International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology
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Extraction of Cellulose Nanoparticles via Modified Thermochemical Processes from Agricultural Wastes
Get PDFAgricultural waste is a critical environmental problem and a major challenge facing environmental pollution. Cellulose extraction from agricultural (wheat straw) wastes is a motivating, sustainable source, and environmentally friendly alternative. In the present investigation, the bleaching process, a thermochemical treatment, was used to treat the agricultural wastes to produce nano-cellulose to reduce its negative environmental effects. The first step of the extraction process begins with removing contaminants, waxes, and other extracts from wheat straw with an alkaline treatment. The second step is the bleaching process with NaClO, followed by treatment with different concentrations of H2SO4 and NaOH. All the products were characterized using Scanning X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The results showed that cellulose production had an average diameter of 45.06, 56.75, and 30.66 nm when extracted with 40, 50, and 60% H2SO4 concentrations. Also, the XRD and FT-IR results confirm the high purity of the produced cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs)
Dynamic Model for Drinking Water Consumption in Times of SARS-CoV-2 in Corazón City, Pangua, Cotopaxi, Ecuador, South America
Get PDFThe urban parish, Corazón city, is located in the Pangua canton, Cotopaxi province, located in the foothills of the Andes Mountain range, where the water supply of drinking water is currently carried out by gravity with a storage tank to the population. This research analyzed the water supply during the period of confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This was based on the change in use, behavior, and losses to the system. In order to population conditions, data from registered volumes were employed, distributed and consumed volumes registers were the variables used to develop the dynamic model, which has helped to estimate the charge in drinking water consumption due to the pandemic lockdown. Hence, the current consumption during the confinement period was determined, and the forecast considering the actual conditions. Finally, the dynamic model of water consumption was proposed; the results obtained showed that water consumption had not experienced any significant change during the social distancing period, and the maximum growth rate of 0.2755 will be reached in December 2020. A sharp change in water consumption tendency was probably not observed because the majority of Corazón city population have been working from home before and after the pandemic. To conclude, it is necessary to remark that thanks to the data provided, it was possible to model this behavior within mathematical formulas and the Vensim Software, having results close to reality; Indeed, two critical scenarios have been considered on the supply system under analysis
Removal of COD, TDS and Ammonia (NH3-N) in Produced Water with Electrochemical Using Aluminum (Al) and Iron (Fe) Electrode
Get PDFThe activities of the oil and gas industry have the potential to cause pollution for the environment. This pollution can arise due to the production of petroleum processing, storage, and industries that use petroleum. Produced water is the largest liquid waste generated by these activities. The number will increase as long as a field where exploration continues to produce. In this study, an electrochemical method using Al-Fe electrodes with the addition of 1 g/L NaCl as an agent to provide chlorine as an oxidation mediator to accelerate NH3-N removal in produced water. Chemical reactions that occur during the electrochemical process as driving force, the reduction process is specific with conductive and active electrochemical substances then can manipulated with potential (voltage) and current time. A combination of an electrode is using aluminum and iron electrode plates with each thickness 0.1mm. The voltage variations during the process were 3, 6, 9, and 12V. This process is continuous, and samples are taken every 45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 minutes. The results showed percentage of COD removal is 53.14% from 430.25 mg/L to 201.6 mg/L, ammonia (NH3-N) removal is 91.64% from 17.71 mg/ L to 1,48 mg/L and TDS removal is 78.14% from 12670 mg/L to 2769 mg/L. 9V for 225 minutes during the electrochemical process is an optimum condition that can reduce contaminants in produced water, so the quality standards of Minister of Environment Regulation No.19 2010 are fulfilled. The electrochemical method was chosen to produce water treatment because the equipment required is simple and easy to operate and does not cause new waste
Correlation of Environmental Factors With Population of Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) in Sedati Waters, Sidoarjo District
