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In Vitro Goat Fermentation of PUFA-Diet Supplemented with Yeast and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb
Get PDFThis in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the ruminal performances of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-diet (containing PUFA with 80% concentrate and 20% King grass) supplemented with yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Experimental design was completely randomized block design of 4 x 4 with ruminal liquor derived from 4 slaughtered goats and 4 treatments (PD0-no supplement, PDY- 0.5% yeast, PDC-2% curcuma, and PDM- 0.5% yeast + 2% curcuma). Variables measured were pH, N-NH3, total and partial VFA (volatile fatty acid), protozoa population, and CH4 (methane). Results showed that the lowest (P<0.05) organic (59.63%) and dry matter (58.00%) digestibilities were found in PDM. In in vitro, this diet was also showing quantitatively low in N-NH3 (8.73 mM) and protozoa population (7.90±4.09 103 cfu/mL). On the other hand, it showed numerically high in VFA production (45.27 mM) and pH (6.74), yet low in CH4 (13.43% v/v). Based on these data, PDM was considered the most potential diet to improve nutrient metabolism in rumen of goat, in vitro.Key words: PUFA- diet, yeast, curcuma, in vitro fermentatio
The Relationship between Sperm Morphometry and Sperm Competition in Local Goats of Central Java, Indonesia
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to examine the relationship between sperm morphometry and sperm competition in local goats. Forty bucks were used in this study, consisted of 4 breeds namely Ettawa Grade Goat (EGG), Kejobong Goat (KJG), Kacang Goat (KCG), and Jawarandu Goat (JWG), each breeds consisted of 10 bucks. GLM, REG and DISRCRIM procedures of SAS were used to compute all data observed. UPGMA of MEGA 5 was used to illustrate the genetic distance among breeds. The result showed that there were differences in the sperm morphometry among 4 breeds of goats (P<0.05). Sperm length positively related to the level of sperm competition in all local goats (P<0.05) although the value of coefficient of determinant was low (r2= 0.0043). Within breed analysis showed that there was no positive relationship between sperm length and level of sperm competition in EGG and JWG goats. Midpiece area positively related to the principal piece (P<0.05). Sperm morphometry had a significant positive relation to sperm competition in local goats of Central Java
Technical Efficiency of Beef Cattle Breeding Business in East Java Province
Get PDFThe objectives of this research were to compare technical efficiency of beef cattle business operating in lowland and upland areas of East Java and to identify and analyze factors affecting the technical efficiency as well as inefficiency of that business. A survey was conducted to 89 farmers in the lowland area of Probolinggo District and 97 farmers in the upland areas of Malang Districts during the period of February-March 2013. Results of stochastic frontier production function with MLE method showed that the average technical efficiency in lowland area was higher (80%) compared to that in upland area (64%). The results indicated that beef cattle production was highly significant and positively influenced by total of grasses and forages, rice straw, feed supplements, stock of cattle, labor time allocation and service per conception. However, location of the business, whether in lowland and upland areas was a significant factor that could increase the efficiency. Some factors that could significantly reduce the technical inefficiency of beef cattle business were: labor force in family, education level, proportion of beef cattle income to total household income, age of cattle sold, cattle health examination, ownership status of the cattle, and gender. Therefore, (1) the existing farmers group should be improved their role to facilitate trading of cattle feed, and (2) the government should facilitate the farmers in the provision of funding tu buy beef cattle with a subsidized interest rate, so the farmers will be more enthusiast in taking care of their cattle, thus could improve their production efficiency
Methane Mitigation and Microbial Diversity of Silage Diets Containing Calliandra calothyrsus in a Rumen in Vitro Fermentation System
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of silage based diets on methane (CH4) mitigation and microbial diversity in a rumen in vitro fermentation. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The dietary treatments consisted of varying levels of silage containing 50% Calliandra calothyrsus as follows K; 100% concentrate + pure tannic acid of 1 mg/mL, R1; 25% silage + 75% concentrate, R2; 50% silage + 50% concentrate, R3; 75% silage + 25% concentrate, and R4; 100% silage. The fermentation variables measured were total gas, CH4, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), VFAs, pH, N-NH3, number of protozoa, and microbial diversity analysis. Increasing level of silages reduced total gas production, CH4 concentration, IVOMD, index of bacterial diversity, protozoal number, total methanogens and Methanobacteriales population. Diet with 25% to 50% silage decreased CH4 concentration, total gas production and IVOMD by 11.43%, 24.92%, and 18.73%, respectively. Ammonia N and VFAs (except butyrate and valerate) were significantly reduced (
