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Growth Performance, Carcass and Organ Characteristics of Pullets Fed Plantain Ash Supplemented Commercial Diets
Get PDFThe main objective of this study was to compare the effects of different plantain ash sources (plantain root base ash (PRA) and plantain stalk ash (PSA) supplementation on the performance of pullets fed commercial diets. Ninety six Isa brown pullets aged 15 weeks were therefore used to assess the effect of supplementing commercial diets with plantain root base (PRA) and stalk ashes (PSA) on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics of pullets during 4 weeks before point of laying (19 weeks of age) and 6 weeks of laying period (25 weeks of age). The pullets were divided into two groups of 48 each for supplementation with either PSA or PRA. Each group was divided into four groups of 12, which were further replicated 3 times with 4 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. At each developmental stage, the feed offered to the birds was supplemented with 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 g/kg body weight of PSA or PRA. One g/kgBW of PRA supplementation elicited observable growth performance effects on the birds, while for PSA it was 2 g/kgBW. The 2 g/kgBW PSA supplemented birds gained significantly (P<0.05) more weight than the other groups except the control, which consumed significantly (P<0.05) more feed. At point of laying, the 1g/kgBW PRA group recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight and weight gain than the control. Plantain root base ash affected dressing percentage significantly (P<0.05) resulting in higher thigh weights, while organ weights decreased with increasing ash supplementation levels. Plantain ash therefore has positive effect on growth and edible carcass cut. Key words: plantain ash, pullets, feed, carcas
Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Fecal Ammonia Concentration of Broiler Supplemented with Liquid Smoke
Get PDFLiquid smoke is one of the feed additive that can be given to animals. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of liquid smoke given through drinking water on meat quality and production of fecal ammonia in broiler. Variables observed were meat pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, the tensile strength of meat, cut off strength of meat, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, and fecal ammonia. The experiment was assigned in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, and 4 equal replicates. The treatments tested were symbolized as R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4, based on the level of liquid smoke added into drinking water (v/v) namely, 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, respectively. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and continued to Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the difference between treatment mean values at 5% probability. The results indicated that addition of liquid smoke up to 1% did not affect the meat pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, the tensile strength of meat, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine content, but it decreased the cut off strength of meat and fecal ammonia. It was concluded that an optimal dose of granting liquid smoke through drinking water was 1%.Key words: liquid smoke, broiler, meat quality, fecal ammoni
Peranan Fruktosa, Rafinosa, dan Trehalosa pada Kriopreservasi Semen Kuda
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of carbohydrates supplementation on the stallion semen cryopreservation. Semen was collected from 3 stallions using artificial vagina twice a week. Collected semen was evaluated macro-and microscopically. Semen showed >60% progressive motility was then divided into 3 tubes and diluted with skim milk 1:1, centrifuged at 1006 g for 10 minutes. Supernatan was removed and each pellet rediluted either with skim milk extender supplemented with 50 mM trehalose (ST); 50 mM raffinose (SR) or 100 mM fructose (SF) with the concentration of sperm were 200x106 ml-1. Extended semen packed into minitub 0.3 ml and equilibrates at 4 oC for 2 hours, freezes in the liquid nitrogen vapor for 10 minutes and stored in liquid nitrogen container -196 oC for further evaluation. After 24 hours, the semen was thawed at 37 oC for 30 second. The results of this experiment indicated that trehalose supplementation in skim milk was found to significantly improve the percentage of sperm motility (P<0.05) for stallion 1 and 3 compared to raffinose and fructose. But in all stallions, trehalose and fructose were superior compared to raffinose.Key words: Cryopreservation; stallion sperm; suga
Production, Competition Indices, and Nutritive Values of Setaria splendida, Centrosema pubescens, and Clitoria ternatea in Mixed Cropping Systems in Peatland
