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Safeguarding Constitutional Democracy: The Role Of The Indonesian Constitutional Court Through Formal Review
No full textA good law is not only seen from the material aspect, but also a complementary side to the formal element as well as a factor in whether the law can be said to be good, especially in standings of the process of its making. The law-making progression is democratic; this process cannot be separated from public participation as the highest sovereign holder. However, there is a problem that public aspirations have not been meaningfully accommodated in the law-making progression as a form of substantive democracy. Hence, a formal checks-and-balances review in the Constitutional Court attempts to maintain democracy. Through a normative juridical approach, this study aims to explain the symptoms of a democratic crisis in Indonesia's law-making process and how the Constitutional Court's role protects democracy through a formal review of laws. The results of the research showed that legislators have not implemented democracy optimally, as evidenced by the neglect of the public's role in several processes of law-making processes and by the being of Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, which encourages the strengthening of democracy by prioritizing evocative civic involvement in the law-making progression.Suatu undang-undang yang baik tidak hanya dilihat dari segi materiil saja, melainkan sebagai sisi pelengkap dari unsur formilnya juga sebagai faktor apakah suatu undang-undang dapat dikatakan baik, terutama ditinjau dari proses pembuatannya. Kemajuan dalam pembuatan undang-undang bersifat demokratis; proses ini tidak lepas dari partisipasi masyarakat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi. Namun terdapat permasalahan dimana aspirasi masyarakat belum terakomodasi secara bermakna dalam proses pembuatan undang-undang sebagai bentuk demokrasi substantif. Oleh karena itu, uji check and balances formal di Mahkamah Konstitusi merupakan upaya untuk menjaga demokrasi. Melalui pendekatan yuridis normatif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan gejala krisis demokrasi dalam proses pembuatan undang-undang di Indonesia dan bagaimana peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam melindungi demokrasi melalui uji formal undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentuk undang-undang belum melaksanakan demokrasi secara optimal, hal ini dibuktikan dengan diabaikannya peran masyarakat dalam beberapa proses pembuatan undang-undang dan dengan lahirnya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 yang mendorong penguatan demokrasi dengan memprioritaskan keterlibatan masyarakat dalam proses pembuatan undang-undang
Indonesia's Legal Policy in Responding to China's Trade War Retaliation Against the United States Based on the Principle of Protectionism: Politik Hukum Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Retaliasi Perang Dagang China terhadap Amerika Serikat Berdasarkan Prinsip Proteksionisme
Full text linkThe trade war between the United States and China, driven by protectionist policies, has significantly disrupted global trade flows. For Indonesia, the conflict impacts exports, imports, and investment, while raising three critical: protecting domestic industries, maintaining neutral trade relations, and adhering to the principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Indonesia must formulate a balanced legal and trade strategy that upholds both national interests and international obligations. This study analyzes Indonesia’s legal-political response to China’s trade war retaliation against the United States, emphasizing the application of protectionist principles within the WTO framework. Employing normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study draws on WTO agreements, national trade laws, and relevant case studies. The research findings indicate that Indonesia is able to maintain economic stability and promote peaceful relations with both conflicting countries through trade cooperation, while remaining compliant with the principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The "free and active" foreign policy is implemented as a form of “strategic hedging” or “pragmatic engagement” in Indonesia’s international trade policy. This concept serves to mitigate the risks associated with global trade war retaliation. Such a trade policy is in line with Indonesia’s foreign policy as mandated by the Constitution.Perang dagang antara Amerika Serikat dan China, yang dipicu oleh kebijakan proteksionisme telah memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap dinamika perdagangan global. Bagi Indonesia, konflik ini mempengaruhi ekspor, impor, dan investasi asing, serta menimbulkan tiga tantangan utama perdagangan internasional yaitu, harus memberikan perlindungan industri dalam negeri, menjaga hubungan kerjasama perdagang yang netral, dan tetap mematuhi prinsip-prinsip Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO). Dalam konteks tersebut, Indonesia perlu merumuskan solusi bijak dalam merespon hukum dan strategi dagang yang seimbang antara kepentingan nasional dan komitmen internasional. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis politik hukum Indonesia menghadapi retaliasi perang dagang Amerika Serikat dengan China, dan fokus pada penerapan prinsip proteksionisme dalam kerangka WTO. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, yang didasarkan pada sumber hukum berupa perjanjian WTO, peraturan perdagangan nasional terkait perdagangan global, dan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia dapat menjaga stabilitas ekonomi, dan menjaga perdamaian dengan kedua negara berkonflik melalui kerja sama perdagangan, serta tetap patuh menjalankan prinsip-prinsip WTO. Politik luar negeri “bebas aktif” diterapkan dan berfungsi sebagai “strategic hedging” atau “pragmatic engagement” dalam kebijakan perdagangan internasional Indonesia. Konsep ini dipergunakan untuk memitigasi risiko menghadapi retaliasi perang dagang global. Kebijakan perdagangan ini sejalan dengan politik luar negeri Indonesia amanat konstitusi
