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Detection of Factor XI Deficiency (FXID) and Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) in Bali Cattle
Get PDFFactor XI Deficiency (FXID) is caused by imperfect insertion of poly adenine which is resulted in introduction of premature stop codon in FXI gene. Substitution of guanine into thymine in SLC35A3 gene caused Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM). The research was aimed to detect the presence or absence of a genetic defect mainly CVM using SLC35A3 gene and FXID using FXI gene in Indonesian Bali cattle. The presence of this genetic defect may have a significant economic impact on the breeding program. The research of genetic defect was done mostly in dairy cattle, but there was no report for screening of genetic defect in Bali cattle. In this study, 303 fresh blood samples and 22 semen samples which were collected from Indonesian Bali cattle breeding center (BPTU HMT Denpasar, BPT HMT Serading West Nusa Tenggara and district Barru South Sulawesi) and artificial insemination centre (BBIB Singosari and BIBD Baturiti) were used for screening of FXID and CVM. The amplicons of FXI gene were obtained by using PCR and that for SLC35A3 gene were obtained by using PCR-RFLP method with PstI restriction enzyme. These PCR products were analyzed by using 2% agarose gels electrophoresis. All genotypes were confirmed by DNA sequencing to determine an allele mutant. The allele mutant was not found in all of the samples. The result of this study showed that CVM and FXID were not detected in Bali cattle from Indonesian Bali cattle breeding and artificial insemination centres.Key words: Bali cattle, genetic defect, SLC35S3 gene, factor XI gen
Sonographic Appearance of Abdominal Wall at the Left Flank of Laparotomy Incision Site in Ettawah Grade Does
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to describe the sonographic appearance of abdominal wall at the left flank of laparotomy incision site in 11 mated Ettawah grade does. Brightness-mode ultrasound examination by using transducer with frequency of 5.0-6.0 MHz was conducted to grouping the does based on their pregnancy statuses. The incision site of the abdominal wall at left flank laparotomy was transcutaneous-scanned as long as 8 cm vertically. The sonographic appearance of the laparotomy wall thickness showed that in all groups of does were similar and not different statistically. The thickness of oblique external and oblique internal abdominal muscles increased in the pregnant does as compared to non-pregnant does (P<0.05).Key words: laparotomy, left flank, ultrasonography, incision site, Ettawah grade doe
Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Body Weight in Ettawa Grade Goats
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of growth traits consisting of birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6 mo body weight (6WM), 12 mo body weight (12WM), and 18 mo body weight (18WM) of Ettawa Grade goats. The number of goat used to determine growth traits of BW, WW, 6WM, 12WM, and 18WM were 316; 316; 259; 259 and 165 heads, respectively. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) to identify non-genetic effect. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters including heritability, repeatability, genetic and phenotypic correlation were calculated using Restricted Maximum Likelihood and GLM. Genetic trends were calculated using the regression of mean breeding values on birth year. The results showed that parity and type of birth had significant (P<0.05) influence on all growth traits. Estimated heritability of birth, weaning, 6WM, 12WM, and 18WM were 0.54±0.12; 0.35±0.07; 0.37±0.09; 0.68±0.16 and 0.63±0.19, respectively. Estimated repeatability of WW, 6WM, 12WM and 18WM, WW, 6WM, 12WM and 18WM were 0.98±0.01; 0.97±0.01; 0.94±0.03; 0.71±0.12 and 0.91±0.04, respectively. The genetic trends for traits of BW and 18MW were decreased fluctuatively. However, the WW, 6MW, 12MW were increased fluctuatively. The high and positive genetic correlations between all growth traits and 12WM traits in this study indicated that selection for high 12WM will improve genetic merit in Ettawa Grade goats. Key words: body weight, EBV, Ettawa Grade goat, genetic and phenotypic parameter
The Antibody and Organ Immune Responses of Broiler Starter Fed Diets with Graded Levels of Digestible Lysine
Get PDFThe objective of the study was to investigate broiler immune responses during the starter phase to graded levels of digestible lysine. This experiment used 175 mixed sex broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Seven chicks were selected and allocated to each floor pens. Chicks were fed experimental diets from one day old to 21 days of age. Dietary treatments included the following levels of digestible lysine: 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0 and 14.0 g/kg diet. Supplemental synthetic L-Lysine-HCl which was considered to be 100% digestible was added to diets to obtain the concentration of the digestible amino acid. At 21 days of age, two chickens from each pen with body weights close to the pen mean were selected for evaluation of immunological variables. Immune organs (spleen and bursa), cellular immune response (skin test), and antibody production against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were determined. Blood samples (plasma) were taken from the same birds to determine antibody titer against IBV. The birds were euthanized, and immune organs (spleen and bursa) were removed, and weighed individually. The results showed that spleen and bursa weight of birds fed diet containing 6.0 g/kg digestible lysine was significantly lower than those given diet containing 10 to 14 g/kg of digestible lysine. Toe web thickness of chickens fed diet containing 6.0 g/kg digestible lysine was significantly lower than the birds fed diets containing 14 g/kg digestible lysine. In conclusion, diet containing 8.0 g/kg appeared to have greatest potential to modulate immune response among other levels. However increasing levels of lysine did not have significant effect on antibody production. Key words: amino acid, lysine, broiler, digestibl
