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Indispensability Argument and Set Theory
Get PDFOne may take several different positions with respect to the ontological status of scientific entities such as, for example, quarks (quarks can't be observed even in principle). Do quarks "really exist", or are they only a (currently successful) theoretical construct used by physicists in their models? Perhaps, the "least committed" position could be the formalist one: let us define the "real existence" of some scientific entity as its invariance in future scientific theories
The function and rendering in Latvian of genitive constructions in the semantic structure of the Book of Lamentations of Gregor from Narek (in Armenian)
Get PDFThis report deals with the semantics of genitive constructions (adnominal genitive) in Matean Voghberguthean as well as with the searches for rendering equivalents in Latvian. It is based on the method of paraphrase with one or more transformations – the propositions described by John Beekman and John Callow in their fundamental work Translating the Word of God. This method helps to clarify syntactical and logical relations in the word groups and to elucidate the meaning of the phrase. Grammatical construction of adnominal Genitive (nomen regens – nomen rectum) has different functions in the semantic structure of Matean. Along with the more traditional semantics instances of the adnominal genitive [ Possessive Genitive (Stacakanuthyun- patkaneluthyan ), Descriptive Genitive (veraberman), Attributive Genitive /Genitive of Quality, Genitive of Purpose (hatkacman), Genitive of Origin (serman, cagman), Genitive of Source (patcharri), Objective and Subjective Genitive, Genitive of Time, of Place, Genitive of Price /Value /Quantity(paragayakan kirarruthynner teghi, zhamanaki, chap’ u k’anaki)], there exist also several less typical meanings ( masnavor ayl imastavorumner), such as Genitive of Production/ Producer and Genitive of Subordination in cases where the Genitive is dependent on a noun with implicit verbal idea
ORGANIC MATHEMATICS
Get PDFDavid Hilbert, after introducing 23 Open Problems [7], finished his lecture at the ICM 1900 in Paris by explaining how Mathematics is an ”Organism” which needs to maintain the connection between its branches and keep them united in order to stay ”vital”. Unfortunately, he predicted that Mathematics might indeed break apart. This is already starting to happen. We offer a representation of this ”Unity Problem” of Mathematics, as stated by David Hilbert. According to our understanding, the solution for this problematic situation is connected to the 6-th Problem Hilbert suggested during that same lecture - involving the relationship between Mathematics and Physics.We shall test the Non-locality Principle in nature in light of the experiment that Alain Aspect conducted (in 1982) [1] as an answer to the EPR Thought Experiment [6]. We believe that establishing a new Mathematical language will possibly unite locality and non-locality General Relativity Theory [5] and Quantum Mechanics
Global Totalitarianism and the Working Animals
Get PDFWe live today in an Upside-Down World, whose equilibrium has been broken and those who lead play the fools:
- a Klan of elites manipulate the whole world setting up a global dictatorship as never before in the humankind’s history;
- the tyrants show up as good men;
- the evil is presented to the public’s eye as angel;
- there is today a “democracy” of the most powerful;
- respecting the “human rights” became synonymous to subordination to the most powerful;
- creators, scientists, writers who don’t obey to the powerful elite are blacklisted, ignored, slandered;
- the rich elite Klan manipulates mass-media, economy, spirituality, recession/depression and the whole global life.
Opportunists ally with the most powerful in their attempt to get some rests from the powerful elites’ table…
About this gloomy reality and more on today’s spiritual misery, you can read in the book.
It is today a highest paradoxism ever at all levels of the global society
We Have a Dream: A Call to All Men and Women of Science and Religion to Rise Up
Get PDFIn the spirit of Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr., we call all men and women of Science and Religion to rise up in the pursuit of truth
Локус субъективного контроля и библейские максимы (Locus of subjective control and bible maximums)
Get PDFВ статье рассматриваются интернальность и экстернальность как внутренние стратегии отношения личности к миру на фоне двух основных библейских заповедей: Моисеевой заповеди справедливости – правилом талиона, и золотым правилом – христианской заповеди любви. Сопоставляя обе заповеди по параметру их преимущественной активности, становится очевидным, что правило талиона отличает сравнительное «отставание» - его реактивность на вызовы внешней среды, что отчасти связывает его с экстернальностью. «Золотое правило», в целом, должно быть охарактеризовано как инициативная позиция личности, что сближает его с понятием интернальности
Reflection 2008: The State of Science, Religion and Consciousness
Get PDF2008 is a year in which the world’s economical, financial and even political systems are going through unprecedented turmoil and earth-shaking transformations. Yet, it seems that nothing has changed in Science except that many scientists are sadly loosing there jobs and/or funding. Religion also seems to be stagnant with the exceptions that various hastened prophecies of 2012 are flourishing and charitable contributions are in drastic declines. Under these historical, uncertain, sad but hopeful circumstances, it is appropriate and even urgent that we further reflect on the state of Science and Religion. It is also appropriate that we reflect on the state of consciousness research because our state of consciousness is the catalyst for the transformation of humanity at the dawn of 2012 and the missing link on the pass to trut
Neutrality and Multi-Valued Logics
Get PDFIn this book, we consider various many-valued logics: standard, linear, hyperbolic, parabolic, non-Archimedean, p-adic, interval, neutrosophic, etc. We survey also results which show the tree different proof-theoretic frameworks for many-valued logics, e.g. frameworks of the following deductive calculi: Hilbert's style, sequent, and hypersequent. Recall that hypersequents are a natural generalization of Gentzen's style sequents that was introduced independently by Avron and Pottinger. In particular, we consider Hilbert's style, sequent, and hypersequent calculi for infinite-valued logics based on the three fundamental continuous t-norms: Lukasiewicz's, Gödel’s, and Product logics.