Regulating the Witness and Victim Protection Agency: Managing Safe Houses for Victims in Indonesia
Full text linkThe state is obliged to protect victims of sexual violence, especially those who are most vulnerable, and this obligation is also a fundamental right of victims. One of these rights is access to temporary housing, often called a safe house, provided by LPSK. However, the governance of safe house management in the regions is not optimal, especially in the relationship between institutions at the center and regions and the representation of institutions in the regions, so it is not optimal in guaranteeing victims' rights. The urgency of this study is to analyze the LPSK policy in managing safe houses throughout Indonesia, the various challenges of institutional relations, and the distribution of representative safe houses in the regions. This study uses doctrinal research with analytical-descriptive specifications and utilizes secondary data. The legislative approach is used to examine laws and regulations on protecting victims of violence and developing LPSK institutions. The conceptual approach analyzes the concept and theory of state institutions, authority, and victim protection. This study shows that legal protection for victims of sexual violence to fulfill the right to a safe house by LPSK does not yet have integrated cooperation with the regional office managing the safe house. Cooperation is actually carried out with other institutions. The implementation of LPSK protection for victims of sexual violence has experienced institutional problems that have affected the formation of LPSK representatives at the regional level and coordination between regional institutions, which is exacerbated by the lack of quantity and quality of human resources..
The Dilemma of the Application of Peaceful Fines by Prosecutors in Corruption Crimes: An Effort to Realize National Economic Recovery: Dilema Penerapan Denda Damai Oleh Jaksa Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi: Upaya Mewujudkan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional
Full text linkThe Prosecutor's Office Law authorizes prosecutors to use peace fines in economic crimes, but on the other hand, the Corruption Eradication Law explicitly states that the return of state losses does not eliminate the punishment for corruption perpetrators. This conflict of norms has led to debates about the legality and effectiveness of peaceful fines in corruption cases. This study aims to analyze the conflict of norms in the application of peaceful fines and explore its application in the principle of systematic lex specialis. From this study, it is found that there is a lack of clarity in the regulations regarding whether corruption can be categorized as an economic crime that can be resolved with an amicable fine.The application of amicable fines in corruption crimes can provide benefits in the recovery of state finances, but also has the potential to weaken theprinciple of legal certainty and deterrent effects for perpetrators. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize the regulations between the Prosecutor's Office Law and the Corruption Eradication Law to avoid overlapping rules.Undang-Undang Kejaksaan memberikan kewenangan kepada jaksa untuk menggunakan denda damai dalam tindak pidana ekonomi, namun di sisi lain, Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi secara tegas menyatakan bahwa pengembalian kerugian negara tidak menghapuskanpidana bagi pelaku korupsi. Konflik norma ini menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai legalitas dan efektivitas denda damai dalam perkara korupsi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konflik norma dalam penerapan denda damai serta mengeksplorasi penerapannya dalam prinsip lex specialis sistematis. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa ada ketidakjelasan regulasi mengenai apakah korupsi dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindakpidana ekonomi yang dapat diselesaikan dengan denda damai. Penerapan denda damai pada tindak pidana korupsi dapat memberikan manfaat dalam pemulihan keuangan negara, namun juga berpotensi melemahkan prinsip kepastian hukum dan efek jera bagi pelaku. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi antara Undang-Undang Kejaksaan dan Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi agar tidak terjadi tumpang tindih aturan
Religious Community Organization as Corporation: Legal Politics at the Edge of the Mine: Ormas Keagamaan Jadi Korporasi: Politik Hukum di Ujung Tambang