Impacts of Domestic Maize Price Changes on the Performance of Small-scale Broiler Farming in Indonesia
Get PDFThis research aimed at analyzing the impact of maize price changes on the performance of small-scale broiler farming in Indonesia using a multimarket model analysis. The multimarket model analysis is partial equilibrium analysis that contains six blocks of equations: prices, supply, input demand, consumption, income and equilibrium. This model analysis was originally designed in General Algebric Modelling System (GAMS) using the Path NLP solver. Employed data in this study were classified into 3 types, namely: (1) production and input, consumption, and household income; (2) inputs and outputs, and (3) elasticities. Decreased domestic maize price was responded by farmer through reducing maize planted area and fertilizers uses. It further had undesired impact on the maize production and maize farmer’s income. Whereas, this policy had positive impact on meat production and small-scale broiler farming income. The opposite impact will happen on those variables, if government increases domestic maize price. This policy caused the maize demand for feed industry decreased. As a result of this condition, it decreased the chicken meat production and small-scale broiler farming income.Key words: maize, broiler, price, multimarke
Intensification of Wild Silkworm Attacus atlas Rearing (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Get PDFStudy on intensification program through reproduction and feeding management was conducted for six months to evaluate the growth and reproductive performance of wild silkworm, Attacus atlas. The experiment was divided into two phases: 1) the first phase was conducted on mating management, by applying different times of mating duration of 3, 6, 12, and 24 h as treatments to assess eggs production. In this phase, a completely randomized design was used, with 4 treatments and 5 replications; 2) the second phase was on feeding management, a completely randomized design method (2 x 2) was used, including feed (guava and walnut leaves) as first factor, and the second factor was feeding times (3 and 4 times/day) with 5 replications. The results obtained from the first experiment showed that different duration of mating significantly (P<0.05) affected the number of eggs produced. Based on time efficiency 6 hours mating duration produced higher egg production (226 egg/cycle), as well as hatchability (95%) than those of other mating duration. In the second experiment, it was found that there was interaction between feed types and feeding frequencies which significantly (P<0.05) affected feed consumption, feed digestibility, body weight gain, diameter of larvae and mortality rate. In conclusion, the optimum and efficient duration sugested for mating is six hours resulting high egg production. The walnut leaves feed has better effect on the first and second instar of larvae, while the guava leaves affect the following instars. In terms of production, four times of feeding frequency per day has higher productivity and is recommended in the cultivation management of A. atlas
The Variability of Growth Hormone Gene Associated with Ultrasound Imaging of Longissimus dorsi Muscle and Perirenal Fat in Rabbits
Get PDFIdentification of genes in rabbits correlated to economic traits were intended to improve and develop their genetic quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the variability of growth hormone gene (GH) in three rabbit breeds, i.e. Rex, Satin, and Reza (Rex and Satin crosses) then was associated with ultrasound imaging of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat thickness. Identification of the variability of growth hormone gene was analyzed using PCR RFLP technique from blood samples of 33 mature male rabbits in Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP). Thickness of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat were imaged and measured by using ultrasound unit at 2nd to 3rd lumbar vertebrae in the left body side. PCR product of GH gene fragment (231 base pair /bp) was digested with restriction enzyme Bsh1236I. PCR-RFLP patterns were allele T resulted in an undigested fragment of 231 bp; allele C resulted in fragment of 169 bp and 62 bp. The result showed that Bsh1236I GH gene had three genotypes, i.e. CC, TT, and CT. There were signifficant association of Longissimus dorsi muscle thickness between rabbit breed (P<0.05). There was no significant association between GH Bsh1236I gene polymorphism and imaging ultrasound of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat thickness. The association of characteristic genotype of GH|Bsh1236Igene with measurement phenotype was not significant, however it had potency as marker assisted selection (MAS). Key words: growth hormone gene, Longissimus dorsi, perirenal fat, rabbit, ultrasoun
Carcass Characteristics of Kacang Goats Fed Ration Containing MH-1 Variety of Kapok Seed Meal (Ceiba pentandra, GAERTN.)