Get PDFThis research was conducted to evaluate production, different competition indices and nutritive value of Setaria splendida, Centrosema pubescens, and Clitoria ternatea in monoculture and mix cropping system on peat soil land. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications. The five treatments were: S. splendida sole cropping (SS), C. pubescens sole cropping (CP), C. ternatea sole cropping (CT), S. splendida and C. pubescens mix cropping (SS/CP) and S. splendida/C. ternatea mix cropping (SS/CT). The DM yield of S. splendida in mixed cropping with C. pubescens increased 43.4% and in mix cropping with C. ternatea increased 15.7% compared to sole S. splendida. The value of land equivalent ratio of SS/CP (LERSS/CP) was >1. The LERSS/CT value was <1. The crowding coefficient value of S. splendida (KSS) was higher than KCP and KCT. The total value of KSS/CP and KSS/CT were >1. The competition ratio (CR) values of S. splendida in both mix cropping were >1. The agressivity (A) values of S. splendida in both mix cropping were positive. The crude protein, NDF and ADF content of forage were not affected by mix cropping system. In conclusion, mix cropping in peatland do not affect productivity and nutritive value of S. splendida, C. pubescens, and C. ternatea. S. splendida is more effective in exploiting environmental resources when intercropped with C. pubescens compared to C. ternatea on peatland
Rumen Fermentation and Milk Quality of Dairy Cows Fed Complete Feed Silages
Get PDFThis study was conducted to evaluate the rumen fermentation and milk quality of Friesian Holstein (FH) cows given complete feed silages during lactation. Twelve FH cows in 5th mo lactation were offered four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were, control diet (NS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sun flower meal; grass complete feed silage (GS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sunflower meal; rice straw complete feed silage (RSS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% rice straw and 5% sunflower and palm oil frond complete feed silage (PKS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% palm oil frond, and 5% sunflower meal. Ensilage was done with addition of Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and cellulase enzyme. Analysis of variance and Duncan test were applied to compare the different among the means of treatments. Complete feed silages had range of pH between 3.89-4.44, temperature of 28.0-29.67 oC and lactic acid bacteria of 0.54-1.50 x 108 cfu/g. Crude protein intake of RSS was the highest among treatments. Acetate concentration in rumen liquor was more than 70%. Milk yield and protein were not different among treatments. GS gave the highest milk fat (5.66%). The conclusion was that both complete feed silages, using rice straw or palm oil frond can be used as alternative rations for lactating dairy cows. Key words: complete feed, silage, Friesian Holstein, palm oil frond, rice stra
Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Peste des petits ruminants (Ovine rinderpest) Affected Goats
Get PDFThe aim of the present investigation was to evaluate oxidative stress in goats affected with peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The experiment was designed to collect blood samples from PPR affected as well as healthy goats during a series of PPR outbreaks which occurred during February to April 2012 in different districts of Rajasthan state (India). Out of total 202 goats of various age groups and of both the sexes, 155 goats were PPR affected and 47 were healthy. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining various serum biomarkers viz. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase, the mean values of which were 1.71±0.09 µmol L-1, 13.02±0.14 µmol L-1, 2.22±0.09 µmol L-1, 3.03±0.07 µmol L-1, 135.12±8.10 kU L-1, 289.13±8.00 kU L-1, 6.11± 0.06 kU L-1 and 98.12±3.12 mU L-1, respectively. Each parameter analysis of variance showed highly significant effect (P=0.0001) of health status and age category. Further interaction between health status and age category was also highly significant (P=0.0001) for each parameter studied. The results indicated that vitamins A, C, E and glutathione levels depressed by 18.95%, 38.67%, 47.64%, and 47.39%, respectively and the serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase activities increased by 90.79%, 75.11%, 90.34%, and 44.06%, respectively in affected animals as compared to that in healthy ones. On the basis of the altered levels of serum biomarkers of oxidative stress it was concluded that the animals affected with PPR developed oxidative stress
In Vitro Fertility of Post-thawed Epididymal Ram Spermatozoa after Storage at 5 °C before Cryopreservation
Get PDFThis study addressed the effects of storage duration of epididymides at 5 °C before sperm collection and their fertility after cryopreservation in vitro. Spermatozoa from one of the testes pairs were immediately collected, evaluated and frozen (control group). The remaining epididymides were cooled to 5 °C and stored for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (experimental groups), after which spermatozoa were collected and frozen as in the control group. Before and after thawing, sperm motility, sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity were assessed. The fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa of each group was evaluated by in vitro fertilization of matured sheep oocytes. Sperm quality (sperm motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity) at collection and after cryopreservation decreased as the duration of the epididymal storage interval increase (P < 0.05). The motility decreased steadily along the studied time periods. Although, the fertilizing ability of post-thawed epididymal spermatozoa gradually decreased as the storage period was prolonged, the spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymides stored at 5 °C for up to 96 h were able to fertilize 16%-65% of oocytes in vitro. Results of the present study showed that ram epididymal spermatozoa survive in storage at 5 °C for up to 96 h. These spermatozoa maintain their fertilizing ability and may be suitable for use in IVF and other assisted reproductive procedures