Full text linkThe government issued a Government Regulation on the Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activities, which regulates the offering of Special Mining Business Permit Areas on a priority basis to business entities owned by religious community organizations. The method used is normative juridical supported by empirical data, a case approach based on developing news media. Data collection techniques through secondary data, with qualitative juridical analysis. The results of this study are first, the legal policy of granting mining business permits to religious community organizations based on the Government Regulation on the Implementation of Mining Business Activities has contradicted the Mineral and Coal Mining Law. The priority offer in the law is addressed to BUMN and BUMD, while in the government regulation it is addressed to religious community organizations, which is a constitutional problem; second, the existence of guarantees in environmental management for religious community organizations as holders of mining business permits requires compliance with these business entities with environmental management instruments. In addition, it will test the consistency of religious organizations' understanding of the concept of environmental preservation in practice or business actors carrying out mining activities.Pemerintah menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, yang mengatur terkait penawaran Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus secara prioritas kepada badan usaha yang dimiliki oleh organisasi kemasyarakatan keagamaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan didukung data empiris, pendekatan kasus berdasarkan media pemberitaan yang berkembang. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui data sekunder, dengan analisis yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pertama, politik hukum pemberian izin usaha pertambangan kepada badan usaha ormas keagamaan berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan telah bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara. Penawaran prioritas dalam undang-undang ditujukan kepada BUMN dan BUMD, sedangkan dalam peraturan pemerintah ditujukan kepada badan usaha ormas keagamaan menjadi permasalahan konstitusional; kedua, adanya jaminan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup bagi badan usaha ormas keagamaan sebagai pemegang izin usaha pertambangan menuntut kepatuhan badan usaha tersebut terhadap instrumen pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, akan menguji konsistensi pemahaman organisasi keagamaan terkait konsep pelestarian lingkungan hidup dalam praktik atau pelaku usaha yang menjalankan kegiatan pertambangan.
Harmonizing the Administrative Court Legal System to Ensure Legal Certainty in the Administrative Lawsuit Time Limit: Harmonisasi Sistem Hukum Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum Tenggang Waktu Gugatan
No full textIndividuals or private legal entities, as legal subjects, have the right to file a legal action against a beschikking or unilateral administrative decision, even when they are not explicitly named in such decision. Within the administrative court system, the time limit for filing a lawsuit serves as a formal mechanism to uphold the principle of legal certainty. However, the existing regulations particularly between the Administrative Court Law and the Government Administration Law remain inconsistent, resulting in legal uncertainty in the settlement of administrative disputes, especially for indirectly affected third parties. Using a statutory approach, this study analyzes the harmonization of Indonesia’s administrative court legal system to ensure legal certainty in determining the time limit for filing administrative lawsuits and proposes regulatory solutions through the formulation of a more coherent and implementable judicial regulation.Orang atau badan hukum perdata sebagai subjek hukum memiliki hak untuk mengajukan upaya hukum terhadap beschikking atau keputusan tata usaha negara yang bersifat sepihak, meskipun tidak secara eksplisit disebut sebagai pihak yang dituju dalam keputusan tersebut. Dalam konteks sengketa tata usaha negara, terdapat ketentuan formil mengenai tenggang waktu pengajuan gugatan yang berfungsi menjamin asas kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat. Namun demikian, pengaturan mengenai tenggang waktu dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan khususnya antara Undang-Undang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dan Undang-Undang Administrasi Pemerintahan masih menunjukkan ketidakharmonisan. Akibatnya, muncul ketidakpastian hukum dalam praktik penyelesaian sengketa tata usaha negara, terutama bagi pihak ketiga yang terdampak oleh keputusan administrasi. Berdasarkan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), kajian ini menganalisis harmonisasi sistem hukum peradilan tata usaha negara guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum dalam penetapan tenggang waktu pengajuan gugatan administratif, serta menawarkan solusi regulatif melalui pembentukan peraturan peradilan yang lebih sinkron dan implementatif
Online Prostitution in Banten: Critical Studies on Criminology and Criminal Law: Prostitusi Online di Banten: Kajian Kritis Kriminologi dan Hukum Pidana
