TAMADDUN: Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Sastra Islam
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Cultural Teachings of Acehnese Society and Their Implications for Interfaith Harmony in Peunayong
No full textAceh sering kali dianggap sebagai salah satu daerah intoleran di Indonesia, namun keberadaan Peunayong sebagai Kawasan Pecinan di Kota Banda Aceh menunjukkan hal yang berbeda. Meskipun Aceh menerapkan Syari’at Islam, provinsi ini tidak membatasi atau menghalangi umat beragama lain untuk beribadah, mengekspresikan, dan melestarikan budaya mereka. Keberadaan masyarakat Tionghoa di Aceh serta kebebasan dan kenyamanan mereka dalam beribadah dan beraktivitas menjadi bukti adanya toleransi di daerah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menelusuri hubungan harmonis yang saling mendukung di daerah tersebut serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mendukung keberlanjutannya hingga saat ini. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitis dengan berfokus kepada kajian kepustakaan (library research) untuk menemukan data-data penelitian. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ajaran budaya merupakan salah satu alasan utama kerukunan di Peunayong. Oleh karena itu, hasil temuan ini perlu dijadikan dasar untuk penelitian lanjutan dalam upaya menjaga dan meningkatkan kerukunan antarumat beragama di Peunayong.Aceh is often considered one of the most intolerant regions in Indonesia, but the existence of Peunayong as a Chinatown in Banda Aceh City shows otherwise. Although Aceh implements Islamic Shari\u27a, the province does not limit or prevent people of other religions from worshiping, expressing, and preserving their culture. The existence of the Chinese community in Aceh and their freedom and comfort in worship and activities are proof of tolerance in this area. This research aims to analyze and explore the harmonious and mutually supportive relationship in the area and identify the factors that support its sustainability until today. To answer this question, the researcher used a descriptive-analytical method by focusing on library research to find research data. The findings of this study show that cultural teachings are one of the main reasons for the harmony in Peunayong. Therefore, these findings need to be used as a basis for further research in an effort to maintain and improve interfaith harmony in Peunayong
Dynamics of Malay Intellectual Tradition
Full text linkThis article aims to determine the dynamics of the intellectual revival of the Malay world which includes the supporting factors for the intellectual revival of the Malay world, Malay intellectual figures and their works. This article is presented descriptively qualitatively using literature review techniques. The research results show that the formation of intellectual traditions in the Malay world is closely related to the process of Islamization of the archipelago. It is strongly suspected that the intellectual tradition was only formed during the sultanate, in the early days of the arrival and spread of Islam through trade activities and Islamic preaching. Furthermore, there was an increase in the intensity of relations between the Malay (Nusantara) community and Arab countries, especially Haromain. This happens with many people from the archipelago who perform the Hajj and who deliberately settle in Mecca or Medina to study there. These are the people who, after returning to the archipelago, became actors in the process of transmitting religious thought to the Muslim community of the archipelago.This article aims to determine the dynamics of the intellectual revival of the Malay world which includes the supporting factors for the intellectual revival of the Malay world, Malay intellectual figures and their works. This article is presented descriptively qualitatively using literature review techniques. The research results show that the formation of intellectual traditions in the Malay world is closely related to the process of Islamization of the archipelago. It is strongly suspected that the intellectual tradition was only formed during the sultanate, in the early days of the arrival and spread of Islam through trade activities and Islamic preaching. Furthermore, there was an increase in the intensity of relations between the Malay (Nusantara) community and Arab countries, especially Haromain. This happens with many people from the archipelago who perform the Hajj and who deliberately settle in Mecca or Medina to study there. These are the people who, after returning to the archipelago, became actors in the process of transmitting religious thought to the Muslim community of the archipelago