Get PDFHorseshoe crabs (Tachypleus gigas) in local called Mimi are coastal animals belonging to the Limulidae family. The horseshoe crabs live at the bottom of calm coastal waters and river estuaries with sandy and muddy bottoms. The decrease in the population number of horseshoe crabs in nature could be caused by habitat degradation, including coastal abrasion, ecosystem damage, and the death of natural resources in the waters. This study aims to determine the correlation of environmental factors with the population of Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) in Sedati waters, Sidoarjo District. This type of research was exploratory with data analysis using linear regression and simple correlation. Moreover, the sampling was carried out by purposive random sampling at predetermined points of the station in Sedati Waters, Sidoarjo District. The results show that the average density in October was 0.08 ind/m2, in November was 0.05 ind/m2, and in December was 0.05 ind/m2. Moreover, the correlation between the horseshoe crabs and water quality is noted in the current of 58%, transparency of 37%, and DO of 33%. Based on the results of this study, the environmental factors including transparency, currents, and DO have a strong correlation on the horseshoe crab population in Sedati waters, while pH, ammonia, carbon, and microfauna parameters have a quite influential effect on the population of horseshoe crabs
The Effect of Different Specifications of Passive Spaces on Residents’ Satisfaction in Adjoining Spaces ‎within a ‎Hot Dry ‎Climate
No full textPassive spaces are a passive design strategy that aims to reduce energy ‎consumption ‎and increase ‎user ‎satisfaction ‎in buildings. One ‎example of passive space is ‎the air shaft. The air ‎shaft ‎is a ‎vertical void within the building from the ground level to the roof level, and it ‎provides the ‎building with ‎natural ‎ventilation ‎and ‎daylight, ‎especially in deep-plan ‎buildings. However, ‎the ‎function of the ‎air ‎shaft ‎is ‎questioned ‎due to its impacts on residents’ needs. ‎This ‎study assesses the effects of air ‎shaft ‎specifications on ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction with the indoor ‎environment ‎quality of ‎air shafts and ‎adjoining ‎spaces. Survey ‎questionnaires were ‎distributed ‎to ‎residents of ‎apartment ‎buildings. The results ‎proved that air shafts ‎have a ‎significant ‎negative ‎impact on ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction. The ‎findings of cross-tabulation ‎analysis illustrate a significant ‎relationship ‎between ‎the air ‎shafts’ specifications and ‎the ‎residents’ answers.‎ The ‎analysis also showed that the air ‎shafts ‎that are ‎closed from the ‎bottom and include A\C outdoor units ‎have a more negative ‎impact on ‎the thermal ‎environment and ‎air quality. Regarding ‎the air shaft areas, the small areas have ‎a ‎high ‎negative ‎response regarding bad smell, the view, visual ‎and ‎acoustic privacy, and thermal ‎environment. ‎From ‎the ‎indoor ‎environment quality perspective, this ‎study ‎emphasizes ‎the need ‎to consider the ‎impact of ‎air ‎shaft design on a ‎building’s ‎performance ‎and ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of future passive spaces design
The Role and Function of Family in Improving the Quality of Patients’ Life: Managing Nutrition During Hemodialysis in Medan, Indonesia
Get PDFHemodialysis patients experience physiological and psychological deterioration in bodily functions due to their chronic disease. Therefore, the family has a key role in overcoming this to improve the patient's quality of life. The design used in this study is qualitative and quantitative, which aims to decide the quality of life of hemodialysis patients and determine the family's role and function in nutritional monitoring in the city of Medan. Respondents in this study were hemodialysis patients whom their families accompanied. The number of respondents was eleven patients and forty-four patient families using the purposive sampling technique. Inclusion criteria for patients undergoing routine hemodialysis, undergoing hemodialysis for more than 6 months, while undergoing hemodialysis accompanied by their nuclear family, the nuclear family directly treats the patient. The results showed that forty-four people or 68.20% of respondents had an excellent quality of life, 81.80% of the patient's family had a good role and function. Two themes were found in the role and function of the family in monitoring the patient's nutrition, namely: (1) meeting the patient's needs so that the patient's condition was stable and (2) being support for patients undergoing hemodialysis. The family is the closest person who is the companion, caring for and providing support to patients to improve the welfare of life
Floating Rice Cultivation: a Solution to Reduce Crop Failure in Flood-Prone Areas
Get PDFBojonegoro is a regency in Indonesia located downstream of the Bengawan Solo River, a flood-prone area that caused crop damage and failure. The farmers need appropriate technology as an adaptation to reduce the loss of crop failure. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of floating rice cultivation as a solution for reducing crop failure. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors, namely planting media (soil:organic fertilizer (1:1) (M1); soil:rice husk (1:1) (M2); soil:organic fertilizer:rice husk (1:1:1) (M3)), and plant spacing (15 cm x 15 cm (J1); 20 cm x 20 cm (J2); 25 cm x 25 cm (J3)). Each unit treatment was replicated 3 times. The results showed M2J3 gave the best outcome on plant height of 94.3 cm, the tillers number of 21.7, and produced the highest rice yield of 14.16 tons ha-1. This treatment provides optimal soil conditions, high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 26.6 cmol (+) kg-1, phosphorus availability (Av-P) 48.5 ppm, and potassium availability 0.9 ppm. The planting media compositions significantly affected soil cation exchange capacity, soil phosphorus availability, plant height, tillers number, and rice yield. The yield on floating rice cultivation was approximately similar when compared to the local farmer's fields. Floating rice cultivation can be used as a solution to reduce crop failure in flood-prone areas in Bojonegoro
