Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Integrating phosphate-solubilizing fungi and moderate phosphorus application for sustainable corn production
Full text linkCorn (Zea mays) is a vital staple crop and the second-largest agricultural commodity in Indonesia. However, productivity remains suboptimal, often due to nutrient imbalances, particularly in phosphate-rich soils where availability to plants is limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of reducing phosphate fertilizer by 50% in combination with bioagents Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium anisopliae, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on key agronomic traits of corn. A randomized block design was employed to measure parameters including root volume, root-to-shoot ratio, leaf width, and seed sphericity. Results showed that applying 50% phosphate fertilizer alone yielded the highest root volume (70.00±18.19 mL) and root-to-shoot ratio (0.50±0.32), suggesting improved root development. In contrast, treatment with Metarhizium produced the widest leaves (10.14±0.30 cm) but showed the lowest values for root volume and root-to-shoot ratio. These findings highlight the potential of combining moderate phosphate input with beneficial bioagents to improve corn performance in marginal soils. The approach offers a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for managing nutrient imbalances. Further studies on long-term effects and economic feasibility are recommended to support wider adoption of these practices in sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: maize; Metharizium; nutrient management; sustainable agriculture; Trichoderm
Molecular diversity of citrus genotypes using callose synthase 7 gene markers linked to Huanglongbing resistance
Full text linkHuanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, is a notable disease affecting citrus plantations globally. Several studies showed that the callose synthase 7 gene is crucial for the citrus defense system against this pathogen. The study aimed to analyze the nucleotide variations and genetic diversity among several citrus genotypes using specific gene primers designed from the callose synthase 7 gene sequence. Genomic DNA from eleven citrus genotypes was amplified using the specific primers, and Sanger sequencing was employed to identify the nucleotide sequence of the PCR products. The results revealed a total of 66 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 10 insertions, and 11 deletions were detected in callose synthase 7 gene fragment sequences. Of these, one out of five noteworthy SNPs identified at a position of 200 bp downstream of the START codon showed distinguishing features between susceptible and resistant/tolerant genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis clearly discriminated the eleven citrus genotypes into two clusters at a dissimilarity coefficient of 0.05, with all genotypes grouped in the first cluster, except for the Chinese box orange and orange jasmine. The identification of notable SNPs in this study can aid in developing new markers for the rapid selection of genotypes with enhanced HLB resistance in citrus breeding programs.
Keywords: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus; nucleotide variations; Sanger sequencing; phylogenetic analysis; SN
Shallot distribution model under hydroclimatic extremes and soil physical properties in Sleman, Yogyakarta
Full text linkGlobal climate change significantly affects the agriculture sector, including reducing crop productivity and potential distribution through the frequency of hydrometeorological disasters. Despite its economic importance, limited research has explored the effects of such hydroclimatic extremes on shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) cultivation. This study aims to identify the soil-climate conditions, extreme events, variable contributions, and potential distribution areas of shallot in Sleman regency. The MaxEnt model was used herein to predict the suitable distribution area of shallot under hydroclimatic extremes and soil physical properties. The results show that shallot potential distribution in Sleman regency is governed by the synergistic action of climatic extremes and soil physical structure based on MaxEnt analysis. The dominance of Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and soil moisture underscores the necessity of maintaining a stable soil–water equilibrium under intensifying hydroclimatic variability. These insights support the use of high-resolution soil and climate mapping to inform adaptive irrigation scheduling, precision tillage, and organic amendment strategies.
Keywords: Climate change; extreme events, maximum entropy, soil properties, species distribution
Morphophysiological and production responses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ‘Takar 2’ to organic, biological, and NPK fertilizers
Full text linkPeanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the second most important type of legume after soybeans in Indonesia. Fertilizers were given in either organic or inorganic forms. However, the continuous use of chemical fertilizers was found to have negative impacts on the environment and the microorganisms in the soil. Therefore, organic and biological fertilizers were recommended because they had positive effects on both the environment and the soil’s microorganisms. Some of the bacteria that were beneficial for plant growth were Pseudomonas sp. and Azotobacter sp. This study aimed to analyze the use of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and NPK combinations on the growth and yield of peanut plants of the Takar 2 variety. The study was conducted from March to June 2024, located at the Leuwikopo Experimental Station of IPB, Bogor, Indonesia. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The factors are NPK fertilizer doses (100% and 50% recommended dose) and types of organic + biological fertilizer (control, Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., humate, and a combination of humate and biological fertilizer). Observations were made on 5 sample plants per treatment. The characteristics observed were plant morphology, physiological characteristics, and plant production. The results of the study showed that the application of 100% NPK fertilizer at the recommended dose, in combination with Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter sp., and humate, had a significant effect on various morphological, physiological, and production-related plant variables. This study shows the potential for a combination of NPK and organic biological fertilizers to increase the growth and production of peanuts.
Keywords: Azotobacter sp; humate; morphology; physiology; Pseudomonas s
Morphological characteristics of Phalaenopsis hybrids treated with 1500 ppm colchicine
Full text linkThe increasing number of Phalaenopsis sp. enthusiasts needs to be balanced with the availability of good-quality cultivars, one of which can be achieved by improving flower morphological characteristics through colchicine induction. Colchicine-induced plants often exhibit superior traits such as larger, thicker, and more durable flowers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 1500 ppm colchicine concentration on the floral morphological characteristics of the Phalaenopsis sp., with a particular focus on flower size, petal thickness, and sepal morphology. This research provides genetic diversity information on Phalaenopsis sp., which can serve as a basis for future breeding programs and as a reference material for orchid growers and researchers. The materials used were flower buds of three Phalaenopsis varieties: Phalaenopsis Fuller’s Sunset, Phalaenopsis Golden Tree, and Phalaenopsis OX X-Ray. Each treatment was replicated three times. Morphological data were analyzed qualitatively through scoring and converted into binary data according to the Guide Book of Orchid Plant Characterization by the Ornamental Plant Research Center (2007). The results showed that 1500 ppm colchicine affects Phalaenopsis Fullers Sunset in the form of rhombus-shaped petals, and on Phalaenopsis Golden Tree in the form of pointed lateral sepal tips, concave transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of petals, and on Phalaenopsis OX X-Ray in the form of split dorsal sepal edges, and open petal arrangement. Overall, colchicine treatment also induced apparent enlargement of flowers in all three Phalaenopsis hybrids.
Keywords: chromosome; flower morphology; mutagenesis; ornamental plant; polyploid
Growth of morel berry (Physalis angulata L.) from different cutting types and plant growth regulators
Full text linkMorel berries are generally propagated using seeds, and vegetative propagation could be an alternative for rapid propagation. This research aimed to evaluate morel berry seedlings from different cutting types and natural plant growth regulators. This research was carried out from May to October 2024 at Plant Laboratory 3, Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Lampung. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors, i.e., cutting type and plant growth regulators. Observation variables included growth percentage, number of shoots, and shoot length. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the DMRT test at the 5% level. Based on data, there is no interaction between the first factor (cutting type) and the second factor (PGR). