Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan
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Lahan Sawah Sebagai Pendukung Ketahanan Pangan serta Strategi Pencapaian Kemandirian Pangan
Get PDFAbstrak. Lahan sawah di Indonesia terdiri atas: sawah irigasi, sawah tadah hujan, sawah pasang surut, dan sawah lebak, dengan total luas 8,1 juta ha, namun produksi padi nasional sebagian besar berasal dari lahan sawah irigasi (67,5%), dan sawah tadah hujan (27,5%). Kedua sawah tersebut 43% di antaranya terdapat di Pulau Jawa. Ketergantungan produksi padi dari lahan sawah irigasi di Pulau Jawa cukup beresiko tinggi, mengingat lahan sawah di Pulau Jawa semakin sempit akibat konversi lahan ke non pertanian. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, usaha ketahanan dan kemandirian pangan, pemanfaatan teknologi baru dalam peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas padi sawah harus disertai dengan perbaikan teknis budidaya dengan tetap memperhatikan kelestarian lingkungan. Upaya mendukung kemandirian pangan harus dibarengi dengan usaha pengurangan laju konversi lahan sawah, peningkatan kapasitas produksi, luas tanam dan Indek Pertanaman (IP) padi, perbaikan sistem/jaringan irigasi, serta penambahan luas lahan baku sawah.Abstract. Wetland rice in Indonesia consists of: irrigated rice, rainfed, lowland tidal and swampy/deep water rice fields, with a total area of 8.1 million ha. However, most of the national rice production comes from irrigated land (67.5%), and rainfed (27.5%), Both type of rice fields are 43% of which are located in Java islands. Rice production mostly concentrated at irrigated land is quite high risk, when paddy field area in Java island accelerated and coverted to non agriculture uses, and levelling off it productivity. To meet the needs of food resilience and food self-sufficiency, application of new technologies in increasing production and rice productivity, cultivation techniques should be improved with regard to environmental sustainability. To achieve foodcrop farming on sustainable basis, the farming system could be integrated with livestock, fisheries and forestry sectors. Efforts to support food self-sufficiency should be in line with efforts to reduce the rate of wetland conversion, increasing of rice productivity and rice planting intensity, rehabilitation of irrigation systems and networks as well as rice field expansion
The Role of Land Conservation in Plantation Management
Get PDFThe main problem of agricultural activities in the steep slope upland area if without adequate soil conservation practices is that it will results in soil erosion. Soil erosion causes agricultural land degradation which reduces the physical, chemical, and biological soil roperties and decreases land productivities. Soil erosion is very harmful to agricultural land productivities, because loss of the fertile topsoil in a relatively short time causes decrease of fertility and productivity of the soils. The role of conservation techniques are the way of soil conservation, which have three principles of definitions, i.e. a) to protect the soil against soil degradation, b) to improve the degraded soil, and c) to make the soil more fertile. Soil conservation practice in the field have used two methods i.e. mechanical conservation methods and vegetative conservation methods. Mechanical conservation method is the earth embankments constructed across the slope to intercept surface run off and to protect soil erosion (soil cultivation along the contour, terraces constructed, contour bank, waterways ditch, drop structure, silt pit, checkdam, gully plug, etc). While the vegetative methode are reducing the kinetic energy of the raindrops on the soil surface, reducing the run off velocity, increasing infiltration rate and reducing soil water contents. The effectiveness of soil conservation techniques in uplands area on the the soil erosion and the land productivity is different in each location. This is because of the difference of the land capability (site specific, soil behavior and properties, and the climate). Farmers’ motivation as the user of the soil conservation technologies is included as one on the determinant factors of the successfulness in improving degraded upland and in increasing land productivity
Potensi Pemanfaatan Biochar untuk Rehabilitasi Lahan Kering di Indonesia
