International Journal of Phytomedicine
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Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Melia Azedarach Linn Roots for Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Get PDFHydroalcoholic extract of Melia azedarach Linn roots were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animals. In the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, extract inhibited 82.23 % and 88.94 % writhing induced by acetic acid respectively and reduces 15.08 % and 26.45 % paw volume in carageenan induced paw edema
Treatment with Green Tea Prevents Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Mice
Get PDFGreen tea polyphenols have demonstrated significant antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-mutagenic and antidiabetic in numerous human, animal and in vitro studies. Hence present study was design to evaluate the influence of green tea in streptozotocin induced oxidative stress in mice. Morris water maze, Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance apparatus was used for the evaluation of learning and memory. Brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substance was also estimated. Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin reduces the learning and memory and increase the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in mice. Green tea significantly improves the learning and memory and reverses the increase thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration in mice. The result of present study indicates that green tea improve the learning and memory. It also reduces the streptozotocin induced oxidative stress
Bio-Functional Aspects of Grape Seeds-A Review
Get PDFGrapes are one of the most widely consumed fruits all over the world and have considerable importance for their medicinal and nutritive value for thousand of years. Grapes are rich in polyphenols and 60- 70 % of grapes polyphenols exist in grape seeds. The seeds contain lipid, proteins, carbohydrates and 5-8 % polyphenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds present in grape seeds are flavonoids including gallic acid, flavan-3-ol monomers and their oligomeric and polymeric derivatives (procyanidins). The most abundant flavan-3-ol monomers isolated from grape seeds are Catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate. Three novel flavan oxidative derivatives named viniferones A, B and C have also been isolated from grape seeds. The grape seeds are chiefly known for their significant antioxidant properties. Scientific studies have claimed that the antioxidant potential of grape seeds proanthocyanidins is 20 times greater than vitamin E and 50 times greater than vitamin C. Grape seeds polyphenolic (Proanthocyanidin) extract have been marketed in France for decades as treatment for venous and capillary disorders (e.g., retinopathies, venous insufficiency, and vascular fragility. Recent studies have shown that procyanidins in grape seeds possess antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic effects and prevent heart diseases and skin aging. The high purity grape seed extract should contain polyphenols NLT 95% and monomers NLT 10%; and the grape seed extract with ordinary quality should have a procyanidolic value NLT 95%, and monomer NLT 6%
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of extracts Rich in Polyphenols
Get PDFPolyphenols are phytochemicals present in plants that contribute to their antioxidant and different pharmacological activities. Flavonoids comprise of one class of polyphenols which play a beneficial role in preventing free radical damage and owe its antioxidant property. Lipid peroxidation and lipid-derived oxidized products have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. To clarify the role of oxidative stress in prevention of atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, the antioxidant status of plant extracts of Oroxylum indicum, Vitis vinifera and Policosanol isolated from, Saccharum officinarum were selected for the study. The extracts were evaluated by in vitro methods by monitoring the production of malondialdehyde as Thiobarbituric acid Reacting Substances (TBARs). The antihypperlipidemic activity was examined in cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic model using Albino Wistar rats. The result of the study exhibited significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C levels and remarkable increase in the level of HDL-C when compared to standard lovastatin drug. The artherogenic index and LDL-C: HDL-C risk ratio was also reduced to significant extent in the group treated with extracts. The levels of SGOT and SGPT were estimated and found to be significantly less than that of hyperlipidemic control group. The highest antihyperlipidemic activity was exhibited by total extract of the bark of Oroxylum indicum followed by extracts of fruits of Vitis vinifera and Policosanol isolated from sugarcane wax
Immunomodulatory effects of herbal plants plus melatonin on human blood phagocytes
Get PDFIt has been shown a mixture of seven herbal plants was able to trigger cell oxidative mechanism and subsequently inducing cellular activation. Moreover, melatonin hormone has also been shown to perform different actions on the cellular oxidative metabolism. It is possible that the herbal mixture associated with melatonin can activate phagocytes, improving microbicidal activity and further ameliorating resistence to the infections. The aim of this work was to verify in vitro immunomodulatory effects of melatonin and a medicinal plants mixture on blood mononuclear phagocytes (MN). We collected 40 blood samples from normal individuals to obtain the phagocytes. The MN phagocytes were separated by Ficoll-Paque gradient. Preparation of plant extract to obtain the herbal mixture was carried through the process of maceration followed by distillation. Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity of blood phagocytes, treated or not with exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD), against enterophathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were evaluated by acridine orange method. The herbal mixture and/or melatonin were added to the cell suspensions as immunomodulators. We observed increased phagocytosis and microbicidal activities by blood MN phagocytes in the presence of melatonin or the herbal mixture. The association of both potentiated the functional activity of blood MN phagocytes. Phagocytes previously treated by exogenous SOD had decreased microbicidal activity independently of immunomodulators. These data suggest that the herbal mixture is a potent immunostimulatory agent, and that the interaction between plant and hormones may represent an alternative mechanism of defense against infection, especially in immunosuppressed patients