Implementation of Gabor Wavelet and Support Vector Machine for Braille Recognition
Get PDFVisually impaired people use braille letters to write and read, which not all people with normal vision can read. It causes parents of children with impaired vision to have difficulties in assisting them in learning at home. At the same time, the involvement of parents in children's learning assistance is needed to monitor their learning progress. In this research, braille letters are identified through images taken using a scanner as a tool to input the images. Then, the Canny edge detection method is used obtain all the edges of each braille dot. Feature extraction is applied to obtain all characteristics of each letter, and the method used is the Gabor Wavelet. The features which are utilized include standard deviation, mean, variance, and median with a theta angle of 00, 300, 450, 600, 1200, 1350, 1800 and wavelengths of 3, 6, 13, 28, and 58. These features are combined and used as test data and training data for the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification stage and produce letters and words in alphabetic letter forms. Braille letters that can be identified in this research are small letters, capital letters, punctuation marks, and numbers. Tests are carried out using a multi-class confusion matrix scenario to determine the level of accuracy, precision, and recall. Based on the results of the tests conducted using 758 braille letters, the accuracy value is 98.15%; the precision value is 97.66%; and the recall value is 98.28%
Stratified Two-Phase Turbulent Pipe Flow Simulations
Get PDFGas-liquid two-phase flows in pipes are common in various industrial processes requiring fluid transport through pipes and ducts under varying operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of various conditions of gas-liquid turbulent flow in a horizontal circular pipe are presented in the current paper. The simulations utilize the Level-set Method coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to calculate the normal interface for the VOF re-construction step. In the present approach, the flow governing equations are solved numerically first for the mixture, followed by an additional equation for the second phase. A geometric re-construction technique is then used to reconstruct the interface between the two phases. This geometric re-construction technique is based on a piece-wise-linear interface construction approach. For the simulations, a number of eddy viscosity models (EVM) were tested, namely, k-ε, k-ω, and the Re-Normalisation Group (RNG) k-ε in both standard and differential form of turbulence viscosity. Numerical results were validated against detailed measurements and mechanistic models and were found to be in complete agreement. The results were analyzed for the flow physics of the transfer of momentum across the stratified two-phase using the velocity profiles of the gas and liquid phases, liquid hold-up, and different hydrodynamic forces. The paper also highlights the suitability of such a coupled VOF approach for stratified flows via comparisons against measurements and common industrial mechanistic models
Using Failure and Repair Data for System Improvement in Plant Facilities
Get PDFPrevious research has emphasized the need to identify the cooling tower's critical components and parts in order to evaluate the system's performance. From a reliability point of view, a cooling tower is considered a series system. There is a redundant unit for some equipment to maintain availability and ensure the equipment carries out its intended function. The main objective of this study is to identify the critical component or parts of the cooling tower and evaluate system performance. Based on a scientific way: reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) analysis, the critical component of a cooling tower is investigated using RAM prediction indices. This paper deals with a case study conducted in a cooling tower plant. Both ERP extracted files, and maintenance log-book have been confirmed to maintenance personnel and maintenance monthly report to verify failure event and repair time. According to the results, the system performance (cooling tower) of the system availability is 93.91 percent. There is still an opportunity for a 6.09 percent system performance increase to be implemented on critical subsystems. The emphasis of crucial subsystem maintenance will be solely on the weakest components. Pareto charts and RAM analysis show that pump performance should be prioritized on essential components, such as packing seals or grand packing. The performance results obtained by upgrading are predicted to be 95.6725 percent. This paper proposes a method for identifying the weakest component or part based on failure and repair data. The weakest component will be the focus of future system performance improvements