Get PDFAbstrak. Pemanfaatan biochar merupakan salah satu upaya pengelolaan limbah pertanian yang prospektif untuk mendorong optimalisasi lahan-lahan suboptimal dan lahan terdegradasi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang potensi biochar di bidang pertanian khususnya dalam upaya merehabilitasi lahan-lahan suboptimal di Indonesia. Di Indonesia, berbagai sumber bahan baku biochar berupa limbah pertanian tersedia cukup banyak yang diperkirakan mencapai 10,7 juta t th-1, di antaranya berupa sekam padi, kulit buah kakao, tempurung kelapa, tempurung kelapa sawit, tongkol jagung. Kualitas biochar yang diproduksi sangat tergantung pada jenis bahan baku, alat pembakaran, suhu pembakaran, dan lamanya pembakaran. Aplikasi biochar pada lahan pertanian berfungsi sebagai pembenah tanah yang mampu memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah (pH, kapasitas tukar kation, N-total, P-tersedia dan Aldd), sifat fisik tanah (Bulk density, porositas dan kemampuan tanah memegang air). Perbaikan kualitas sifat kimia dan fisik tanah tersebut berdampak pada ketersediaan hara dan air melalui kemampuan biochar meretensi hara dan air. Pada akhirnya, penambahan biochar berimplikasi pada peningkatan produktivitas tanaman pangan. Ke depan, diharapkan dengan aplikasi biochar akan semakin luas lahan-lahan suboptimal dan lahan terdegradasi yang dapat dipulihkan dan ditingkatkan produktivitasnya.Abstract. Biochar utilization is prospective land management to encourage optimization of sub-optimal land. The objective of this paper is to inform of potency of biochar in agricultural aspect especially for rehabilitating of degraded land in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the various sources of raw materials such as agricultural wastes available biochar is quite large reaching 10.7 million t / year, such as rice husks, cacao shell, coconut shell, oil palm shell, and corn cob, etc. Quality of biochar produced depends on the type of raw materials, equipment used, combustion temperature, and duration of combustion. Biochar application on agricultural land serves as soil amendment that can improve soil chemical properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, total-N, available P and Alexch), soil physical properties (bulk density, porosity and water holding capacity). Improvement soil physical and chemical properties impacted on the nutrient availability and water availability through nutrient and water retention. Finally the addition of biochar have been impacted for increasing crop productivity. It is expected that addition of biochar will recover widespread of suboptimal land and then land productivity can be increased
Mechanisms of Releasing Fixed Potassium as Available Nutrient for Plant Growth on Smectitic Soils
Get PDFSmectitic soils have considerable prospects to be developed into agricultural land. The distribution of these soils is quite large, i.e. more than 2.12 million ha (approximately 2:12 million of Vertisols as well as Alfisols and Inceptisols which have vertic subgroup). Smectite mineral contributed significantly to the amount of soil negative charge and controled soil buffering capacity and soil K maximum sorption. Top soil (0-20 cm) of smectitic soils are generally clay-textured, neutral to alkaline in soil reaction, moderate to high in potential K, low to high in exchangeable K, and moderate to high in cation exchange capacity. Although soil total K was high, but most of the soil K was in an unexchangeable form so that it was not immediately available to plants. While soil buffering capacity and maximum sorption on K were high. One important aspect in the management of soil K is the use of K contained in the soil. This method is quite effective, particularly for smectitic soils. The use of contained K in soil can be through the mechanism of release from unexchangeable soil K pool to exchangeable soil K pool as well as desorption from exchangeable soil K pool to soluble soil K pool. After both rection take place then, the plants will easily absorb K for their growth
Potensi Sumberdaya Lahan Pulau Sulawesi Mendukung Peningkatan Produksi Padi, Jagung, dan Kedele
