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Un estudio preliminar de las micropolíticas en el centro de la Península Ibérica en época altomedieval: el caso de la Sierra de Ávila
Full text linkESPAÑOL: Este trabajo presenta los primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre el poblamiento altomedieval en la Sierra de Ávila, un territorio del centro peninsular caracterizado por una fuerte cohesión interna en la larga duración. A través de cuatro casos de estudio -los yaci-
mientos de La Coba (San Juan del Olmo), El Palomar (Chamartín de la Sierra), Las Henrenes (Cillán) y San Simones (Sanchicorto, La Torre)- se analizará el proceso de emergencia de una territorialidad micropolítica en época altomedieval. Así, las intervenciones arqueológicas han
permitido documentar diversos poblados rurales en abierto datados entre los siglos VII y X d.C. que presentan una organización interna polifocal a partir de diferentes unidades domésticas y con una significativa complejidad social y económica. Asentamientos que forman parte de una
expansión del poblamiento a partir de la séptima centuria y que constituye la base material sobre la que se materializaría un espacio micropolítico
The Formation of Medieval Territories in Mountain areas. A perspective from archaeology and written records at Caramulo (Lafões, central-northern Portugal)
Full text linkThe research that has been carried out in the Lafões/Caramulo area (central-northern Portugal) has made it possible to acquire new data on the formation of medieval territories in a mountainous area. The present paper uses data from written documentation and archaeological data
to make a first approach to the study of the of the formation processes of village territories and the different-scale sociopolitical processes that were behind these processes. The focus of this study are two medieval parishes which occupy the most mountainous areas of the present-day municipality of Vouzela. The available data show significant differences between the two, particularly in the configuration of the settlement and its dynamics over time. While in one the settlement areas are quite stable, the other records changes in the settlement structure, with
new foundations and abandonments throughout the Middle Ages. As far as it is possible to understand, these differences are fundamentally correlated with the actors who played in each of these territories. In fact, it was social differences of local scales which were mainly responsible
for these differences in the definition of territories, ownership of rural properties, size of plots, settlement patterns and surely socio-economic practices. Micro-scale politics have determined different histories and settlement features
Iglesias rurales y presbíteros en la articulación política y religiosa de la Hispania visigoda
Full text linkESPAÑOL: La Iglesia desempeñó un indudable papel, paralelo al de los poderes seculares, en el gobierno territorial del reino visigodo hispano. La presente investigación pretende ahondar en los mecanismos empleados por los obispos para asegurarse el control de las estructuras territoriales a su
cargo, en particular las iglesias rurales. Incidiremos sobre todo en aquellas estrategias dirigidas a lograr la adhesión y el leal servicio de los presbíteros rurales, dado su papel como canales de proyección del poder episcopal sobre los horizontes rurales. A través de dicha tarea, se puede
entender la importancia que revistieron las estructuras eclesiásticas rurales en la articulación política y religiosa del reino, en particular, como elementos de control social. / ENGLISH: The Church played an undoubted role, parallel to that of the secular rulers, in the territorial government of the Hispanic Visigothic kingdom. The present research aims to delve into the mechanisms used by bishops to ensure the control of the territorial structures under their charge, in particular rural churches. The focus will be especially on those strategies aimed at achieving the adhesion and loyal service of the rural priests, given their role as channels for the projection of
episcopal power over the countryside. Through this task, it is possible to understand the importance of the rural ecclesiastical structures in the political and religious shaping of the kingdom, particularly as elements of social control
Considering peasant agency in the Early Middle Ages. A diachronic analysis of the archaeological record in Central Portugal
Full text linkThis paper analyses archaeological data on early medieval rural communities through the lens of peasant agency. Over the last 15 years systematic research has been carried out in different territories of the Portuguese inland, mainly in the centre-north of the country. Here we will be focusing on the areas for which we currently have more detailed evidence, Alto Alentejo and Beira Alta, and consider a broad chronological frame, between the 5 th and the 11th centuries.
