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    Local Societies and Peasantry Agencies in Medieval Iberia

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    Despite the significant attention medieval scholarship has devoted to the study of peasant societies, these groups have traditionally been depicted as passive and homogeneous, merely able of resisting pressures from the state or powerful individuals. However, in recent years, the availability of new records, the widespread adoption of microhistorical analyses, and the renewal of conceptual frameworks have enabled scholars to undertake more detailed and nuanced investigations. This collective volume aims to explore the political, economic, and social practices of Iberian medieval peasant societies. A key finding of this multivocal analysis is the revelation of the relative subalternity of medieval ruling groups and the constraints on peasant actions across various geographical and chronological contexts

    Peasant agency and peopling processes in Early Medieval Catalonia: Some thoughts and examples of rural landscape (5th-9th centuries)

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    The historical and archaeological approach to peopling processes, landscape articulation and social organization during the Early Middle Ages is a complex issue that requires an integrated management of written and material sources. Under Frankish rule, Catalonia was a border area developing its own inner strategies of settlement based upon agrarian expansion. Habitat structures and habitat nuclei show an evolution in parallel to the formation of Counties. Archaeological record of late villae, early medieval settlements presenting diverse features, and agrarian landscapes with silos are some examples which illustrate the impact of peasant agency on the landscape during this period. Examining material culture and the evolution of pottery in this area during the early medieval and medieval periods is also a valuable tool to understand the local and regional networks of peasant communities. This paper aims at offering an updated state of the art, together with some reflections about the methodological strategies used in order to explore the role of peasantry during this period in the Catalan area

    Per il Codice Diplomatico Poliano: una sentenza memorabile (Venezia, 13 luglio 1366)

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    ITALIANO: Il saggio pubblica e commenta la sentenza pronunciata dai giudici del Procurator di Venezia del 13 luglio 1366, documento che entrerà a far parte del Codice Diplomatico Poliano in preparazione a cura dell’Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. La sentenza condanna i Procuratori di S. Marco, esecutori testamentari di Marco Bragadin (morto a Candia nel 1360) a pagare a sua moglie Fantina, primogenita di Marco Polo, 80 lire di grossi (800 ducati), considerato che Bragadin si era appropriato illegalmente del terzo dei beni mobili spettante alla moglie in quanto co-erede, assieme alle sorelle Bellela e Moreta, del Viaggiatore. Il notaio di curia, Fantino Rizzo, nel testo della sentenza inserì una copia fedelissima dell’inventario dei beni trovati nella casa di Marco Polo, redatto da Marco Bragadin poco dopo la morte del suocero, avvenuta l’8 o il 9 gennaio 1324: un testo giustamente famoso perché mostra molti punti di contatto con il Milione (o Devisament dou monde), il celebre libro scritto nel 1298 da Marco Polo e Rustichello da Pisa prigionieri nelle carceri genovesi. / ENGLISH: This essay publishes and comments on the decision issued by the judges of the Procurator of Venice on 13 July 1366, a document that will be part of the forthcoming Codice Diplomatico Poliano editedby the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (Venice). The judges condemned the Procurators of St. Mark’s, executors of the will of Marco Bragadin (who died in Candia in 1360), to pay his wife Fantina, Marco Polo’s eldest daughter, 80 lire of grossi (800 ducats) considering that Bragadin had misappropriated the third of the movable property due to his wife as co-heir – with her sisters Bellela and Moreta – of her father Marco the Traveller. The court notary, Fantino Rizzo, included in the text of the sentence a most faithful copy of the inventory of the goods found in Marco Polo’s house, drawn up by Marco Bragadin shortly after his father-in-law’s death, which occurred on the 8th or 9th of January 1324: Bragadin’s inventory is famous because it has many elements in common with the Milione (or Devisament dou monde), the celebrated book written in 1298 by Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa, both prisoners in Genua

    La serva-pellegrina. Storia di «monna Margherita [che] andò al Sipolchro e a San Iachopo e [a] Ascesi» (Firenze, 1426-1427)

