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Comunità rurali e lavori pubblici. L’esempio veneto (secoli XIII-XV)
Full text linkITALIANO: Nel Duecento e Trecento i governi comunali e signorili di Padova, Treviso, Verona e Vicenza per-seguirono il disciplinamento e l’inquadramento dei propri contadi secondo scansioni cronologi-che e secondo modalità molto diverse. Anche dopo la costituzione – agli inizi del Quattrocento – della Terraferma veneziana, tali processi influenzarono profondamente la distribuzione dei lavori pubblici (manutenzione degli argini dei fiumi, costruzione e manutenzione di fortificazioni e di mura) e degli oneri militari fra le comunità rurali dei diversi contadi. Solo lentamente e parzialmente presero piede concetti di equità, di comparazione, di superamento dei privilegi e delle esenzioni, di interesse generale, grazie anche all’organizzazione da parte delle comunità rurali di istituzioni rappresentative (i Territori). L’atteggiamento del governo veneziano fu caratterizzato da grande prudenza e rispetto dello status quo; fu più propenso ad una distribuzione generalizzata ed equa degli oneri fra tutte le comunità rurali per grandi opere di esclusivo interesse della Dominante, come i grandi lavori svolti, a fine Quattrocento, per la deviazione del fiume Brenta dalla laguna veneta. / ENGLISH: In the 13th and 14th centuries, the communal and seigneurial governments of Padua, Treviso, Verona and Vicenza proceeded with the organization and regulation of their contadi with great diversity of timing and methods. Even after the creation of the Venetian Terraferma at the beginning of the 15th century, these processes deeply influenced the criteria of distribution of public works (maintenance of river banks, construction and maintenance of fortifications and walls) and military dues among the rural communities of the various contadi. There was only slow and partial assertion of principles of equity, comparison, progress beyond privileges and exemptions, and general interest, helped by the rural communities’ creation of representative institutions (Territori). The Venetian government’s attitude was characterised by great caution and respect for the status quo ante; it was more inclined to pursue a broad, fair distribution of burdens among the rural communities of the whole dominion for major works benefitting the capital alone, such as the big, late 15th century project to divert the river Brenta from outflow in the Venetian lagoon
The Donkey and the Boat: quelques remarques andalouses...
Full text linkFRANÇAIS: Les quelques remarques qui suivent mettent en avant la richesse de la nouvelle interprétation de
l’économie méditerranéenne proposée par Chris Wickham, en accordant une attention particulière aux espaces soumis à l’Islam au cours des Xe-XIIe siècles. Après avoir souligné l’ampleur et la qualité de cette vaste étude, ainsi que la remarquable érudition de l’auteur, elles s’interrogent
sur la pertinence des régions étudiées et suggèrent seulement quelques précisions concernant al-Andalus, tout en regrettant le peu d’importance accordé au Maghreb occidental. / ENGLISH: The following remarks highlight the richness of Chris Wickham’s new interpretation of the
Mediterranean economy, paying particular attention to the spaces subjected to Islam during the 10th-12th centuries. After emphasizing the breadth and quality of this vast study, as well as the author’s remarkable erudition, they question the relevance of the regions studied and suggest only a few clarifications concerning al-Andalus, while regretting the lack of importance given to the Western Maghreb
I cives malenutriti nel contado bolognese del Trecento
Full text linkITALIANO: L’articolo esamina le vicende della categoria dei cives malenutriti, ovvero dei cittadini bolognesi abitanti in contado, nel corso del Trecento. A dispetto del nome, la cui etimologia è probabilmente da ricercare nei significati figurati e non letterali del verbo nutrire, essi formavano una borghesia di villaggio attiva nell’artigianato e in agricoltura, probabilmente in crescita demografica ed economica nel corso del secolo, il cui status fiscale fu più volte rinegoziato al mutare dei governi e della spesa militare. Con le riforme del 1393-5 il secondo governo di Popolo bolognese li ridusse sensibilmente di numero e li unì ai nobiles, a formare un’unica categoria fiscale di cittadini privilegiati in contado / ENGLISH: The article focuses on the cives malenutriti, that is, the Bolognese citizens living in the countryside during the 14th century. Despite the name, whose etymology likely stems from the figurative rather than literal meanings of the verb nutrire (to nourish), they constituted a village bourgeoisie of artisans and farmers, likely experiencing demographic and economic growth throughout the century. Their fiscal status was repeatedly renegotiated as governments changed