However, the information available for the two territories is uneven, and it is not yet possible to offer a continuous chronological sequence in either of these areas. For this reason, we will analyse the available data collectively and from a comparative perspective. In both cases we will start by considering the new rural settlement networks that emerged from the 5th century onwards. Evidence of peasant communities in Alto Alentejo is clearer for the 6th-7th centuries, and in Beira Alta for the 10 th-11th. Both are critical moments in the political sphere, coinciding with the emergence and affirmation of new administrative structures, but also necessary power vacuums where local powers emerge. By comparing the material record of peasant groups, we will reassess agricultural production, management of natural resources, artefact production, trade networks, and funerary areas, as arenas to discuss the notion of peasant agency
La gloire impériale du souverain (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) = La gloria imperiale del sovrano (secoli XII-XVII)
Full text linkITALIANO: Questo libro, il quinto della serie "Imperialiter", esplora il tema della gloria imperiale del sovrano, che viene indagato nelle sue diverse manifestazioni e rappresentazioni. L’impero costituisce un serbatoio di gesti, immagini, cerimonie per tutti i sovrani, che hanno sempre posto la gloria a fondamento del loro governo, concependo la liturgia della loro manifestazione come elemento fondativo di una teologia politica basata sull’epifania monarchica. I contributi qui raccolti si interrogano sulle applicazioni della gloria imperiale che, dal Medioevo all’età moderna, rivelano la natura stessa del potere sovrano, rinnovandone costantemente la percezione. / ENGLISH: This book, the fifth in the "Imperialiter" series, explores the theme of the king’s imperial glory, which is investigated in its various manifestations and representations. The empire constitutes a reservoir of gestures, images, ceremonies for all the kings, who have always placed glory at the foundation of their government, conceiving the liturgy of their manifestation as an element of a political theology based on monarchical epiphany. The contributions collected here focus on the applications of imperial glory which, from the Middle Ages to the modern age, reveal the very nature of sovereign power, constantly renewing its perception
Fedeltà angioine e politica internazionale all’epoca del grande scisma: Maria d’Enghien
Full text linkITALIANO: Maria d’Enghien, contessa di Lecce e principessa di Taranto, alla morte del marito Raimondello del Balzo Orsini, proseguì per più di un anno la guerra che questi aveva intrapreso contro Ladislao di Durazzo. Dopo aver resistito vittoriosamente ad un primo assedio della
città di Taranto, la principessa nel 1407 decise di accettare la proposta di matrimonio del sovrano, pose così fine alla guerra e divenne regina. Il saggio riflette sulla scelta di Maria d’Enghien, che ha dato origine ad una discutibile tradizione storiografica e, utilizzando la do-
cumentazione in buona parte inedita, indaga sulla politica estera seguita dalla principessa nella fase della resistenza al sovrano, quando riuscì a creare una poderosa coalizione di forze a favore del pretendente angioino al trono, Luigi II. Ella svolse così un ruolo cruciale in un periodo
nel quale le lotte interne ai regni dell’Occidente medievale si intrecciavano con le vicende legate ai tentativi di risolvere lo scisma d’Occidente che vide impegnati gli uni contro gli altri i protagonisti nella vicenda. / ENGLISH: Maria d’Enghien, Countess of Lecce and Princess of Taranto, continued the war her late husband, Raimondello del Balzo Orsini, had initiated against Ladislaus of Durazzo for more than a year after his death. Following a successful defense against a siege of the city of Taranto, the princess decided in 1407 to accept the king’s proposal of marriage, thus ending the war and becoming queen. This essay discusses Maria d’Enghien’s decision, which has given rise to a questionable historiographical tradition. Using largely unpublished documentation, the essay investigates the foreign policy followed by the princess during her resistance to the sovereign. During this time, she managed to create a powerful coalition of forces in favor of the Angevin pretender to the throne, Louis II. Maria d’Enghien thus played a crucial role during a period when the internal struggles of the kingdoms of the medieval West were
intertwined with the efforts to resolve the Western Schism, which saw protagonists engaged against each other
Frontiers and fortifications in the Carolingian imperial imagination
Full text linkThe relative absence of written references to fortifications in the Carolingian Empire is well known, but seems difficult to square with increasing evidence that such buildings were familiar features in the ninth-century Frankish landscape. I argue that one reason for this is that contemporary narratives participated in a Carolingian “way of seeing” which associated castle building with frontier territories and lands beyond rather than with the imperial heartlands. Fortified residences were linked in the Carolingian imperial imagination with negative characteristics such as secrecy and hiddenness, in contrast to the supposed openness of Frankish royal palaces
