International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology
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2006 research outputs found
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Rapid Detection of Escherchia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium Using Lab-Made Electronic Nose Coupled with Chemometric Tools
Get PDFThis study aims to investigate the performance of a lab-made electronic nose coupled with chemometric tools for detecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) inoculated in media. The pathogenic E. coli and S. Typhimurium play a significant role as the agent causing food-borne diseases, posing a threat to human health worldwide. Some advanced analytical instruments like RT-PCR and GC-MS are often used for detecting such pathogenic bacteria. Unfortunately, they are not suitable for rapid and routine measurements because of time-consuming, require experts, and complicated sample preparation. Otherwise, electronic nose (e-nose) has been reported to be successful for profiling volatile compounds released by various biological materials. The e-nose comprised eight types of metal oxide gas sensors connected with a data acquisition system and chemometric tools. For this purpose, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied for signal pre-processing and feature extraction to all datasets collected by the sensor array in the e-nose. Furthermore, chemometric tools are used for classification models of all extracted features, including linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (LDA and QDA) and support vector machine (SVM). As a result, SVM showed the highest performance, enabling identifying E. coli and S. Typhimurium inoculated TSB with an accuracy of 99% and 98%, respectively. Among the chemometric tools, the e-nose-SVM also resulted in the highest accuracy in differentiating E. coli from S. Typhimurium of 84%. These results motivated e-nose to have a high prospect to rapidly detect such bacteria for food safety and quality control inspection, particularly potential quarantine products
Different Drying Duration of Corncobs Powders and Its Effects on Physical, Nutritional and Phytochemical
Get PDFCorncobs are one of the agricultural wastes that have nutritional and functional content. The advantages of processing corn cobs into powder include durability, a smaller volume, and lighter weight, making it easier to pack and transport. One of the important steps in making corn cobs powder is drying to determine the durability and quality of the corn cobs powder. This study aimed to determine different drying durations of corncobs powders and their effect on physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties as an alternative to functional food and foodstuffs. The experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of one factor with four treatments: 4;5;6;7; and 8 hours and four replications. The results showed that different drying times had significant (p<0.05) physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. Corncobs powder with a drying duration of 7 hours has the best physical properties (water absorption at 1.34 ml/g, solubility at 26.76%, whiteness at 66.62%, and bulk density at 0.64 g/cm3), nutritional contents (water content at 10.26%, ash content at 3.73%, protein content at 2.20%, fat content at 0.77%, carbohydrate content at 83.04%, and crude fiber at 35.77%), and phytochemical content (total phenol at 113.30 mg/100 mg, antioxidant activity at 21.28%, and tannins at 1.46 mg/L).The implication of this result can be developed as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds to convert corncobs waste into value-added corn products
Development Area for Floating Solar Panel and Dam in The Former Mine Hole (Void) Samarinda City, East Kalimantan Province
Get PDFThis study discusses using a multi-criteria decision model (MCDM) to determine a suitable area for floating solar panels and dams in former mine holes (voids) in Samarinda City. The existence of open coal mining activities causes damage to the surrounding environment. One of the damages is the formation of former mine holes (voids). The voids can be detected by satellite imagery. Samarinda City has hundreds of voids and has the potential to increase. Therefore, this study aims to describe areas that can become areas for developing floating solar panels and dams. In this study, MCDM was implemented using Fuzzy GIS (a technique that integrates Fuzzy Logic and GIS) concepts. Fuzzy GIS is used to determine the suitability area of several predetermined criteria. The land suitability criteria are classified using the Fuzzy Membership and the Fuzzy Overlay process. The results showed that there were 442 voids with a total area of 7,901 km2. The suitability of floating solar panels and dams is divided into four classes, namely S1, S2, S3, and N. The number of voids in the suitability class of floating solar panels is 17, 26, 40, and 359 respectively. The number of voids in the suitability of the dams are 45, 133, 210, and 54, respectively. The majority of voids are spread in areas with low accessibility with more distances from 1 km, are in an area with high enough solar radiation with 1800-1900 kWh/m2/year, and are in an area with a slope of more than 10%
Evaluation on the Soil Flexibility of the Largest HEP Dam Area in East Malaysia using 1-D Equivalent Linear Analysis
