International Journal of Phytomedicine
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In vitro preliminary screening of bioactive compounds of different parts of Adansonia digitata L. a globally endangered tree
No full textThe present investigation was undertaken to screen the different parts of Adansonia digitata L. for the presence of bioactive compounds. The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by using various solvent extracts of different parts such as leaf, seed, fruit wall and floral parts of A. digitata. The phytochemical analysis of the dry seeds, leaf, floral extracts, fruit wall and bark of stem was carried out to determine the presence of bioactive compounds using the standard qualitative procedures. The phytochemical analysis revealed that all the solvent extracts of different parts were rich in possession of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, sterols, phenols, saponins, coumarins and quinones. From the present study it can be concluded that extracts of different parts of this valuable tree can be utilized in the preparation of various active principles of medicines to alleviate many diseases
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Jateorhiza macrantha (Menispermaceae)
No full textJateorhiza macrantha (Hook.f.) Exell and Mendonça (Menispermaceae) is a common medicinal plant found in tropical Africa. Jateorhiza macrantha is used as an anti-hemorrhagic, to combat syphilis and headache. This study was performed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of its extract. The analgesic activity of the methanolic extract of Jateorhiza macrantha was investigated using the acetic acid (chemical) and tail-clip (mechanical) models of nociception in mice and the anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05, 0.01) reduced the writhing reflex in a dose dependent manner. In the application of the metal artery clip unto the tail of animals, the extract caused a significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent increase in reaction latency with peak effect (7.0%) inhibition produced at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg. In the carrageenan induced paw oedema test, the extract produced a dose dependent significant (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001) inhibition of oedema. The results obtained in this study lend credence to the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions
Histological and biochemical study on hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
No full textCynodon dactylon has been mentioned in ayurvedic system of Indian medicine to be of value in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of the whole plant of Cynodon dactylon on blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum lipid profiles and possible histopathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. One sub-group of rats, received glibenclamide treatment and another received Cynodon extract Treatment for 45 days respectively. Blood was analyzed for fasting blood glucose, insulin levels and lipid profiles after treatment. Histopathological sectional studies of the pancreatic islets were done. Treatment of the animals with the aqueous extract from plant at a dose of (500 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very- low - density lipoprotein in STZ diabetic rats. These biochemical parameters were correlated with the histopathological changes observed in the pancreatic islets of STZ diabetic rats, which structurally proved the effectiveness of the aqueous extract of C.dactylon in STZ diabetic rats. The obtained biochemical and histopathological results confirmed the hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous extract of the C.dactylon in experimental model of diabetic animals. Cynodon dactylon may be useful as a natural supplementary medicine in the treatment of diabetes and its complications
Pharmacognostical Profiling of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. leaves
No full textTo evaluate the pharmacognostic characters including macroscopic, microscopic and physico-chemical characters of the leaves of therapeutically important plant Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. Fresh and dried leaf samples were studied macroscopically and microscopically. Preliminary phytochemical screening and physciochemical studies were performed by following WHO recommended guidelines for the standardization of the leaves. The detailed microscopy revealed the presence of multicellular trichomes, xylem tissue, phloem tissue, collenchyma, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells. Physico-chemical parameters such as extractive values, ash values, foreign matter, loss on drying, volatile oil content, swelling index, foaming index, crude fibre content, fluorescent behaviour, microbial contamination, aflatoxin content, heavy metal profile, pH values of drug solution were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrate, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins & phenolics compounds. Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study can help in the identification and standardization of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn
Antifertility properties of Cissamplelos pareira Linn. leaf gel in male and female mice
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the antifertility properties of C. pareira Linn. leaf gel in male mice by evaluation of blood prolactin, testosterone and seminal quality. In females mice, estrous index, fertility index and prolactin level were determined. The results for males revealed that the leaf gel at a dose of 30 mg/100 gBW significantly increased blood prolactin, while the leaf gel at 20 and 30 mg/100 gBW decreased testosterone levels in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). Interestingly, all doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/100 gBW) of leaf gel caused significant impairement of sperm quality collected from epididymis and vas deferens after 21 days of oral adminitration. The results for females showed that the leaf gel at 40 and 60 mg/100 gBW caused irregular estrous cycle and inhibited ovulation by decrease in estrous index during the 21 days of treatment. Meanwhile, it also revealed significant increases in blood prolactin and decreased embryo implantation in pregnant mice after 10 days of treatment. It may be concluded that C. pareira leaf gel has antifertility properties in male by disturbance of blood prolactin and testosterone levels, consequently affecting spermatogenesis and impaired sperm quality. Meanwhile, it inhibits ovulation in females and inhibits embryo implantation or decreases fertility index by increasing prolactin in pregnant mice. Therefore, the use of C. pareira leaf gel as food or for therapy in traditional medicines should be avoided because of this adverse effect
Protective Effect of aqueous bark extract of Terminalia Arjuna against Alcohol-Induced Hepato and Nephrotoxicity in Rats
No full textPresent study is an attempt to forward a locally available aqueous bark powder extract of Terminalia arjuna (AETA) as potential therapeutic agent against alcohol-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress mediated hepato and nephrotoxicity in rats. Alcohol administration significantly raised the plasma concentrations of nitrogenous compounds and increased activities of alcoholic marker enzymes, gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT), plasma transaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Besides, we found abnormalities in the levels of plasma lipids, lipoproteins in alcohol administered rats along with increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NOx) levels. Moreover, significantly decreased hepatic and kidney antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in alcohol administered rats were noticed. Administration of AETA to alcoholic rats significantly brought these alterations in plasma to normal and also significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation and restored the enzymic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in liver. These findings were further confirmed by hepatic and kidney histopathological studies. Co-administration of alcohol along with AETA offers protective effect against alcohol-induced stress and these protective effects are due to its multiple actions of its bioactive compounds
In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Studies on Bark, Wood and Fruits of Terminalia catappa L.