Transformation of the Ki Pahare Museum: Role in Cultural Preservation and Historical Learning in Sukabumi (2016 – 2024)
No full textABSTRAK
Museum Ki Pahare Sukabumi, sebagai salah satu institusi budaya yang fokus pada pelestarian tradisi lokal dan pendidikan sejarah, telah mengalami transformasi signifikan antara tahun 2016 hingga tahun 2024. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji perubahan yang terjadi pada Museum Ki Pahare mulai dari perubahan fisik hingga inovasi manajerial Museum, serta dampaknya terhadap pelestarian budaya dan pembelajaran sejarah di Sukabumi. Museum ini lahir dari inisiatif komunitas lokal yang memiliki dedikasi kuat terhadap pelestarian sejarah dan budaya Sunda, dengan koleksi yang mencakup artefak sejarah, alat tradisional, hingga dokumentasi foto masa kolonial. Dalam perkembangannya, museum ini menghadapi tantangan, termasuk perubahan lokasi akibat kebijakan pemerintah, tetapi berhasil beradaptasi dan tetap relevan di tengah perubahan sosial dan budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Museum Ki Pahare tidak hanya menjadi pusat penyimpanan artefak sejarah, tetapi juga menjadi simbol pelestarian budaya yang adaptif di tengah modernisasi. Museum ini berkomitmen untuk memperkuat identitas lokal, menjalin kemitraan dengan lembaga pendidikan, dan terus berkembang sebagai institusi yang relevan dalam pelestarian budaya dan pendidikan sejarah.
ABSTRACT
Ki Pahare Museum Sukabumi, as a cultural institution that focuses on preserving local traditions and history education, has undergone significant transformation between 2016 and 2024. This study aims to examine the changes that have occurred at Ki Pahare Museum, from physical changes to managerial innovations, and their impact on cultural preservation and history learning in Sukabumi. The museum was born from the initiative of a local community with a strong dedication to the preservation of Sundanese history and culture, with a collection that includes historical artifacts, traditional tools, and colonial photo documentation. During its development, the museum faced challenges, including a change in location due to government policy, but managed to adapt and remain relevant amidst social and cultural changes. The results show that Ki Pahare Museum is not only a storage center for historical artifacts, but also a symbol of adaptive cultural preservation in the midst of modernization. The museum is committed to strengthening local identity, establishing partnerships with educational institutions, and continuing to develop as a relevant institution in cultural preservation and historical education
Front Anti Komunis dan Front Pembela Islam: Studi Komparatif dalam Perspektif Sejarah
Full text linkThis article aims to compare the Anti-Communist Front (FAK) and the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) in a historical perspective. This research uses a historical method through four stages, namely collecting data or sources (heuristics), source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. In its analysis, this research uses a socio-political approach, so that this research is not only narrative-descriptive, but more analytical-descriptive. The results of this research show that FAK and FPI are two movements that use Islamic ideology as the basic guideline for their movement. FAK and FPI used Islamic ideology as the basis for their struggle due to the influence of Isa Anshary and Rizieq Shihab who belonged to Islamic fundamentalism and made da\u27wah the key to the start of their movement. Furthermore, FAK and FPI also aim to provide resistance to the PKI and the ideology of communism, and thoughts of liberalism, secularism, and actions that are far from Islamic religious judgments. The conclusion in the article is that the implementation of the FAK and FPI movements can influence socio-political aspects in Indonesia due to the stimulus of Islamic preaching that has been instilled in all FAK and FPI cadres.Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan Front Anti Komunis (FAK) dan Front Pembela Islam (FPI) dalam perspektif sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode historis dengan melalui empat tahap, yakni pengumpulan data atau sumber-sumber (heuristik), kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Dalam analisisnya, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi-politik, sehingga penelitian ini tidak hanya bersifat naratif-deskriptif, melainkan lebih kepada analitis-deskriptif. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa FAK dan FPI merupakan dua gerakan yang menggunakan ideologi Islam sebagai sebagai pedoman dasar pergerakannya. FAK dan FPI menggunakan ideologi Islam sebagai dasar perjuangan disebabkan oleh pengaruh Isa Anshary dan Rizieq Shihab yang merupakan termasuk dalam fundamentalisme Islam dan menjadikan dakwah sebagai kunci awal pergerakannya. Lebih jauh, FAK dan FPI juga bertujuan untuk memberikan perlawanan terhadap PKI dan ideologi komunisme, dan pemikiran liberalisme, sekulerisme, serta perbuatan yang jauh dari penilaian agama Islam. Kesimpulan dalam artikel yaitu implementasi gerakan FAK dan FPI dapat mempengaruhi aspek sosial-politik di Indonesia akibat stimulus dakwah Islam yang telah ditanamkan kepada seluruh kader FAK dan FPI
Tradisi Tepung Tawar: Akulturasi Islam Dan Budaya Melayu Dalam Prosesi Pernikahan Masyarakat Melayu Di Kota Tanjung Balai
Full text linkThe Tepung Tawar tradition is a tradition found in the series of wedding processions of the Malay community in Tanjung Balai City. This tradition is classified as a sacred tradition by the local community so it is still practiced today. This article aims to examine the process of implementing the Tepung Tawar tradition and analyze the forms of religious and cultural acculturation that exist in this tradition. This research is descriptive qualitative research and the data collection process was carried out by the author by means of observation, interviews and documentation as well as literature review. The results of this research show that initially this tradition was a ritual originating from Hindu beliefs which then experienced acculturation with Malay culture. This statement is strengthened by the similarities between the Tepung Tawar tradition and traditional Indian (Hindu) wedding rituals. Apart from that, historical facts reveal that the arrival of foreign nations, one of which was Indians (Hindus) to Malay land in the 7th or 8th century AD was the forerunner to the development of Hindu culture in Malay land, especially Tanjung Balai City, so that it was very dominant for affect the welfare of local communities. However, after Islam was introduced, Tepung Tawar became a tradition of the Malay community in which Islamic religious teachings were inserted. So this research can be concluded that Tepung Tawar is a form of religious and cultural acculturation that occurs in the Malay community in Tanjung Balai City, as well as a means of requesting blessings and peace to Allah SWT for people in Tepung Tawari.Tradisi Tepung Tawar merupakan tradisi yang terdapat dalam rangkaian prosesi pernikahan masyarakat Melayu Kota Tanjung Balai. Tradisi ini tergolong sebagai tradisi yang sakral oleh masyarakat setempat sehingga masih dipraktikkan sampai sekarang. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji tentang proses pelaksanaan tradisi Tepung Tawar serta menganalisis bentuk akulturasi agama dan budaya yang ada pada tradisi tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dan proses pengumpulan data dilakukan penulis dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi serta kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada awalnya tradisi ini merupakan ritual yang berasal dari kepercayaan Hindu yang kemudian mengalami akulturasi dengan kebudayaan Melayu, pernyataan ini diperkuat dengan adanya persamaan antara tradisi Tepung Tawar dengan ritual adat pernikahan orang India (Hindu). Selain itu, fakta sejarah mengungkapan bahwa kedatangan bangsa asing salah satunya ialah orang-orang India (Hindu) ke tanah Melayu pada abad ke – 7 M atau 8 M menjadi cikal bakal berkembangnya budaya Hindu di tanah Melayu khususnya Kota Tanjung Balai, sehingga sangat dominan untuk mempengaruhi kebudayaan masyarakat lokal. Namun setelah Islam masuk Tepung Tawar menjadi tradisi masyarakat Melayu yang didalamnya terdapat ajaran-ajaran agama Islam yang telah disisipkan. Sehingga penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Tepung Tawar merupakan bentuk akulturasi agama dan budaya yang terjadi pada masyarakat Melayu di Kota Tanjung Balai, serta sarana memohon keberkahan dan kedamaian kepada Allah SWT untuk orang yang di Tepung Tawari
Ancaman Kepunahan dan Strategi Mempertahankan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Selendang Mudawaroh di Kota Palembang