No full textThis research is based on the hypothesis that online prostitution exists and is easily found in the Banten region. Two main issues are discussed in this study: first, what factors lead someone to become an online commercial sex worker in Banten? Second, how can criminal law address online commercial sex workers? This study combines empirical and normative research. Primary data collection was conducted through various dating applications. Primary data was obtained directly from online commercial sex workers spread across Banten through interviews conducted at restaurants, cafes, rented houses, and hotel lobbies. The research findings reveal that economic factors, divorce, religious understanding, and weak law enforcement contribute to the widespread occurrence of online sex worker transactions in Banten. Criminal law does not classify sex workers as offenders due to the role bias between perpetrator and victim. However, under Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code and several other laws, sex workers can be subject to criminal legal norms, although some of these cases fall under the category of complaint-based offenses. The research concludes that online sex workers in Banten are very easy to find. The government has a role and responsibility in addressing the rise of online prostitution in Banten. All respondents who chose the path of online prostitution through dating applications are individuals who adapt through innovation—desiring success, money, and other benefits but using unlawful means. A specific legal norm is needed to regulate online sex workers without requiring interpretation.Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh hipotesis bahwa prostitusi online eksis dan mudah ditemukan di wilayah Banten. Oleh karenanya dua masalah utama yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah pertama apa faktor-faktor yang membuat seseorang menjadi pekerja seks komersil online di Banten? Kedua, bagaimana hukum pidana dapat menjangkau pekerja seks komersil online? Permasalahan pertama dibahas dalam kerangka empirik berdasarkan penelitian lapangan, sementara permasalahan kedua dibahas dengan kerangka normatif. Penelitan ini merupakan gabungan dari penelitian empiris dan normatif. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui beragam aplikasi kencan. Data primer didapat langsung dari pekerja seks komersil online yang tersebar di wilayah Banten online melalui wawancara yang dilakukan di rumah makan, cafe, rumah kontrakan dan lobby hotel. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan faktor ekonomi, perceraian, pemahaman agama, dan lemahnya penegakan hukum menjadi faktor yang memicu maraknya transaksi PSK online di Banten. Hukum pidana tidak menjangkau PSK sebagai pelaku kejahatan karena bias peran antara pelaku dan korban, namun dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, dan beberapa undang-undang lainnya dimungkinkan PSK untuk dapat dikenakan norma hukum pidana meski pun sebagiannya terkategorikan sebagai delik aduan. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan PSK online di Banten sangat mudah didapatkan. Pemerintah memiliki peran dan tanggungjawab atas maraknya PSK online di Banten. Kesemua responden yang memilih jalan prostitusi online via aplikasi kencan merupakan orang-orang yang beradaptasi dengan cara innovation, menginginkan kesuksesan, uang, dan hal lainnya tetapi dengan menggunakan cara yang tidak halal. Diperlukan norma yang khusus dapat menjangkau PSK online tanpa harus melakukan interpretasi
The Sadd Al-Dzari’ah Approach in Preventing Child Marriage: A Case Study in Probolinggo Regency: Pendekatan Sadd Al-Dzari’ah Dalam Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak: Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Probolinggo
Full text linkChild marriage remains a significant legal and social issue in Indonesia, particularly in Probolinggo, which has one of the highest child marriage rates in East Java. This phenomenon negatively affects children in terms of education, health, economy, and social well-being. This study analyzes child marriage prevention using the Sadd al-Dzari’ah approach, which aims to prevent actions leading to harm. Employing an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, data were gathered through interviews, observations, and legal document analysis. The findings reveal that preventing child marriage is not only permissible but also recommended in Islamic law. The Sadd al-Dzari’ah approach is applied through three key elements: al-ifda (the negative impacts of child marriage), al-wasilah (preventive measures such as education and legal enforcement), and al-mutawasal ilaih (the ultimate goal of protecting children’s rights and well-being based on Maqasid Shariah). The study also highlights challenges in implementation, such as legal loopholes in marriage dispensation, socio-cultural norms, and economic factors that continue to drive child marriages. Strengthening policies, increasing public awareness, and integrating Islamic jurisprudence with national law are essential in effectively reducing child marriage rates.Perkawinan anak tetap menjadi permasalahan hukum dan sosial yang signifikan di Indonesia, terutama di Kabupaten Probolinggo yang memiliki salah satu angka perkawinan anak tertinggi di Jawa Timur. Fenomena ini berdampak negatif terhadap anak dalam aspek pendidikan, kesehatan, ekonomi, dan kesejahteraan sosial. Penelitian ini menganalisis pencegahan perkawinan anak dengan menggunakan pendekatan Sadd al-Dzari’ah, yang berfungsi sebagai mekanisme untuk mencegah tindakan yang berpotensi menimbulkan kemudaratan. Dengan metode yuridis empiris dan pendekatan kualitatif, data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi, dan analisis dokumen hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencegahan perkawinan anak tidak hanya diperbolehkan dalam Islam tetapi juga dianjurkan. Pendekatan Sadd al-Dzari’ah diterapkan melalui tiga unsur utama: al-ifda (dampak negatif perkawinan anak), al-wasilah (langkah pencegahan seperti edukasi dan penegakan hukum), serta al-mutawasal ilaih (tujuan akhir untuk melindungi hak-hak anak dan kesejahteraan mereka sesuai dengan Maqasid Syariah). Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam implementasi kebijakan, seperti celah hukum dalam dispensasi pernikahan, norma sosial yang masih mendukung perkawinan anak, serta faktor ekonomi yang menjadi pendorong utama. Oleh karena itu, penguatan kebijakan, peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat, serta harmonisasi hukum Islam dengan hukum nasional sangat diperlukan untuk menekan angka perkawinan anak secara efektif