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Exon 6 of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Gene in Indonesian Local Sheep
Get PDFLecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a soluble enzyme that converts cholesterol and lecithin to cholesteryl esters and lysolecithins on the surface of high density lipoprotein and plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. The research was aimed to explore single nucleotide polymorphisms of LCAT gene in Indonesian local sheep. A total of 118 genomic DNA of Indonesian local sheep were used in this research, consisted of Sumatera Thin Tail (43 heads), Garut (19 heads), Javanese Thin Tail (17 heads), Javanese Fat Tail (6 heads), Rote Island (7 heads), Kissar (7 heads), Sumbawa (10 heads), and Lembah Palu (9 heads). Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify genomic DNA for exon 6 (250 bp) and direct sequencing method was used to identify polymorphism sequences. The sequences were analyzed with BioEdit and MEGA 5.2 software. The BLAST sequence was obtained from Gene Bank GQ 150556.1. The results showed three novel SNPs, i.e. c.742C>T, c.770 T>A and c.882C>T. Substitution of cytosine to thymine c.742 is a synonymous mutation; thymine to adenine c.770 and cytosine to thymine c.882 are non-synonymous mutations. Polymorphisms of LCAT gene exon 6 was found in Sumatera Thin Tail, Javanese Thin Tail, Javanese Fat Tail, Garut, Lembah Palu, and Rote Island
Cortisol Hormone Concentration and Meat Quality of Beef Cattle Stunned by Captive Bolt Stun Gun before Slaughtering
Get PDFThis study was aimed to describe cortisol hormone concentration and meat quality which were produced in beef cattle stunned with captive bolt stun gun before slaughtering. Blood and meat samples were taken from Brahman cross steers (n= 11) in two abattoirs located in West Java and Banten. Blood samples were collected immediately after slaughtering. Cortisol hormone concentration in the serum was measured by using radioimmunoassay (RIA). The descriptive, correlation, and regression analyses were used to interprete data. Meat quality assessment was based on pH, cooking loss, and complete drainage of blood. The average of cortisol hormone concentration was 26.59 ng/mL. Meat pH at 1 h postmortem and 24 h postmortem were 6.65 and 6.21, respectively. Meat cooking loss was 26.77%. Blood drainage in meat samples of each cattle showed complete drainage. There was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between cortisol concentrations and pH at 1 hour postmortem as well as cortisol concentration and cooking loss. There was no significant correlation between pH at 24 h postmortem and cooking loss. Cattle was stunned with a captive bolt stun gun before slaughtering produced meat with complete blood drainage but had high cortisol hormone concentration and pH ultimate. Key words: cortisol, quality of meat, stunning, captive bolt stun gu
Genetic Variation of mtDNA Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) in Local Swamp Buffaloes in Indonesia
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to identify genetic variation of mitochondria DNA especially in cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) among population of Indonesian buffaloes. Samples of swamp buffaloes were collected from Aceh (n= 3), North Sumatra (n= 3), Riau (n= 3), Banten (n= 3), Central Java (n= 3), West Nusa Tenggara (n= 3) and South Sulawesi (n= 3), and riverine buffalo from North Sumatra (n= 1) out of group for comparison. Sequence of COI was analyzed using MEGA 5.10 software with neighbor-joining method kimura 2-parameter model to reconstruct phylogeny tree. The result showed that three haplotypes for swamp buffalo and one haplotype for riverine buffalo in Indonesia resulted from 41 polymorphic sites. This finding showed that the COI gene could be considered as a marker to distinguish among swamp buffaloes in Indonesia
Characterization of Bacterial Mannanase for Hydrolyzing Palm Kernel Cake to Produce Manno-oligosaccharides Prebiotics