Full text linkCulture is an important aspect for national life. Culture is various types of components that include knowledge, beliefs,arts, morals, laws, customs, abilities and living habits obtained by humans as members of society. Then culture willbe very important and always be close to the community. However, the biggest challenge in culture in today\u27s societyis the rapid growth of technology that pushes local cultures such as crafts, languages, customs and traditional arts toface the threat of extinction. This threat of extinction occurs in the craft of the mudawaroh shawl which is the culturalheritage of Palembang City.The purpose of this study is to get to know more about this mudawaroh shawl craft andfind out why this craft is endangered. In this study using qualitative research types and case study approaches,research located in South Sumatra using data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations, anddocumentation. Data analysis techniques are used with steps, data reduction, data display and conclusions. Theresults obtained in this study found factors that resulted in this craft being threatened with extinction, such as the lackof interest by the people of Palembang and the younger generation, inadequate human resources and equipment thatwas difficult to obtain. This study uses a study of public policy analysis from William Dunn to see the efforts made bythe government in cultural preservation.Kebudayaan menjadi aspek penting untuk kehidupan berbangsa. Kebudayaan yaitu berbagai jenis komponen yangmencakup pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, moral, hukum, adat istiadat, kemampuan serta kebiasaan hidup yangdiperoleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Maka budaya akan menjadi suatu hal sangat penting serta selaluberada dekat dengan masyarakat. Namun, tantangan terbesar dalam kebudayaan pada masyarakat saat ini adalahpertumbuhan teknologi yang sangat pesat yang mendorong kebudayaan lokal seperti kerajinan, bahasa, adat istiadatdan seni tradisional menghadapi ancaman kepunahan. Ancaman kepunahan ini terjadi pada kerajinan selendangmudawaroh yang merupakan warisan budaya Kota Palembang.Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengenal lebihdalam lagi terkait kerajinan selendang mudawaroh ini serta mencari tahu mengapa kerajinan ini terancam punah.Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif serta pendekatan studi kasus, Penelitian yang berlokasidi Sumatra Selatan dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi.Teknik analisis data digunakkan dengan langkah, reduksi data, display data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil yangdiperoleh dalam penelitian ini ditemukan faktor yang mengakibatkan kerajinan ini terancam mengalami kepunahan,seperti kurangnya diminati oleh masyarakat Palembang dan generasi muda, SDM kurang memadai serta peralatanyang sulit didapatkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian analisis kebijakan publik dari William Dunn untuk melihatupaya yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam pelestarian kebudayaa
Literary Appreciation In A Cacophony
Full text linkIn the cacophony of the digital age, literary appreciation of literary works presents both unique challenges and opportunities. The rapid proliferation of digital platforms has transformed how literature is accessed, consumed, and interpreted. This research explores the evolving landscape of literary appreciation amidst the digital cacophony, highlighting both the advantages and drawbacks. It examines how digital tools and platforms facilitate broader access to diverse literary works, enabling global communities to engage with literature in unprecedented ways. However, it also acknowledges the potential dilution of deep reading practices and critical analysis in favor of quick consumption and superficial engagement. Furthermore, the research discusses strategies to cultivate meaningful literary appreciation in the digital age, emphasizing the importance of promoting deep reading, critical thinking, and cultural understanding. Ultimately, it underscores the enduring value of literature in fostering empathy, cultural appreciation, and intellectual growth amidst the digital noise.In the cacophony of the digital age, literary appreciation of literary works presents both unique challenges and opportunities. The rapid proliferation of digital platforms has transformed how literature is accessed, consumed, and interpreted. This research explores the evolving landscape of literary appreciation amidst the digital cacophony, highlighting both the advantages and drawbacks. It examines how digital tools and platforms facilitate broader access to diverse literary works, enabling global communities to engage with literature in unprecedented ways. However, it also acknowledges the potential dilution of deep reading practices and critical analysis in favor of quick consumption and superficial engagement. Furthermore, the research discusses strategies to cultivate meaningful literary appreciation in the digital age, emphasizing the importance of promoting deep reading, critical thinking, and cultural understanding. Ultimately, it underscores the enduring value of literature in fostering empathy, cultural appreciation, and intellectual growth amidst the digital noise