and military expenditures fluctuated. With the reforms of 1393-5, the popular government of Bologna significantly reduced their number and merged them with the nobles, forming a single tax-privileged class of citizens in the countryside
Alterixia di Pietro Malocello, vedova di Antonio de Castro
Full text linkITALIANO: Tra il settembre 1367 e il giugno 1371, Alterixia, vedova di Antonio de Castro, rivolgendosi al notaio Gabriele Beffignano, mette mano a un consistente patrimonio fondiario ereditato dal marito e dislocato sia nel contado, sia in ambito urbano. L’operazione, mirata esclusivamente all'alienazione dei beni, produce 82 atti (imbreviature), stesi su registro cartaceo e conservato presso l’Archivio di Stato di Genova. Il fascicolo, che attualmente consta di 47
bifogli, rappresenta un caso unico di protocollo notarile interamente tematico dedicato a un privato, per di più a una figura femminile, contribuendo così a valorizzare ulteriormente le già note potenzialità dei registri notarili come fonte privilegiata per la storia di genere. Alterixia,
che altre fonti definiscono sine liberis e appartenente alla prestigiosa famiglia dei Malocello, rivela tratti di inaspettata autonomia rispetto ai progetti del marito e un legame strettissimo con un ente da poco fondato, il monastero di San Gerolamo della Cervara, nominato nel 1377
erede universale. / ENGLISH: etween September 1367 and June 1371, Alterixia, widow of Antonio de Castro, resorted to notary Gabriele Beffignano to settle matters regarding an extensive inheritance consisting in landed property located in both city and countryside that she had received from her
husband. The operation, aimed exclusively alienating this property, produced 82 deeds (imbreviature), written on paper and kept at the Archivio di Stato di Genova. The quire, which currently consists of 47 bifolia, is a unique case of an entirely thematic notarial protocol pertaining to a private person (moreover female), thus contributing to further lay bare the already-known potential of notarial registers as a privileged source for gender history. Alterixia, who other sources define as sine liberis and as a member of the prestigious Malocello family, reveals unexpected autonomy in regard to her husband's project and a very close bond with a recently founded institution, the monastery of San Gerolamo della Cervara, appointed as her
universal heir in 1377
La Città del Sole. Primato romano ed ecclesiologia nella corrispondenza papale verso l’Oriente greco (XI-XIII sec.)
Full text linkRoma e Costantinopoli: due capitali, due chiese, le due anime del cristianesimo calcedoniano, quella latina e quella greca, chiese sorelle e rivali, così simili e così diverse. Nella lunga storia della loro separazione, la geografia non ha aiutato, gli eventi hanno acuito le fratture, gli uomini hanno completato il lavoro. L’epoca medievale non ha rappresentato solamente lo sfondo in cui i due “polmoni della cristianità” hanno smesso di respirare sinfonicamente (se mai lo avessero realmente fatto) ma i secoli in cui una città, con la sua Chiesa e il suo papa, ha iniziato a pensare se stessa diversamente rispetto all’altra. Il volume indaga i tempi e i modi in cui Roma iniziò a pensarsi diversamente rispetto a tutti gli altri poteri ecclesiastici e civili, ponendosi come vertice indiscusso e trascendente. E, di conseguenza, illustra come i papi furono costretti a confrontarsi in Oriente con un modo di concepire il mondo totalmente antitetico
Regieren mit Bildern. Funktion und Rezeption der Genueser Annalen im Spiegel ihrer Randzeichnungen
Full text linkGERMAN: Die Genueser Annalen sind als frühes und offiziöses kommunales Laiengeschichtswerk Italiens berühmt. Vergleichsweise wenig erforscht sind jedoch die begleitenden Randzeichnungen im erhaltenen Originalmanuskript BNF ms. Lat. 10136. Der Beitrag datiert diese neu, schließt
ikonographische Deutungslücken der bisherigen Forschung – insbesondere zu Tiermotiven, Schiffsabbildungen und floralen Ornamenten – und rekonstruiert die wahrscheinliche Funk-
tion der Bilder. Diese sollten wohl Regierenden den Zugriff auf wichtige historische Wissensbestände erleichtern, das kommunale Verfassungsmodell mit seiner konsularischen Regierung affirmieren und einheits- und identitätsstiftende Erinnerungen hervorheben. / ENGLISH: The Genoese annals are famous as an early and official Italian communal chronicle written by laymen. However, comparatively little research has been done on the drawings accompanying Cafaro’s and Oberto’s annals in the surviving original manuscript BNF ms. Lat. 10136. This article re-dates these drawings, closes gaps in the iconographic interpretation – particularly
