic of dendeng from producers ranged from 42.47 to 102.0 mg GAE/100 g DM for raw dendeng, and 36.51 to 95.49 mg GAE/100 g DM for fried dendeng. Antioxidant capacity against DPPH ranged from 79.35 to 379.40 mg VCE/100 g DM for raw dendeng, and 94.30 to 559.40 mg VCE/100 g DM for fried dendeng. Antioxidant capacity of raw dendeng was influenced by phenolic content about 87.2%, but in fried dendeng was only 59.0%. In conclusion, dendeng has a significant antioxidant activity, even after frying, and saltpeter addition was not effective to maintain stable red color in dendeng products
Antibacterial Activity of Garlic Extract Against some Pathogenic Animal Bacteria
Get PDFThe antimicrobial activity of garlic extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates was well studied. However, reports on antibacterial activity of garlic extract against some pathogenic bacteria in animals in Indonesia, are still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of water and ethanol extracts of garlic against Salmonella typhimurium in chickens, and Streptococcus agalactie, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis in dairy cows in Indonesia. A filtrate of fresh garlic was used to determine the antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% w/v, whereas, the antibacterial activity of water and ethanol extracts was determined against S. agalactie, E. coli, and S. aureus at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% w/v. Results showed that antibacterial activity of 30% garlic filtrate was equivalent to 10% tetracycline. Meanwhile, antibacterial activity of garlic aqueous extract on mastitis bacteria was better than that of the garlic ethanol extract. Aqueous extract of garlic at 20% had the same antibacterial activity as 0.01% ampicillin on mastitis bacteria. Filtrates of fresh garlic can be used to inhibit growth of S. typhimurium and mastitis bacteria
The Comparison of Doxycycline Residue in the Meat of Broiler Chickens Administered in Feed and Water
Get PDFThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of doxycycline (a tetracycline derivative) administered at disease-prevention dose given daily in the feed and drinking water on the residue level in the broiler-chicken meat. Doxycycline at concentration of 100 ppm was mixed in the drinking water (1 g of doxycycline in 10 L of drinking water) and feed (1 g of doxycycline in 10 kg of feed). Samples of chicken meat were taken every week to measure their residue level. Analysis of doxycycline level was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with extraction method referring to the standard of Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. The result showed that the residue level in the group of chickens given doxycycline through drinking water was higher (P<0.05) than in the group given doxycycline through the feed, except for the result in the 5th week, that showed no significant difference. The highest residue level was found at the first week in the group given doxycycline in drinking water (0.96±0.15 µg/g), while the lowest was found at the sixth week in the group given doxycycline in the feed (0.10±0.01 µg/g). The level of doxycycline residue exceeding the level permitted by the Indonesian National Standard (0.1 µg/g). It can be concluded that doxycycline is not recommended to be given daily both through water or feed to commercial chickens as a disease-prevention agent
Rumen Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Performance of Sheep Fed Tropical Browse Plants
Get PDFThe in vitro study was designed to evaluate total gas production, dry matter degradability (DMD), and VFA profile; while in vivo study was designed to evaluate nutrient intakes, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed native grass mixed with Calliandra calothyrrus (CC), Leucaena leucochepala (LL), Moringa oleifera (MO), Gliricidea sepium (GS), and Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH). The best three from the in vitro results were used to formulate diets in in vivo study. Sixteen male growing sheep (average BW 20 kg) were fed 100% native grass (NG) as control; 70% NG + 30% GS; 70% NG + 30% MO; and 70% NG + 30% AH. Nutrient consumptions, DMD, blood metabolites, and sheep performances were analyzed by using Completely Randomized Design. The in vitro results showed that the total gas production and DMD of CC and LL were the lowest (P<0.05) while the highest was found in GS, MO, and AH treatments (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the in vivo results showed that nutrient intakes (DM, CP, and CF) of GS and AH rations were the highest. The ADG, concentration of albumin, and globulin in all treatments were similar, while total serum protein, triglycerides, and glucose concentration in MO and AH rations were higher than others. Serum cholesterol concentration in MO ration was the lowest, meanwhile the concentration of IgG was the highest (P<0.05). Supplementation of 30% MO was the best choice for optimum rumen fermentation and maintaining health status of local sheep
Production of Synbiotic Yogurt-Like Using Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria as Functional Food
Get PDFYoghurt is a product of fermented milk using Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus as culture starter. Indigenous probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum 2C12 or Lactobacillus acidophilus 2B4, were applied in the making of functional synbiotic yoghurt-like with 5% of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) as a prebiotic source. The aim of this study was to determine the best formula of functional synbiotic yoghurt-like among four formulas: F1 (L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus), F2 (L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus + L. plantarum 2C12), F3 (L. bulgaricus+ S. thermophilus + L. acidophilus 2B4), and F4 (L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus + L. plantarum 2C12 + L. acidophilus 2B4) to be choosen and followed detection of it\u27s flavor to improve the product quality and consumer acceptance. The results showed that the F3 synbiotic yogurt made from mixed culture L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, and L. acidophilus 2B4 had the highest antibacterial effect against Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Addition of 1.75% natural corn starch as a stabilizer produced optimum improvement in yoghurt consistency and minimize whey separation. Result of sensory evaluation indicated that the yoghurt with addition of 1% strawberry flavor and 0.1% vanilla flavor were ranked at first and second. Yoghurts were still good to be consumed after 15 d storage period at the refrigeration temperature (10 oC)