Get PDFAbstrak. Program survei dan pemetaan tanah tingkat tinjau skala 1:250.000 di Indonesia telah selesai dilaksanakan, yang ditandai dengan diterbitkannya peta-peta tanah tersebut edisi-1 tahun 2012 untuk setiap provinsi di Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Kepulauan Maluku, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, dan Papua Barat. Dari legenda peta tanah dapat diperoleh informasi keadaan iklim, landform dan bahan induk, bentuk wilayah dan lereng, jenis dan sifat-sifat tanah, yang menentukan potensi sumberdaya lahan untuk pengembangan pertanian. Pulau Sulawesi (18,72 juta ha) beriklim basah sampai kering yang dicerminkan oleh rejim kelembaban tanah udik, ustik dan akuik. Landform utama dari yang terluas penyebarannya adalah Tektonik (37,63%), Volkanik (37,39%), Aluvial (11,82%), Karst (8,31%), Marin (2,65%), Fluvio-marin (0,41%), dan Gambut (0,13%). Bentuk wilayah bervariasi dari datar sampai bergunung, dengan komposisi datar sampai agak datar (15,85%), berombak (4,86%), bergelombang (6,50%), berbukit kecil (11,96%), berbukit (19,30%) dan bergunung (39,85%). Bahan induk tanah sangat bervariasi, terdiri atas endapan bahan organik, aluvium, batuan sedimen masam sampai basis, batuan volkan muda sampai tua, batuan intrusi masam sampai basis, dan batuan metamorfik. Bahan induk tersebut membentuk 9 ordo tanah, berturut-turut dari yang terluas penyebarannya adalah Inceptisols (58,15%), Alfisols (10,44%), Ultisols (10,25%), Mollisols (6,215%), Entisols (5,54%), Oxisols (4,87%), Andisols (2,18%), Histosols (0,41%) dan Vertisols (0,28%). Berdasarkan data biofisik lahan tersebut di Sulawesi terdapat lahan potensial luas terdiri atas lahan basah berlereng <3% seluas 2,30 juta ha untuk pengembangan padi sawah, dan lahan kering berlereng 3-15% seluas 1,98 juta ha untuk pengembangan jagung dan kedelai. Kondisi aktual sebagian besar lahan potensial tersebut telah dimanfaatkan untuk pertanian, sehingga peningkatan produksi ketiga komoditas tersebut lebih berpeluang dilakukan melalui optimalisasi atau intensifikasi lahan dibandingkan dengan ekstensifikasi. Apabila diasumsikan 50% lahan basah potensial dapat ditanami padi dua kali setahun dengan rata-rata produksi untuk Sulawesi 4,71 t ha-1, maka akan diperoleh 10,82 juta ton GKG. Dan juga apabila 50% lahan kering potensial dapat ditanami jagung dan kedele sekali setahun dengan produktivitas masing-masing 4,05 t ha-1 dan 1,34 t ha-1, maka akan diperoleh produksi 4,02 juta ton jagung pipil kering dan 1,33 juta ton kedele biji kering. Apabila dibandingkan dengan data produksi dari ketiga komoditas bahan pangan tersebut menurut BPS tahun 2012 (padi 7,82, jagung 2,94, dan kedele 0,05 juta ton), maka terdapat kenaikan produksi yang sangat signifikan untuk padi, jagung dan kedele berturut-turut 38,4 %, 36,7% dan 2461,4%.Abstract. The reconnaissance soil survey and mapping programme at scale of 1: 250,000 in Indonesia has been successfully completed, marked by publication of the soil maps in 2012 for each province in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Java, and West Papua. From the soil map legends, it can be obtained the information of climate condition, landform, relief an slopes, type and properties of soils that affect land resource potential for agricultural development purpose. The island of Sulawesi (18.7 million ha) has variation of climate condition from wet to dry, which is reflected by udic, ustic and aquic soil moisture regimes. The main landform groups, from the most extensive respectively consists of Tectonic (37.63%), Volcanic (37.39%), Alluvial (11.82%), Karst (8.31%), Marine (2.65%), Fluvio-Marine (0.41%), and Peatland (0.13%). The relief varies from flat to mountainous, with composition of flat to nearly flat (15.85%), undulating (4.86%), rolling (6.50%), hillocks (11.96%), hilly (19.30%), and mountainous (39.85%). The soil parent materials are vary, which composed of organic and alluvium deposits, acid to basic sedimentary rocks, young and old volcanic rocks, acid to basic intrusive rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Nine soil orders were formed from these parent materials, namely from the most extensive respectively Inceptisols (58.15%), Alfisols (10.44%), Ultisols (10.25%), Mollisols (6.21%), Entisols (5.54%), Oxisols (4.87%), Andisols (2.18%), Histosols (0.41%) and Vertisols (0.28%). Based on the biophysical data, there are large potential lands in Sulawesi, consisting of wetland soils with slope of <3% covers about 2.30 million ha for ricefield (sawah), and dryland soils with slopes of 3-15% covers about 1.98 million ha for maize and soybean development. Actually, the most of land potential have been cultivated for various