The Role of Local Wisdom in Realizing The Principle of Environmental Sustainability Principles in Indonesia: Peran Kearifan Lokal Dalam Mewujudkan Prinsip Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia
Full text linkThe Local Wisdom of coastal communities has high effectiveness in maintaining the sustainability of marine and coastal ecosystems. However, challenges such as lack of legal recognition, changes in people’s lifestyles, and economic pressures are factors that hinder the sustainability of traditional fishing practices. Therefore, a strategy is needed that harmonizes government regulations with local wisdom practices in order to create a more sustainable and inclusive marine environmental management model. Local wisdom possessed by coastal communities in the archipelago is an important instrument for realizing the principles of environmental sustainability. The role of local wisdom in realizing the principle of environmental sustainability is important, especially for strengthening aspects of legal culture within the framework of an integrated legal system. Local wisdom of coastal communities describes a system that integrates knowledge, norm, culture and institutions as well as practices for managing marine fisheries resources, in line with the principles of harmony, balance and sustaibility. Cultural approaches through the application of local wisdom forms of coastal communities in the archipelago are important in order to support the effectiveness of supervision and law enforcement efforts in marine areas through a preventive approach, and have the potential to be added as one of the elements of the principles of environmental sustainability. This study uses a normative legal approach and a qualitative legal data analysis method using relevan legal interpretation methods. The formulation of a conceptual model regarding the role of local wisdom in realizing the principles of environmental sustainability is the aim of this research.Kearifan lokal masyarakat pesisir memiliki efektivitas tinggi dalam menjaga kelestarian ekosistem laut dan pesisir. Namun, tantangan seperti kurangnya pengakuan hukum, perubahan gaya hidup masyarakat, serta tekanan ekonomi menjadi faktor yang menghambat kelangsungan praktik-praktik tradisional penangkapan ikan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi yang mengharmoniskan regulasi pemerintah dengan praktik kearifan lokal guna menciptakan model pengelolaan lingkungan laut yang lebih berkelanjutan dan inklusif. Kearifan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat pesisir Nusantara merupakan instrumen penting untuk mewujudkan Prinsip Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Hidup. Peranan kearifan lokal dalam mewujudkan Prinsip Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Hidup penting khususnya untuk penguatan aspek budaya hukum dalam kerangka keterpaduan sistem hukum. Kearifan lokal masyarakat pesisir menggambarkan kesatuan sistem yang meliputi unsur pengetahuan, norma, budaya dan kelembagaan serta praktik yang sangat sejalan dengan prinsip harmoni, keseimbangan dan keberlanjutan. Pendekatan budaya melalui penerapan bentuk-bentuk kearifan lokal masyarakat pesisir Nusantara menjadi penting dalam rangka mendukung efektivitas upaya pengawasan dan penegakan hukum di wilayah laut melalui pendekatan preventif, serta berpeluang ditambahkan menjadi salah satu unsur Prinsip Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Hidup. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan metode analisis data yuridis kualitatif menggunakan metode penafsiran hukum yang relevan. Tersusunnya konsep model tentang Peranan Kearifan Lokal Dalam Mewujudkan Prinsip Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Hidup menjadi tujuan dari penelitian ini
Duress Prevention in Juvenile Criminal Proceedings: Comparative Analysis of The United Kingdom and Indonesia
Full text linkThe juvenile justice system is intrinsically related to youth development, as it is responsible for the education and rehabilitation of children who have committed or are suspected of committing a crime. Juvenile crimes must go through criminal proceedings before being tried in court. However, discussions on preventing duress during these proceedings in Indonesia remain limited. This research aims to analyze efforts to prevent duress during juvenile criminal proceedings in Indonesia, highlighting potential gaps and comparing them to the United Kingdom's juvenile justice system. Utilizing the normative research method with the support of the comparative approach, this study examines existing Indonesian laws and their implementation while juxtaposing them with the UK’s juvenile justice framework. The analysis reveals significant opportunities for duress to occur within Indonesia’s juvenile justice system, contrasting with the UK’s system, which has a more structured set of legal norms. Based on these findings, this research proposes a model for legal development, focusing on closing procedural gaps that allow duress to occur during juvenile criminal proceedings in Indonesia