We present a general way that allows to construct systematically analytic calculi for a large family of non-Archimedean many-valued logics: hyperrational-valued, hyperreal-valued, and p-adic valued logics characterized by a special format of semantics with an appropriate rejection of Archimedes' axiom. These logics are built as different extensions of standard many-valued logics (namely, Lukasiewicz's, Gödel’s, Product, and Post's logics).
The informal sense of Archimedes' axiom is that anything can be measured by a ruler. Also logical multiple-validity without Archimedes' axiom consists in that the set of truth values is infinite and it is not well-founded and well-ordered.
We consider two cases of non-Archimedean multi-valued logics: the first with many-validity in the interval [0,1] of hypernumbers and the second with many-validity in the ring of p-adic integers. Notice that in the second case we set discrete infinite-valued logics. The following logics are investigated:
1. hyperrational valued Lukasiewicz's, Gödel’s, and Product logics,
2. hyperreal valued Lukasiewicz's, Gödel’s, and Product logics,
3. p-adic valued Lukasiewicz's, Gödel’s, and Post's logics.
Hajek proposes basic fuzzy logic BL which has validity in all logics based on continuous t-norms. In this book, for the first time we survey hypervalued and p-adic valued extensions of basic fuzzy logic BL.
On the base of non-Archimedean valued logics, we construct non-Archimedean valued interval neutrosophic logic INL by which we can describe neutrality phenomena. This logic is obtained by adding to the truth valuation a truth triple t, i, f instead of one truth value t, where t is a truth-degree, i is an indeterminacy-degree, and f is a falsity-degree. Each parameter of this triple runs either the unit interval [0,1] of hypernumbers or the ring of p-adic integers
Neutrosophy in Arabic Philosophy [English version; and Arabic version]
Get PDFNeutrosophy is a theory developed in 1995 by Florentin Smarandache as a generalization of dialectic. This theory considers every notion or idea together with its opposite or negation and the spectrum of "neutralities" (i.e. notions or ideas located between the two extremes, supporting neither nor ). The and ideas together are referred to as . In this theory every idea tends to be neutralized and balanced by and ideas - as a state of equilibrium.
Hence, neutrosophy is based not only on analysis of oppositional propositions as dialectic does, but on analysis of these together with neutralities in between them as well.
Neutrosophy was extended to Neutrosophic Logic, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability and Neutrosophic Statistics, which are used in technical applications.
In the neutrosophic logic every logical variable x is described by an ordered triple x = (T, I, F), where T is the degree of truth, F is the degree of false, and I the degree of indeterminacy, with T, I, F subsets of the non-standard unit interval ]-0, 1+[. In addition, these values may vary over time, space, hidden parameters, etc.
Examples of Neutrosophy used in Arabic philosophy:
- While Avicenna promotes the idea that the world is contingent if it is necessitated by its causes, Averroes rejects it, and both of them are right from their point of view.
Hence and have common parts.
- Islamic dialectical theology (kalam) promoting creationism was connected by Avicenna in an extraordinary way with the opposite Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition.
Actually a lot of work by Avicenna falls into the frame of neutrosophy.
- Averroes's religious judges (qadis) can be connected with atheists' believes.
- al-Farabi's metaphysics and general theory of emanation vs. al-Ghazali's Sufi writings and mystical treatises [we may think about a coherence of al-Ghazali's "Incoherence of the Incoherence" book].
- al-Kindi's combination of Koranic doctrines with Greek philosophy.
- Islamic Neoplatonism + Western Neoplatonism.
- Ibn – Khaldun’s statements in his theory on the cyclic sequence of civilizations, says that:
Luxury leads to the raising of civilization (because the people seek for comforts of life)
but also Luxury leads to the decay of civilization (because its correlation with the corruption of ethics).
- On the other hand, there’s the method of absent–by–present syllogism in jurisprudence, in which we find the same principles and laws of neutrosophy.
- In fact, we can also function a lot of Arabic aphorisms, maxims, Koranic miracles (Ayat Al-Qur’ãn) and Sunna of the prophet, to support the theory of neutrosophy.
Take the colloquial proverb that "The continuance of state is impossible" too, or "Everything, if it’s increased over its extreme, it will turn over to its opposite"
On nature of mathematics. On mathematics and reality Par matemātikas dabu. Par matemātiku un realitāti
Get PDFIdea that mathematics should be considered as creative order in nature is considered