Nutritive Value of Coffee Husk Fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus as Ruminant Feed
No full textCoffee husks is an abundant crop residue but the content of anti nutritional substances such as caffeine, tannin, and lignin limit its utilization as feed ingredients. Higher fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus have the ability to biotransform lignocellulosic materials through their extracellular enzyme activities. This study was carried out to assess the effect of solid state fermentation by using P. ostreatus on nutrient composition of coffee husk and to evaluate its potency as ruminant feed in vitro. The in vitro experiment was conducted to determine fermentability of treated coffee husk. The usage rate of fermented coffee husk was mimicked feeding level to mid lactation dairy cows; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% (R0 to R4). Fermentation of coffee husk by P. ostreatus increased its protein, from 10.36% to 12.14%, and cellulose, from 19.51% to 24.80%, and decreased its lignin, from 65.42% to 45.04%, tannin from 1.02% to 0.18%, and caffeine, from 1.39% to 0.20%, concentrations. There were no differences in ruminal pH and N-ammonia production but volatile fatty acid production and dry matter digestibility decreased as the fermented coffee husk level increased. The ruminal protozoa population in fermented coffee husk diets was lower than the control diets (P<0.05). In conclusion, it is possible to use 20% of fermented coffee husk in the ration
Analysis on The Roles of Stakeholders in The Management of Integrated Breeding Beef Cattle Farm Program at PT KPC East Kutai
Get PDFAn analysis of the roles of stakeholders was conducted as a continuity program of Peternakan Sapi Terpadu (PESAT; integrated beef cattle farm) following the coal mining deactivation by PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) of East Kutai, East Kalimantan. The purpose of this study was to formulate stakeholders relation in the future program. The stakeholders involved in this program were PT KPC, local breeders, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian (STIPER; Agriculture Academy) of East Kutai, and the local government of East Kutai. The stakeholders analysis was based on the variables of the importance and influence from every analyzed stakeholder. The analysis model used here was the model introduced by Reed et al. (2009). According to the result of the stakeholders analysis, PT KPC was in the key-player quadrant, which score is 25 in both of the interest and the influencial level, while the three others, such as, local breeders, STIPER of East Kutai, and the East Kutai Government were in the subject quadrant. Their score were 24 and 7 for Local breeders, 21 and 9 for STIPER of East Kutai, and 16 and 13 for The East Kutai Government. It means, they had high interest but low influence to the program. The conclusion of this analysis shows that PT KPC is still dominating in the PESAT program management, whereas the three other stakeholders are acting merely as program users that have low involvement in the program management
Efficacy of Dietary Urea-Impregnated Zeolite in Improving Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Local Lamb
Get PDFA research on dietary inclusion of urea-impregnated zeolite as slow-release urea (SRU) agent had been conducted to reveal its effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics in local lambs. The research used 24 heads of 7-8 mo old of local male lambs with (20.12±2.1 kg BW) designed upon a randomized block design. Treatments consisted of diets contained no urea, urea, zeolite, and urea-impregnated zeolite. The collected data was analyzed with UNIANOVA and Duncan’s multiple-range test. Results indicated that feeding no urea, zeolite, or urea-impregnated zeolite ration produced lower ruminal ammonia nitrogen than feeding urea ration (P < 0.05). Feeding zeolite ration produced lower ruminal pH than feeding urea ration (P < 0.05). Despite total VFAs were similar across the treatments, feeding urea-impregnated zeolite ration produced lower ruminal acetate, acetate to propionate ratio, or methane production than feeding urea ration (P < 0.05). Feeding urea ration produced the lowest molar proportion of branch-chained VFAs (P < 0.05). Feeding urea ration produced higher plasma urea concentration than feeding no urea ration (2.75 mM vs. 2.16 mM; P < 0.05). In conclusion, zeolite or urea-impregnated zeolite as slow-release ammonia or SRU agent was potential in decreasing ruminal ammonia, pH, acetate to propionate ratio, methane, and maintaining low plasma urea within its physiological range