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    ITALIANO: Nella sua dichiarazione fiscale al catasto fiorentino presentata il 12 luglio 1427, una serva di nome Margherita D’Antonio raccontò come, sei mesi prima, aveva indirizzato ai «Collegi» del Comune di Firenze una petizione contro il suo ex padrone, il notaio ser Stefano di Michele Martelli, nella quale rivendicava quattordici anni di salario per altrettanti anni in cui era stata a servizio in casa sua senza mai esser stata pagata. Convocati entrambi a gennaio 1427, per un’audizione, ser Stefano riconobbe che Margherita era stata la sua serva in casa per 15 anni, dal 1411 al 1426, mentre Margherita ribadì la sua richiesta di essere pagata per tutto quel tempo, salvo l’anno in cui «andò al Sipolchro e a San Iacopo e Ascesi», in pellegrinaggio. L’esito deliberativo della petizione fu favorevole a Margherita, ma nell’estate 1427 il notaio non aveva ancora pagato il suo debito. Mettendo insieme alcuni indizi rintracciati anche nella dichiarazione fiscale del notaio, l’articolo cerca di tratteggiare i lineamenti di questa umile donna, serva audace nonché intrepida pellegrina, capace di appropriarsi di un nuovo spazio pubblico di scrittura come il catasto per ribadire la sua vicenda giudiziaria e i suoi diritti e così facendo svelare un po’ della sua storia. L’edizione della portata di Margherita d’Antonio è presentata nell’appendice documentaria. / ENGLISH: In her portata (tax declaration) to the Florentine catasto submited on 12 July 1427, a maidservant named Margherita d’Antonio told how, six months earlier, she had addressed a petition to the ‘Collegi’ of the Commune of Florence against her former master, the notary ser Stefano di Michele Martelli, in which she claimed fourteen years’ wages for as many years that she had served in his house without ever having been paid. Both were called upon in January 1427 for a hearing: ser Stefano acknowledged that Margherita had been his servant in the house for 15 years, from 1411 to 1426, while Margherita reiterated her request to be paid for all that time, except for the year in which she ‘went to Jerusalem and San Iacopo [Santiago di Compostella] di Compostella and Assisi’ on pilgrimage. The outcome of the petition was favorable to Margherita, but by the summer of 1427 the notary had still not paid his debt. By assembling some evidence also found in the notary's tax declaration, the article attempts to sketch the features of this humble and illiterate woman, a daring servant as well as an intrepid pilgrim, who was able to appropriate a new public space of writing such as the catasto to reassert her legal case and her rights and thus reveal a little of her story. The edition of the Margherita d'Antonio's portata is presented in a documentary appendix

    Antonina e le altre: il processo del 1447 contro le streghe di Sanremo

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    ITALIANO: Attraverso i documenti conservati nell’Archivio di Stato di Genova e nell’Archivio Storico del Comune di Taggia, l’autrice ricostruisce le vicende che tra i mesi di maggio e agosto del 1447 hanno coinvolto alcune delle donne di Sanremo nell’accusa di veneficio e maleficio, culminata in uno dei più precoci processi contro le streghe tra quelli celebrati nei Comuni italiani nella prima metà del XV secolo. / ENGLISH: Thanks to the documents preserved in the State Archive of Genoa and the Historical Archive of the Municipality of Taggia, the author analyzes the events concerning some women accused of poisoning and sorcery in Sanremo between May and August 1447. The process represents one of the earliest records of trials against witches among those celebrated in Italian municipalities in the first half of the 15th century

    Zeitgeschichte einer bedrohten Stadtherrschaft. Das Chronicon Falcos von Benevent

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    GERMAN: Das Chronicon Falcos von Benevent ist ein seltenes Zeugnis laikaler Stadtgeschichtsschreibung aus dem Süditalien des 12. Jahrhunderts. Vergleiche mit der laikalen (kommunalen) Geschichtsschreibung Norditaliens liegen nahe, laufen aber leicht Gefahr, den Text durch ein ‘Northern prism’ zu lesen. Demgegenüber betont der Beitrag den Kontext Benevents als einer Stadt der Päpste. Die Verwendung des Chronicon ist offenbar in der Kommunikation zwischen päpstlichen Rektoren und lokalen Getreuen zu sehen, unter denen der Chronist über Jahre hinweg eine wichtige Rolle einnahm. Im Wissen um das Ende des Innozenzianischen Schismas (1130-8) schildert Falco zutiefst parteiisch die Geschichte Benevents seit Beginn des 12. Jahrhunderts. / ENGLISH: The chronicle written by Falco of Benevento is a rare testimony to lay urban historiography from southern Italy in the 12th century. Comparisons with the communal historiography of northern Italy are obvious, but easily run the risk of reading the text through a ‘northern prism’. In contrast, the article emphasises the context of Benevento as a papal city. The ‘social logic’ of the Chronicon is to be seen in the communication between papal rectors and local fideles, among whom the chronicler played an important role. Aware of the end of the Innocentian Schism (1130-8), Falco gives a deeply biased account of Benevento’s history from the beginning of the 12th century