The Gate of Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko\u27s Grave: Traces of Non-Islamic Cultural Acculturation in the Material Culture Heritage of the Palembang Sultanate
Full text linkPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan Akulturasi Budaya Non-Islam Pada Bangunan Gerbang Makam Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko yang merupakan bangunan yang masih ada hingga sekarang di kota Palembang. Permasalahan di dalam peneliti ada dua yaitu sejarah Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko dan pengaruh budaya Non-Islam pada gerbang Makam Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko dengan menggunakan metode arkeologi dan pendekatan teknik analisis morfologi yaitu mengamati variabel-variabel fisik dari suatu bangunan gerbang makam tersebut sedangkan teori yang digunakan yaitu akulturasi budaya dari teori Redfiel. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang akulturasi budaya Non- Islam yang dapat dilihat pada bentuk profil gerbang bagian luar dan gerbang bagian dalam. Dimana disetiap bentuk profil gerbang ada unsur Candi Bentar dan Candi Paduraksa di Jawa Timur dengan pengaruh budaya Hindu, ada juga corak Islam yang menandakan adanya keberagaman budaya. Adapun corak Islam pada bangunan gerbang yaitu inskripsi tahun yang bertulisan huruf Arab 1142 H atau tahun 1730 M yang menandakan adanya pengaruh Islam. Sedangkan untuk pengaruh budaya lokal pada bangunan gerbang dapat dilihat di bagian atas kepala gerbang yaitu adanya suatu mustaka bunga teratai yang memiliki kemiripan dengan mustaka yang ada di Makam Kawah Tengkurep dengan gaya arsitektur berunsur budaya lokal yang membuat bangunan tersebut terlihat indah dan berbeda dengan makam-makam Islam lainnya di Kota Palembang.Palembang is known as one of the centers of the Palembang Sultanate. One of the most important cultural relics in Palembang is the Palembang Sultan Cemetery complex. Each of these cemetery complexes has a different architectural shape of the tomb, one of which is the tomb complex of Ki Ranggo Wirosntiko. A Striking distinction in this tomb is the shape of the tomb gate complex building that depicts influences in non-Islam culture. This article will explain the differences in shape in the building of the gate and the influence of non-Islamic culture on the shape of the tomb gate of Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko. The method used is the archeological method using a stylistic analysis of the observation of the ornaments found in the gates of this complex. The results of this study show that the building of the tomb gate of Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko shows acculturation with non-Islamic culture. The profile of the outer gate depicting Hindu influence is marked by the similarity with the stylistic elements in the Bentar temple and Paduraksa Temple, East Java. The resemblance is also visible on the profile of the foot and the mould of the gate resembling the profile found in the Paduraksa Temple. On the profile of the third gate, there is an inscription of the year 1142 H or 1730 M using Arabic letters. The local influence appears on the third gate\u27s appearance, indicating the presence of mustak. Based on the profile of the building of the tomb gate Ki Ranggo Wirosentiko shows the influence of Hindu, Buddhist, Arab, and local cultures on the decorative range of the construction of the grave of the temple
Semiotic Analysis of Rolland Barthes in the Song Qaliilu Aqlin by the Band Alfarabi Musik