Phytoestrogens of Pachyrhizus erosus prevent Bone Loss in an Ovariectomized Rat Model of Osteoporosis
Get PDFThe effects of the etyl acetate extract of root of Pachyrhizus erosus (L) Urb (EPE) on bone loss and in ovariectomized (ovx) rats model of osteoporosis were investigated. Forty-two 6-weeksold female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups as followed, sham-operated, OVX, OVX-Estradiol (2 μg/day), OVX-EPE 200 mg/kg BW, OVX-EPE 400 mg/kg BW, OVX-EPE 800 mg/kg BW for 4 weeks. The administration of EPE was given orally using a stomach tube. The results demonstrated that the administration EPE 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW significantly prevented bone loss in OVX rats which these effect equivalent to estradiol. These effects were described in increased length of femur and tibiae, bone density, and mineral content of calcium and phosphorous in bone ash. EPE also significantly prevented OVX-induced uterine atrophy and increased in body weight gain. The femur mechanical testing significantly increased the ultimate load and stiffness of femurs of ovariectomized-rats that its effect was greater than OVX or shamoperated rats. Increased bone density may lead to enhanced bone strength, reducing the risk of fracture, which is evident in the administration of EPE due to high content of mineral density and content and increase the ultimate load. This effect seems to be pro-estrogenic compound, which suppress bone resorption by directly acting on estrogen receptor in bone sites. This study suggest that phytoestrogen compound from Pachyrhizus erosus may offer a potential alternative therapy for the treatment of health problems such as osteoporosis in post-menopausal women
Application of quality control principles to herbal drugs
Get PDFQuality is conformance to requirement and meeting stated as well as implied needs of customer. The word quality is derived from Latin ‘qualis’ means ‘of what kind’ and encompasses composition and properties of object. Quality is of paramount importance when it is specifically related with drugs. And when it comes to herbal drugs, because of several reasons is a herculean task. The quality of pharmaceuticals has been a concern of the World Health Organization (WHO) since its inception. The setting of global standards is requested in Article 2 of the WHO Constitution, which cites as one of the Organization’s functions that it should “develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to food, biological, pharmaceutical and similar products”. The World Health Assembly - in resolutions WHA31.33 (1978), WHA40.33 (1987) and WHA42.43 (1989) - has emphasized the need to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products by using modern control techniques and applying suitable standards. This manual describes a series of tests for assessing the quality of medicinal plant materials. The tests are designed primarily for use in national drug quality control laboratories in developing countries, and complement those described in ‘The international pharmacopoeia’ which provides quality specifications only for the few plant materials that are included in the WHO ‘Model List of Essential Drugs\u27. In this review, we have addressed some important issues related to quality of botanicals and discussed possible application of total quality management for herbal drugs
Acanthus ilicifolius linn.-lesser known medicinal plants with significant pharmacological activities
Get PDFoai:oai.ijp.arjournals.org:article/1Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. (Acanthaceae) is relatively lesser-known, yet important medicinal plant of Herbal Materia Medica. The plant is used in traditional systems of medicine, including Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM) or Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The plant is reported to contain phytochemicals including alkaloid and wide range of glucosides (lignan and phenylethanoid). In traditional medicine, the plant is used in the treatment of diseases ranging from snake bite to skin diseases. Laboratory investigations on extracts of the plant have demonstrated significant pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-osteporotic and hepatoprotective. The review analyses traditional medicinal usage, and phyto-pharmacological investigations done on the medicinal plant
Anti-Depressant Activity of Zizyphus xylopyrus
Get PDFThe present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract (ext.), ethyl acetate (EA) fractions and precipitate fraction (ppt.) of total ethanolic extract of Zizyphus xylopyrus on depression in rats. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of Zizyphus xylopyrus was examined using two behavioral models, the forced swimming test (FST) in rats and tail suspension test (TST) in rats. Ethanolic extract when administered at an acute dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight (P<0.01) reduced the immobility time by 10 and 15 seconds as compared to the immobility time of control in both the screening models. Similarly EA reduced latter by 30 and 35 secs. The ppt. fraction showed the best activity, reducing the immobility time by 50 and 60 secs. in both the tests. These results showed that after standard i.e. Imipramine HCl (30 mg/kg), the ppt. fraction is potent amongst all the studied drugs The present study clearly demonstrated that Zizyphus xylopyrus exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models. It may be due to present of flavonoids
Chromatographic estimation of maturity based phytochemical profiling of Ipomoea mauritiana
Get PDFCollection of herbs at right maturity is one of such parameter which affect afficacy of medicinal plants. Standard reference markers used in quality control of herbal drugs mostly authenticate identity and not efficacy. In order to derive bioactive markers, knowledge regarding appropriate collection time for each herb is essential. Traditional medical knowledge is bioactivityoriented and informs about best time of collection for certain medicinal species, as observed in case of Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. (Vidari–Sanskrit). Only mature (bigger size) tubers of Ipomoea mauritiana are used by Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMP) for preparing galactagogues and immunomodulatory herbal medicines (Rasayan). Microscopy of transverse sections revealed structural variation between mature and immature tubers and girth of tubers determine the maturity of plant, the difference in phytochemical profiles of mature and immature tubers was observed. Variation in phytoconstituents of mature and immature tubers was confirmed through proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, qualitative HPLC and HPTLC analysis revealed the variation in phytoconstituents in mature and immature tubers