agricultural crops. Therefore, the increasing production of paddy rice, maize and soybean have more opportunity to optimalize or intensify the use of existing agricultural land rather than to land extensification. By assumption, if 50% of the potential wetland is cultivated with paddy twice a year with mean productivity of 4,71 t ha-1, then it would get about 10.82 Mt GKG (dry unhulled rice). And also, if 50% of the potential dryland soils is cultivated with maize and soybean at least one time a year with mean productivity of 4,05 t ha-1 and 1,34 t ha-1 respectively, then it would get about 4.02 Mt dry grain corn, and 1.33 Mt dry grain soybean. Compared to the existing production of the three food crops according to BPS in 2012 (paddy 7.82, maize 2.94, and soybean 0.05 Mt), there are very significant increasing production for paddy, maize and soybean as much as 38.4%, 36.7%, and 2461.5% respectively
Opportunity for the Implementation of Conservation Farming for Cropping Gambier in West Sumatra
Get PDFGambier is one of the leading commodity from West Sumatra of plantation subsector. Total area gambier cultivation in West Sumatra, currently covers 18,204 ha with a production of 10,114 tons/year. Gambier planting areas are concentrated in two regions, namely District of Limapuluh Kota and District of Pesisir Selatan. Gambier is generally cultivated by traditional farmers in the forest, both protected forest and community forest. Areas with steep slopes are usually not intended as an area of cultivation. Classes of land capability in this area range from Class V to Class VIII. The low ability of farmers, whether in farming or the economic causing of gambier cultivation technology will be potluck. Such circumstances likely causing land degradation on gambier plantation. Conservation farming with agroforestry practices have an opportunity to be developped because of low cost potentially increase income and welfare. The conservation farming has been practiced by some gambier farme
Sistem Peringatan Dini Menghadapi Iklim Ekstrem
Get PDFAbstrak. Dengan letaknya diantara dua benua dan dua samudera serta berada di garis khatulistiwa, maka benua maritim Indonesia merupakan salah satu pusat konveksi utama dunia. Dengan kenyataan demikian maka Indonesia menghadapi risiko yang besar dari tingginya variabilitas iklim dan ekstremitas iklim. Guna menghadapi dampak dari iklim ekstrem maka diperlukan strategi yang mumpuni untuk membuat suatu peringatan dini secara nasional. Dengan desakan jumlah populasi dan kecanggihan teknologi informasi maka kedepan diperlukan sistem peringatan dini yang dapat menjangkau secara luas dan cepat menghadapi perubahan yang terjadi. Sebuah sistem peringatan dini yang juga harus dapat mengantisipasi dampak dan risiko. Sistem peringatan dini yang dibangun merupakan mata rantai dari pengamatan di lapangan, pengolahan data dan analisa serta sistem diseminasi yang memadai. Tulisan ini mengulas sistem peringatan dini iklim untuk sektor pertanian dengan evolusi sistem berbagi data, informasi, sistem informasi dan sistem informasi terkostumisasi. Tujuan akhir yang diupayakan adalah sebuah sistem online yang tanggap terhadap perubahan yang terjadi guna pemanfaatan yang maksimal di sektor pertanian.Abstract. Located between two continents, two oceans, and on the equator, the Indonesian maritime continent is one of the world's major deep convection. With such a reality, Indonesia experiences a substantial risk of high climate variability and climate extremes. In order to deal with the impact of extreme climate, there is a need for a strategy to establish a nationwide early warning. With stressors of demographic tension and technology sophistication, the future early warning system should be broad reaching as well as quickly responsive to face dynamical changes. That early warning system should also be able to anticipate probable impacts and risks. The established system is a chain of observations in the field, data processing and analysis as well as adequate dissemination system. This paper reviews the early warning system that can be done by observation agencies with the user agencies in the agricultural sector through sharing of data, information, information system and customized information system. The ultimate goal being pursued is an online system that is responsive to changes that occur to maximum utilization in the agricultural sector