No full textPenelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan semiotika oleh Roland Barthes pada lagu Qaliilu Aql. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tanda dan makna yang terkandung di dalam lirik lagu Qaliilu Aql, baik makna secara harfiah maupun makna yang tersirat, yang disebut dengan makna denotasi dan makna konotasi, serta pesan mitos. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini yaitu yang pertama bagaimana bentuk makna denotasi dan makna konotasi pada lagu Qaliilu Aql? Kedua, bagaimana bentuk mitos pada lagu Qaliilu Aql? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu simak, baca dan catat. Peneliti menyajikan data dalam bentuk formal dan informal. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwasannya terdapat 3 makna denotasi, 3 makna konotasi dan 3 pesan mitos yang terdapat pada bait pertama, kedua dan ketujuh.This research employs a semiotic approach by Roland Barthes on the song "Qaliilu Aql." The aim of this study is to analyze the signs and meanings contained in the lyrics of "Qaliilu Aql," including both literal meanings and implied meanings, referred to as denotative and connotative meanings, as well as mythological messages. The research questions in this study are: first, what are the forms of denotative and connotative meanings in the song "Qaliilu Aql"? Second, what is the form of the myth in the song "Qaliilu Aql"? The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, reading, and note-taking. The researcher presents the data in both formal and informal formats. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 denotative meanings, 3 connotative meanings, and 3 mythological messages found in the first, second, and seventh stanzas
Pengembaraan Ilmiah ke Mesir, Kajian terhadap Arah Kecenderungan al-Dzahabi dalam Aktivitas Belajar
Full text linkAl-Dzahabi is a Syrian scientist who was born in the Hijri 7th century. His odyssey to Egypt to study has contributed to leading him to become a scientist, including becoming a historian. His tendency to odyssey to Egypt to study is a phenomenon that can be analyzed in a historical perspective. Therefore, the approach used in this study is the historical approach. Data collection was carried out using the library research method. Data analysis is carried out by analyzing historical information contained in its various sources, which are related to historical events that become the object of research. The research results show the existence of a phenomenon that Egypt was able to act as a destination for a scientific odyssey in studying activities so that it can attract al-Dzahabi\u27s interest to odyssey to the country to study as part of the direction of his tendency in carrying out scientific activities. On the other side, al-Dzahabi\u27s enthusiasm for studying was very high, so he was able to carry out his interests. The phenomenon of Egypt as a center of study which became a destination for a scientific odyssey in studying activities at his time was marked by the number of scientists who became teachers in the country and the number of students who visited the country to study. Thus, Egypt was able to create a scientific atmosphere. In conclusion, Egypt has become an attraction for al-Dzahabi to serve as a destination for a scientific odyssey in search of knowledge.
Keywords: al-Dzahabi; scientist; Egypt; scientific odyssey.Al-Dzahabi adalah seorang ilmuwan Suriah yang lahir pada abad VII H. Pengembaraannya ke Mesir untuk belajar telah berkontribusi dalam mengantarkannya menjadi seorang ilmuwan, termasuk menjadi sejarawan. Kecenderungannya mengembara ke Mesir untuk belajar merupakan fenomena yang dapat dianalisis dalam perspektif sejarah. Karena itu, pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sejarah. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode library research. Analisis data dilaksanakan dengan menganalisis informasi sejarah yang terdapat di berbagai sumbernya, yang berkaitan dengan peristiwa sejarah yang menjadi objek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya fenomena bahwa Mesir mampu berperan sebagai destinasi pengembaraan ilmiah dalam aktivitas belajar, sehingga mampu menarik minat al-Dzahabi untuk mengembara ke negara tersebut untuk belajar sebagai bagian dari arah kecenderungannya dalam melaksanakan kegiatan ilmiah. Pada sisi lain, semangat belajar al-Dzahabi sangat tinggi, sehingga mampu melaksanakan minatnya. Fenomena Mesir sebagai pusat studi yang menjadi destinasi pengembaraan ilmiah dalam aktivitas belajar pada masanya ditandai dengan banyaknya ilmuwan yang menjadi guru di negara tersebut, dan banyaknya murid yang berkunjung ke negara tersebut untuk belajar. Dengan demikian, Mesir mampu menciptakan suasana ilmiah. Sebagai kesimpulan, Mesir telah menjadi daya tarik bagi al-Dzahabi untuk dijadikan sebagai destinasi pengembaraan ilmiah dalam mencari ilmu.
Kata kunci: al-Dzahabi; ilmuwan; Mesir; pengembaraan ilmiah