Get PDFThis research aimed to study the carcass characteristics of Kacang goats fed ration containing kapok seed meal (KSM) as a component of the concentrate. The experiment was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to find out the best variety of kapok that will be used in the second experiment; the second stage was to determine the benefits of KSM on carcass characteristics. Twenty-five, 8 months old Kacang goats with initial body weight of 11.71±1.08 kg, were used in this experiment. The animals were housed individually based on completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The rations were based on forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50 dry matter basis. The ration contained concentrates, with increasing levels of KSM, i.e.: R0 (napier grass + concentrate: rice bran, coconut cake, corn, urea + 0% KSM); R5 (R0 + KSM 5%); R10 (R0 + KSM 10%); R15 (R0 + KSM 15%); and R20 (R0 + KSM 20%). Drinking water was provided ad libitum. The result of first stage showed that KSM variety of MH-1 would be used as a component of the concentrate on the second experiment. The increasing level of KSM in the rations had significant effect (P<0.05) on physical characteristics of the carcass, such as dressing percentage (44.35%), carcass length (54.006 cm), fleshing index (130.59 g/cm), plumpness of leg (87.48%), loin eye area (5.06 cm2), and percentage of carcass meat (64.69%). It is concluded that MH-1 variety of KSM can be used as a feed component up to 20 % in the goat ration. Key words: carcass characteristics, Kacang goat, kapok seed meal (KSM
Prophylactic Modulation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emitted from Ruminants Livestock for Sustainable Animal Agriculture (REVIEW)
Get PDFMajor greenhouse gases (GHG) attributed to animal agriculture sector are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), either generated from enteric fermentation or manure. The abatement mechanism of rumen CH4 emission may be divided to direct and indirect suppression to methanogens in the rumen.The most significant strategy to mitigate ruminal CH4 emission in indirect manner is to promote alternative metabolic pathway to dispose of the reducing power, competing with methanogenesis for H2 uptake. This includes prebiotics and probiotics (mostly propionate enhancers) which consume metabolic hydrogen (H2) compete with methanogens and abate rumen methanogenesis in indirect manner. With regard to mitigate GHG emissions from manure, such waste has been proposed as a renewable energy and nitrogen sources through biogas plant. Furthermore, in advanced new biogas system, the ammonia stripping from digested slurry of livestock manure in biogas plant has been examined to apply to nitrogen recycling-options mitigating N2O emission. These options are: (1) ammonolysis on fiber-rich feedstuffs, (2) saccharification of the NH3 treated cellulose biomass to produce bio-ethanol, and (3) reformed hydrogen into NH3 fuel cell to generate electricity with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM).Key words: rumen methane, nitrous oxide, probiotics, prebiotics, ammonia strippin
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Porang by Streptomyces violascens BF 3.10 Mannanase for the Production of Mannooligosaccharides
Get PDFPorang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is an indigenous Indonesian plant containing high hemicellulose as a source of glucomannan. An alternative way to produce a good quality of mannooligosaccharides was through hydrolysis of glucomannan by endo-β mannnase from actynomicetes. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, BF 3.10 isolate, isolated from Bukit Duabelas National Park soil, Jambi was identified as Streptomyces violascens BF 3.10. Reducing sugar was analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acid methods. The highest reducing sugar was achieved at the 72 hours of incubation. Mannanase of isolate BF 3.10 had the highest activity at pH 6 and temperature of 70 °C with enzyme activity of 16.38 U/mL and was stable at 4 °C for 48 h. During 5-hour of hydrolysis with substrate concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% porang glucomannan dissolved in 10 mL enzyme, mannooligosaccharides were produced with the degree of polymerization of 2-3. Visualization of the products by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods showed that mannooligosaccharides produced comprised of glucose, mannobiose, mannotriose, and mannotetraose. The degree of polymerization and the simple sugars produced indicated that mannanase produced by S. violascens actively catalyzed the hydrolysis of 1.4-β-D-mannoside linkage from β-1.4-mannan backbone, that eventually produced simple sugars of mannooligosaccharides.Key words: glucomannan, mannanase, mannooligosaccharides, porang, Streptomyces violascen