No full textThe present study was carried out to study the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of bark, wood and fruits of Terminalia catappa. In vitro antioxidant studies were performed using DPPH assay and lipid peroxidation assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies were also performed in the aqueous extracts using protease inhibition, membrane stabilization and protein denaturation inhibition assays. Aqueous extract of bark has shown maximum antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities when compared to that of wood and fruits. The results of the present study clearly revealed the dose dependent activities of all the parts selected. The present study showed in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which scientifically proved the ethnomedicinal claim of the selected plant drugs
IN-VITRO NEPHROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF Boerhaavia diffusa AGAINST CISPLATIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY
No full textContext and purpose of the study: The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant and nephroprotective role of ethanolic root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (ERE). Results: Antioxidant activity of ERE was studied using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power assay. To study the nephroprotective role of ERE against cisplatin, a porcine renal epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1) was used. Cisplatin increases the apoptotic and necrotic cells and also increases the production of ROS in the treated cells. Co-treatment of ERE decrease the apoptotic and necrotic cells and attenuates the ROS production. This nephroprotective activity could probably be correlated with the phytochemicals like polyphenols (4.5 ±0.02 mg/g), flavonoids (4.2 ±0.08 mg/g) and tannins (6.5 ±0.3 mg/g) present in the extract. Brief summary and potential implications: These findings suggested that toxicity induced by cisplatin could be reduced by the presence of phytoconstituents in the ERE. This study showed that phytoconstituents present in B.diffusa could manage the nephrotoxicity induced by life saving drugs and it can be considered to be given as an adjuvant therapy
Neuropharmacological and biological activities of Fumaria indica
No full textCrude extract of Fumaria indica was assessed for neuro-pharmacological, analgesic antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. It decreases muscle tone as indicated by swimming induced depression test (2.41/6 min, 2.56/6 min; at the dose of 500 and 300 mg/kg respectively), it also produces dose dependant (200, 300, 500 mg/kg) increase in traction time and reduces exploratory behaviour therefore, has significant muscle relaxant and anxiolytic effect (p≤0.05) as compared to standard drugs diazepam and imipramine. The results of analgesic activity (writhing and hot plate test) were highly significant as the mean number of writhes for drug treated animals was reduced (62.7% at 500 mg/kg) as compared to the control group and reference drug aspirin. The present study also revealed that the extract of F. indica has potential to inhibit the growth against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi in vivo. Over all the F. indica has significant CNS depressant action with moderate analgesic and antifungal effects
In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of Alpinia galanga
No full textIn the present study, fractions of methanolic extract of A. galanga were investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant potential. The fractions were first subjected to phytochemical analysis followed by evaluation of their antimicrobial potential against multi drug resistant bacteria (MDR) and fungi by agar diffusion assay and Thin Layer Chromatograpgy - Direct bioautography (TLC- DB). The antioxidant potential was measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) potential. The selected fractions having high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity were further tested for their protective effect in preventing H2O2 induced hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in human red blood cells. The n-Hex fraction of A. galanga inhibited the growth of MDR Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter in significant amounts followed by the DCM and EtOAc fractions. All the fractions of A. galanga also demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Fusarium moniliforme and Candida albicans. Similarly, the n-Hex and DCM fractions exhibited high antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging and high Fe (III) reduction abilities. Maximum inhibition of hemolysis and lipid peroxidation was also observed for the n-Hex fraction followed by the DCM fraction. The strong antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activities of n-Hex and DCM fractions of A. galanga have been demonstrated by us in the present study. These results may offer new possibilities in the therapy of pathological conditions related to development of resistance against MDR microbes and generation of free radicals