Get PDFThis paper presents the evaluation of soil flexibility at the vicinity of the Bakun HEP Dam, the largest in East Malaysia. The dam is located in the Belaga District of Sarawak, approximately 50 km from the active Tubau and Bukit Mersing fault lines. This area experienced earthquakes of magnitudes ranging between 3.5 and 5.4 during the period from 1994 and 2010. This study used global and local earthquake records to evaluate the site specific seismic hazard using a 1-D equivalent linear analysis. SPT data from 15 boreholes are utilized. Soil flexibility, factor of safety, liquefaction probability and potential index are evaluated to ascertain the ground settlement and soil liquefaction effects. The results show that the ground amplification of Belaga District is between 2.445 and 5.146, while the peak ground accelerations (PGA) at ground surface are at a maximum average of 0.25g PGA. The soil factors for Bakun District range from 2.6 - 3.0, for 2% POE in 50 years. This corresponds to a 2475 year return period. The response spectra are found matching with the target design response spectra for Sarawak as reported in the Malaysia National Annex (MS EN 1998-1:2015). The effects of soil liquefaction are found to be insignificant, as a result the nearby Bakun HEP dam is considered safe from any ground settlement. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the ability of new or existing structures in Belaga District to withstand up to 0.25g PGA in case any seismic event should occur in the future.Â
Using K-Means Algorithm to Investigate Community Behavior in Treating Waste toward Smart City
Get PDFUrban communities' behavior in disposing and managing waste around the house is still very concerning. This study aims to analyze and classify community behavior patterns related to waste disposal to help the Makassar City Government overcome waste problems. The methods and techniques applied are using the Waterfall model and the K-Means Algorithm. The stages of analysis and classification of behavior patterns can assist city governments in making strategic decisions. The variables determined include education, age, occupation, free time, smoking status, and questionnaire (outreach, law, knowledge, and facilities). The K-Means algorithm calculation results are 39 people in cluster 1 and 10 people in cluster 2. In cluster 1, it is known that the community tends to take care of the environment in the sub-district where the community lives. Cluster 2 has a low average yield, such as people who do not know the impact laws, inadequate sanitation facilities, and lack of proper waste management towards smart city governance. Based on testing for each method, the Cyclomatic Complexity value generated is four. Therefore, it can be concluded that the white box testing on the K-Means algorithm runs well because each test produces the same value. The government and the community have a responsibility to carry out waste management properly, make use of goods and refill facilities, know the legal impact of littering and follow the socialization held by the Makassar City Government
Pixel Purity Index Applied to the Mapping of Degraded Soils by the Presence of Cangahuas in the Ilaló Volcano, Ecuador
Get PDFSoil degradation is a severe problem in the northern region of Ecuador. Due to deforestation, expansion of the agricultural frontier, and poor tillage practices, the outcrop of cangahuas further aggravates. Remote Sensing allows mapping this type of subsoil, which is often related to eroded areas; the spatial resolution of free multispectral images contains more than one coverage. This means that techniques to discern the pure spectral signature of the object of interest are required. Pixel Purity Index (PPI) is an endmember extraction algorithm capable of selecting the pure pixel and classifying it better than object-oriented techniques. The study's objective was to map soils with outcrops of cangahua, by PPI applied to Landsat 8 images in Ilaló volcano and later performed a physicochemical characterization to know the magnitude of the soil degradation in the mapped areas. We used two models with PPI: SAM and LSU; both were compared with classifications based on three vegetation indexes. LSU obtained the best result (91.2% accuracy and 0.81 Kappa coefficient). The mapped cangahua was approximately 806.85 ha. The soil had an average porosity of 45%, a relative density of 2.271 g/cm3, low concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates, electrical conductivity <500 µS/cm, and alkaline pH, this means there is soil degradation. The PPI method had good accuracy and was achieved in identifying cangahua outcrops, which demonstrated its potentiality in mapping land cover
Prioritized Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks
Get PDFIn this paper, we propose a MAC protocol that provides energy efficiency and QoS for wireless sensor networks. Because it does not classify the data according to the characteristics, traditional MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks cannot provide service differentiations for different traffic classes. For the purpose of QoS support, the input data to the node is divided into priority classes according to the transmission emergency. Depending on the urgency of the data, the protocol can provide time slots for nodes and take different contention window sizes for different traffic classes. Nodes use the reinforcement learning-based control mechanism to actively infer the status of other nodes to classify effectively under various kinds of traffic conditions. The proposed protocol can meet the QoS requirements of delay-sensitive applications and can effectively deal with the problem of a multi-channel hidden terminal with the use of multi-queue. For the next purpose, the proposed protocol is energy efficient because it is based on sleep mode. To improve the energy efficiency, each node has a short non-overlapping listening interval, saving energy in idle listening intervals. This is one of the ways to efficiently use the energy of a node to extend the life of the entire network. This achieves low power consumption by increasing the throughput of data processed across the network and enabling efficient transmission. The classified data can be further improved by rearranging the data according to the nature of the transmitted data in the queue
An Application on Visual Cognitive Assistance system for Braille Block Recognition Based on Raspberry Pi System
Get PDFThere are many visually impaired people living their lives throughout the world. As of now, the only realistic tools available for these people are white sticks and guide dogs. However, these visual aids are insufficient for handling unexpected obstacles in various environments. Accidents tend to occur frequently, and these aids are very costly, thus limiting their usefulness for the visually impaired. This paper aims to develop a visual aid cognitive system and explores the possibility of practical performance. The overall system configuration uses the Raspberry Pi and OpenCV in real-time to capture braille block images and recognize the braille blocks' pattern. It also gathers information about the surrounding environment before conveying the information to the user. In the first phase, the Go/Stop signal is determined by the linear or circular braille block according to the type of braille block. In the second phase, the visual aid system equipped with an ultrasonic sensor warns the user when encountering an obstacle so that the user can walk safely. We implemented a text recognition system based on a Text-to-Speech converter that transmits the text recognition information to the visually impaired and tested TTS function to read various street signs with various fonts. We lastly discuss the future possibility for our auxiliary system in various road environments and how it can be improved to help visually impaired people
The Peluit Heat Utilization for Low-Rank Coal Upgrading
Get PDFBATAN is developing a power reactor called the Peluit. In addition to electrical generation, the reactor's heat is used for cogeneration. A possible cogeneration process is coal upgrading. Indonesia holds 161,0 billion tons of coal reserves, 60% of which is low-rank coal with a moisture content of over 25%. During combustion, the low-rank coal produces extremely low heat and high CO2 emissions. To increase the coal quality, a drying process is needed. Peluit is designed to generate superheated steam on the secondary side with temperatures above 500°C. It can be used for coal upgrading. Peluit can be built side by side with a coal-fired plant and provide it with good quality coal. Various studies on coal drying using conventional heat have been done and found it ineffective and inefficient. This research aims to determine the total amount of dried coal producible by utilizing Peluit superheated steam. The ChemCAD software package is used for modeling and simulation. Superheated steam is assumed at 500°C, 15 kg/s, and 5 bars. The dry coal combustion heat value is assumed to increase from 4840 kcal/kg to around 6170 kcal/kg. The temperature of the rotary drum is maintained at 150°C to prevent spontaneous dried coal combustion, and the moisture content is set at 10%. Approximately 600 tons/day of low-rank coal can be dried with this method, and its moisture content is reduced from 40% to 10%
What are the Essentials for Community Resilience against Recurring Floods?
Get PDFFlood has become the recurring and prominent disaster risk in Indonesia's Capital Region, Jakarta. Heavy rain intensity merged with urban development issues, including urbanization, land subsidence, and water recharge land conversion causes the widening of flooded areas across Jakarta, Bekasi, Tangerang, and Depok. This causes the need for communities at risk to catch up in their institutional and non-institutional capacity to cope with the flood impacts during the rainy season each year. Thus, communities have learned to depend less on institutional capacities and invest in community resilience instead. This study assesses the community flood resilience factors found in current literature and compares them with the findings from community cases Kampung Melayu and Kebon Baru Urban Communities (Kelurahan) in Jakarta. This paper aims to validate and contrasts the key contributing factors to community resilience based on the literature and findings from flood-prone communities in two urban communities in Jakarta. Community resilience data were collected through town watching, interviews, and community engagement observation in two months. The study found that prominent factors for resilience within the community in these case study locations are leadership, activism, and volunteerism through periodic capacity building and community engagement activities across all sectors. Moreover, there is a need for mutual acknowledgment between community grassroots organizations and government authorities to enhance and accelerate resilience building