    Ritratti di donne: una Storia di esperienze. Saggi per Paola Guglielmotti

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    Castelli, chiese, mutazione signorile e crescita economica. Milano e il suo territorio nei secoli XI-XII

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    ITALIANO: Il saggio intende offrire una lettura sociale e politica della trasformazione delle tecniche costruttive, della tipologia degli edifici, dell’insieme dei committenti, che interessò Milano e il suo territorio tra XI e XII secolo. Al centro dell’attenzione ci sarà particolare su una tipologia di edifici che altrove conosce in questo periodo grandi mutamenti: i castelli. È così messa in luce una sostanziale stasi del panorama castellano milanese, letta come prova dell’assenza di forme forti di signoria. Di tale assenza è infine interrogato il significato macroeconomico. / ENGLISH: The essay offers a social and political view on the transformation of construction techniques, building typologies, and the group of patrons which took place in Milan and its territory between the 11th and the 12th centuries. The research especially focuses on a type of building that experi-enced significant changes elsewhere during this period: castles. By highlighting the substantial stagnation of the Milanese castle landscape, the essay interprets it as evidence of the absence of strong forms of lordship. Finally, the macroeconomic significance of this absence is examined

    Friars, Universities and ... Footwear. The Exegesis of the Minorite Rule Between Theology and Law in the 13th Century

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    ENGLISH: The article gives an insight into the importance of the thirteenth-century exegesis of the Franciscan Rule for the history of late medieval culture. After explaining how and why the friars commented on their Rule and the implications of interpreting a text that Francis of Assisi asserted to have written by divine inspiration, and simultaneously forbade glossing, the contribu-tion delves into the relationship that the Minors established with the contemporary theological and juridical culture. By analysing the exegesis on the footwear that the friars were supposed to wear, the article shows how contemporary juridical and theological reflections on the limits and value of the law were originally grafted into the discourse on the Franciscan Rule . / ITALIANO: L’articolo offre un saggio dell’importanza dell’esegesi duecentesca della Regola minoritica per la storia della cultura tardomedievale. Dopo aver mostrato come e perché i frati commentarono la loro Regola e quale fu la posta in gioco nell’interpretare un testo che Francesco d’Assisi affermò di aver scritto per ispirazione divina e che, allo stesso tempo, proibì di glossare, il contributo si concentra sul rapporto che i Minori instaurarono con la cultura teologica e giuridica coeva. Ripercorrendo l’esegesi sulle calzature che i frati avrebbero dovuto indossare, l’articolo mostra in che modo le riflessioni giuridiche e teologiche coeve sui limiti e sul valore e della legge si innestarono originalmente nel discorso sulla Regola minoritica

    Clelia Jona, una pioniera nello studio dei protocolli notarili genovesi

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    ITALIANO: Il contributo si propone di mettere in luce sotto il profilo personale, professionale e di studiosa Clelia Jona Vistoso, vissuta nel secolo scorso, una delle prime donne ad avere indirizzato i suoi studi ai documenti e nello specifico all’edizione dei cartolari notarili genovesi. Ebrea e quindi sottoposta alle leggi razziali, funzionaria d’archivio sospesa e poi renitegrata, per riuscire a cogliere appieno la portata del suo impegno, al di là di quello istituzionale, è necessario ricorrere a notizie indirette. Solo una pubblicazione infatti porta il suo nome, ma a lei è dovuta l’edizione di un protocollo uscito sotto altro autore, e la trascrizione di molti atti notarili, difficilmente quantificabili, che hanno costituito la base di altre pubblicazioni. / ENGLISH: This paper aims to highlight the personal, professional and scholarly profile of Clelia Jona Vistoso, who lived in the last century and was one of the first women to focus her studies on documents, specifically the edition of Genoa’s notarial records. As a Jewish individual, she was subjected to racial laws and therefore suspended from her position as an archive clerk, only to be later reinstated. To fully understand the extent of her commitment, which surpassed her institutional obligations, it is necessary to rely on indirect information. Although only one publication bears her name, she was responsible for the edition of a protocol published under a different author and for the transcription of numerous (an unquantifiable number of) notarial acts, which formed the basis of other publications

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