Get PDFPalm kernel cake (PKC) is a promising source of prebiotics, since it contains high amount of β-mannan which can be further hydrolyzed to manno-oligasaccharides (MOS), a prebiotic. Therefore, this research was carried out to analyze the capability of a bacterial isolate (A2 isolates) previously isolated from soils sample from around IPB campus to hydrolyze PKC. Based on 16S-DNA analysis, isolate A2 was identified as Brevibacillus borstelensis. Mannanase of A2 isolate had an optimum condition at 90 oC and pH 7. Mannanase activity of crude extracts using Locust Bean Gum (LBG) and PKC as substrates were 0.37U/mL and 0.032U/mL, respectively. However, the most favorable production of oligosaccharides based on the degree of polymerization was obtained after 72-h of incubation with the ratio of substrate:enzyme, 1.2:1, on 1.5% PKC as substrate. The manno-oligosaccharides prebio-tic obtained was found to interfere the growth of both lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei) and pathogenic microflora (Escherichia coli). E. coli apparently could not use this prebiotic as the carbon sources, in contrast to L. casei. Substitution of carbon source in medium with prebiotics reduced the capability of L. casei to produce organic acids. It is concluded that local A2 isolate (B. borstelensis) produces mannanase which can be used to produce prebiotics from PKC
The Determining Factors of Entrepreneurial Activity in Broiler Farms
Get PDFIndonesia still requires approximately 4 million entrepreneurs to become a developed country. This research aimed at identifying and analyzing the factors forming the broiler farm entrepreneurial activities that contribute on generating new entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Primary data were collected through questionnaire and analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Independent latent variables were innovations (IN), productions (DP), competitiveness (DS), risks (PR), labors (TK), and policies (KP), and then entrepreneurial activities (AK) as dependent latent variable. The results showed that the model was built (MODEL1 as measurement model and MODEL2 as structural model) had goodness fit and good reliability measurement variables (CR≥0.70, VE≥0.50). Innovation was reflected by the level of willingness to innovate (λ=0.63) and level of technology (λ=0.62). Production was reflected by production efficiency (λ=0.62) and cost control (λ=0.43). Competitiveness was reflected by the internet (λ=0.56), the cost of starting (λ=0.55), and new business formation (λ=0.58). Labor was reflected by the training and development (λ=0.57), and motivation (λ=0.42). Policies was reflected by access to land (λ=0.56), technical assistance (λ=0.60), research and technology (λ=0.66), and copyright protection (λ=0.64). The entrepreneurial activity of broiler farms were formed by innovation (γ=0.91), competitiveness (γ=0.94), and policies (γ=0.98). Broiler farms contributed positively to generate new entrepreneurs. Production and information technology development program, facilitation of the creation of new ventures program, business expansion program, and a program of strengthening intellectual property rights on broiler farms should be a priority of the Indonesian government programs in the future
Bile Salt and Acid Tolerant of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Proventriculus of Broiler Chicken
Get PDFThe aim of this research was to obtain the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotic candidates which have resistance to bile salt and acid condition. LAB was obtained using isolation method from proventriculus of broiler chicken. Selective MRS media with 0.2% CaCO3 addition were used for LAB isolation using pour plate sampling method under anaerobic condition. The result showed that four selected isolates had morphological and biochemical characteristics as LAB. The selected LAB was characterized as follow: antibacterial activities, antibiotic sensitivity, resistance on bile salt, gastric juice and acid condition, and biochemical identification. Antibacterial activities assay of cell free supernatant was confirmed using disc paper diffusion method which was arranged on factorial design and each treatment consisted of three replications. The cell free supernatant of LAB isolates had antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, and Salmonella pullorum. Molecular identification procedure using 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that R01 and R02 as Pediococcus acidilactici. The viability of the two isolates were tested by acid pH (pH 1, 2, and 3), gastric juice pH 2, and bile salt condition for digestives tract simulation. The result showed that R01 and R02 had a high viability percentages at pH 1, 2, and 3 (95.45%, 99.49%, 104.01%, and 67.17%, 120.74%, 103.4%, respectively) and at bile salt simulation for 1-2 hours (100.35%-102.71% and 100.02%-102.65%, respectively), but at gastric juice simulation for 1-2 hours, the P. acidilactici R01 had higher viability than P. acidilactici R02 (59.69%-76.53% versus 43.57%-40.69%, respectively). In the antibiotic sensitivity test for three antibiotics (i.e. erythromicin 15 µg, penicillin G 10 µg, and streptomycin 10 µg), the P. acidilactici R02 showed resistance to Streptomycin and Penicillin. It is concluded that P. acidilactici R01 and P. acidilactici R02 isolated from proventriculus of broiler chicken potential as probiotic candidates for chicken