Fiscal resources and political competition on the periphery of the Carolingian empire: some Catalan examples (9th century)
Full text linkBy analysing diplomas and judicial documents recording disputes in the Carolingian counties located in the eastern Pyrenees, this chapter aims to analyse how fiscal assets constituted an important political resource for the creation of a system of government on the south-western periphery of the Carolingian empire. The study of these documents also helps to decode the way in which those public lands were used by Carolingian officials (comites) to build loyal clienteles
from among competing military aristocracies
Under the Shadow of a Central Place: Defining the Landscape with Fortified Places and Their Memory in the Written Sources of the Kingdom of León
Full text linkCastles usually appear in the Kingdom of León’s written sources during the medieval period. The tenth and eleventh centuries show an increase in those mentions, including some that helped scribes describe the landscape and territory. This study analyses the different terminology that represented fortifications, and their use as spatial markers to situate other settlements, lands, or relevant sites. Further, it considers some fortifications that appear to have been abandoned when the documents were written as a useful tool to enhance the relationship between local territories and memory
Lugares de poder en Auvernia de los Guillèmides. La construcción de un principado y funcionamiento cognático de las estrategias de poder en los siglos IX y X
Full text linkESPAÑOL: La historiografía tradicional tiende a subestimar el papel de las mujeres en el asentamiento local del poder de las redes elitistas durante los siglos IX y X. El proceso de transmisión de cargos públicos y herencias, y la construcción de dinastías de condes, es bien conocido. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes han puesto de manifiesto el importante papel de las mujeres en la afirmación de espacios locales de dominación por parte de las grandes familias de la aristocracia imperial, sobre todo cuando estas mujeres eran descendientes de la dinastía carolingia. El establecimiento del principado de los Guillèmides en Aquitania, en torno al condado de Auvernia, a principios
de la década de 870, constituye un ejemplo paradigmático para comprender la posición central de las mujeres en el control de los lugares de poder. Sin embargo, fue sobre la base del condado de Auvernia, transmitido por su esposa Ermengarda, como Bernard Plantapilosa y sus sucesores construyeron un dominio que se extendía por el centro y el sur del reino de Francia Occidental, hasta la desaparición de este grupo a finales de la década de 920. Este artículo examina los principales lugares donde las élites acumulaban, consumían y exhibían recursos, con el fin de demostrar su capacidad para controlar y organizar sus espacios dominados. De hecho, en estas sociedades segmentadas, donde el control del espacio se consigue mediante la construcción y el
dominio de una red de lugares de poder, nuestra atención debe centrarse en estos puntos. Desde estos lugares de poder, los grupos aristocráticos construyen discursos contrapuestos destinados a justificar, expresar y perpetuar su dominación, tanto material como simbólica. Los estima-
dores sociales de la riqueza material son uno de los elementos fundamentales de este deseo de distinción, y uno de los marcadores más convincentes para identificar estos lugares. / ENGLISH: Traditional historiography tends to underestimate the role of women in the local settlement of
the power of elite networks during the ninth and tenth centuries. The process of transmission of public offices and inheritance, and the building of dynasties of counts, is well known. However, recent work has highlighted the important role of women in the assertion of local spaces of
domination by the great families of the imperial aristocracy, especially when these women were descendants of the Carolingian dynasty. The establishment of the principality of the Guilhemid in Aquitaine, around the county of Auvergne until the early 870s, is a paradigmatic example for understanding the central position of women in the control of places of power. However, it was on the basis of the county of Auvergne, handed down by his wife Ermengarda, that Bernard Plantapilosa and his successors built a dominion extending over the centre and south of the
kingdom of Western France, until the demise of this group in the late 920’s. This article examines the main places where elites accumulated, consumed and displayed resources in order to demonstrate their ability to control and organise their dominated spaces. Indeed, in these segmented societies, where control of space is achieved through the construction and domination of a network of places of power, our attention must focus on these points. From these places of power, aristocratic groups construct countervailing discourses aimed at justifying, expressing and perpetuating their domination, both material and symbolic. Social estimators of material wealth are one of the fundamental elements of this desire for distinction, and one of the most
compelling markers for identifying these places