Thyroid Hormone and Blood Metabolites Concentrations of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Feeding Time Restriction
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding time restriction on thyroid hormone and blood metabolites concentration of broiler chickens during feed restriction and realimentation period. Four hundred of 7 days-old unsexed broiler chicken of Lohmann commercial strain were arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and analyzed based on ANOVA. The treatments were: chicks fed ad libitum as a control treatment (R-0); chicks had free access to feed during two periods of 2 h (08:00-10:00 and 16:00-18:00) from 7-14 d of age (R-1) and 7-21 d of age (R-2); chicks had free access to feed during two periods of 4 h (08:00-12:00 and 16:00-20:00) from 7-14 d of age (R-3) and 7-21 d of age (R-4). The treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 20 chicks each. During feeding time restriction from 7 to 21 d of age, thyroid hormone and albumin plasma concentration of R-2 and R-4 were lower (P3 and T4) and blood metabolite (albumin) decreased during feeding time restriction for 4 and 8 h per d from 7 to 21 d of age and it returns to normal during realimentation period
Grazing Pressure of Cattle on Mixed Pastures at Coal Mine Land Reclamation
Get PDFThe objective of the research was to determine the grazing pressure in mix pasture of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and puero (Pueraria phaseoloides) at coal mining reclamation. The experiment was arranged by randomized block design consisted of 5 stocking rate treatments, those were 12.56, 19.63, 28.26, 38.47, and 50.24 m2.animal-1.d-1 which were equal to length of tether rope of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 m, respectively. The rotation system was applied by modifying the tether. Each rotation period was 30 d of three-rotation period. Result of this experiment showed that average daily gain (ADG) was different (P2.animal-1.d-1 and decreased linearly with increasing length of rope from 254.29 to 100.17 kg.ha-1. Maximum dry matter consumption was achieved at length of tether rope of 3.32 m or grazing area 34.61 m2.animal-1.d-1. Average dry matter yield in this experiment was 235.39 g.m-2.d-1 or 2.35 ton.ha-1.mo-1. Botanical composition of signal grass, puero, and weeds before and after grazing was change with grazing pressure
The Characteristics of Cytochrome C Oxidase Gene Subunit I in Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer and Its Evaluation for Species Marker
Get PDFThe study was conducted to assess the characteristics of partial gene of cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) of wild silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata, and to detect the diagnostic sites from these gene for evaluation as species marker. A total of fifteen larvae of C. tifenestrata were collected from Bogor, Purwakarta, and Bantul Regencies. Genomic DNA was extracted from silk gland of individual larvae, then amplified by PCR method and sequenced. DNA sequencing was done to characterize their nucleotide and amino acid contents. The results showed that 595 nucleotides at the 5 \u27end of COI gene of C. tifenestrata was conserved at the species level, but varies at the family level. Nucleotide dominated by thymine and adenine bases (± 70%). There were 25 diagnostic sites for C. tifenestrata, and four diagnostic sites for genus level. One hundred eigthty nine (189) amino acids were alignment, and only one percent of the genes was varied among species. The 107th amino acid (valine) and 138th(threonine) were diagnostics amino acid for C. tifenestrata. Based on nucleotides and amino acids sequences, the phylogeny showed that C. tifenestrata lied on the same nodes with Antheraea, so the Saturniidae family is monophyletic
The Use of Cytochrome b Gene as a Specific Marker of the Rat Meat (Rattus norvegicus) on Meat and Meat Products
Get PDFFalsification of the origin of livestock meat and its processed with rat meat is a problem that must be overcome to ensure food safety. One way that is often used to detect forgeries by using cytochrome b gene as a marker. The purpose of this study was to create a specific primer derived from cytochrome b sequences in rat (Rattus norvegicus) as the DNA marker to detect any contamination of rat meat on fresh livestock meat and its processed meat products. Meatballs were made from beef meat with the addition of rat 1%-25%, and the meatballs were obtained from traditional markets. DNA extraction was conducted from seven species (goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, pig, horse, and rat) by using phenol-chloroform. The highest success rate in detecting the presence of rat meat in a mixture of beef meatballs at concentration of 15% was 100%. The specific fragment of cytochrome b gene in R. norvegicus has no similarity with the cytochrome b gene from six other species, so it can be used as molecular markers to detect the presence of rat meat contamination in the processed of meat products. Amplified fragment length for goats, chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and rats 157, 227, 274, 331, 398, 439 and 603 bp respectively. The amplification of cytochrome b gene in seven species of animals with different fragment length indicated the specificity of cytochrome b gene sequences among species
Fermentation Characteristics of Rice Crop Residue-Based Silage Treated by Epiphytic and Commercial LAB
Get PDFTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant from king grass and a commercial inoculant of L. plantarum on fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility of rice crop residue-based silage. In experiment 1, mixture of rice crop residue (RC), soybean curd residue (SC) and cassava waste (CW) in a 80 : 10 : 10 (on dry matter basis) ratio was used as silage material. Four treatments silage were (A) RC + SC + CW as a control; (B) RC + SC + CW + LAB inoculant from king grass (2%, v/w) ; (C) RC + SC + CW + LAB inoculant from king grass (3%, v/w); (D) RC + SC + CW + L. plantarum inoculant (2%, v/w). In experiment 2, six Kacang goats were used in a 6 × 3 Youden square experiment and fed elephant grass, rice straw, and rice crop residue-based silage. The results showed that crude protein (CP) content in silages B, C, and D was slightly higher than silage A. Lactic acid concentration was significantly higher (PL. plantarum inoculant