with regard to animal motifs, ships and floral ornaments – and reconstructs verisimilar functions of the images. These were probably intended to make it easier for the ruling elite to access important historical knowledge, to affirm the communal constitutional model and to emphasise
memories that created unity and identity
Frontiers as zones of public overinvestment: fortresses, ditches, and walls in the northern frontier of the Carolingian Empire
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to analyse the infrastructural investments made by the Franks to pacify Saxony, and to secure the control of the Elbe River territories. I will mostly use the written sources of the Carolingian era that described, in various forms, the construction of new infra-
structures and the conquest of the enemies’. I will also utilize the archaeological data, so as to be able to confirm the accounts of the written sources. Through this analysis I will highlight the central authority’s constant effort to control, protect and rule the newly conquered territories
of Saxony and the Elbe
The reoccupation of the late Roman villae of the Iberian Peninsula and the record of the subaltern debris. The case of Fuente Álamo (Puente Genil, Córdoba)
Full text linkRecent studies on the peasantry in the ancient world and early Middle Ages on the Iberian Peninsula have experienced a revitalization due to new archaeological records and the application of landscape archaeology. Alternative historiographical perspectives that focus on concepts such as collective action, peasant agency, and small politics have led to a rethinking of peasant communities in rural areas. However, the historiography of the ancient peasantry on the Iberian Peninsula still struggles with historical explanations for the transition between antiquity and the Middle Ages. This paper proposes an alternative historiographic perspective that analyses the archaeological record of the final phases of occupation in Roman villae using concepts from peasant and subaltern studies. The focus of our approach is on understanding the everyday practices and agency of subaltern rural communities during Late Antiquity, rather than viewing the archaeological record solely from an architectural perspective. We illustrate
our proposal using a case study: the late antique reoccupation of the Roman villae of Fuente Álamo (Puente Genil, Córdoba)
Prácticas sociales y ejercicio del poder en las localidades. Las residencias de las élites rurales en la Castilla altomedieval
Full text linkESPAÑOL: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel social y político de los asentamientos de alto estatus altomedievales en el marco de los paisajes del poder. La identificación de las residencias de las élites es uno de los principales retos de la arqueología altomedieval, ya que existe una profunda asimetría entre la relevancia de las aristocracias en el registro escrito y la elusiva y
problemática definición de los asentamientos de alto estatus en términos materiales. Los análisis comparativos europeos han demostrado que la relación entre el estatus social y la morfología de los espacios domésticos no es sencilla.
En este artículo se argumenta que un enfoque basado en las teorías de la práctica proporciona nuevas perspectivas para la identificación de estos lugares y la comprensión de la identidad de las élites. A partir de algunos casos de estudio del área castellana, se sugiere que las prácticas de
legitimación desplegadas a escala local y supralocal han determinado la naturaleza y las características de las residencias de las élites. Además, se explora cómo la identidad aristocrática ha dado forma a los lugares de alto estatus y los límites de la definición normativa de estos lugares. / ENGLISH: The goal of this paper is to discuss the social and political role of early medieval high-status
settlements in the framework of landscapes of power. The identification of elite residence is one of the major challenges of early medieval archaeology because there is a profound asymmetry between the relevance and the density of aristocracies in the written record and the elusive
and problematic definition of high-status settlement in material terms. European comparative analysis has shown that relationship between social status and the morphology of domestic spaces is not straightforward.
In this paper it is argued that a social practice approach, aimed at exploring what has been done rather than how they might look like, would provide new insights to the understanding of this topic. Considering some case studies of early medieval Castile it is suggested that legitimation
practices deployed at local and supralocal scale have determined the nature and the role of elite residences. In addition, it is explored how aristocracy identity have shaped high-status sites and the limits of the normative definition of these sites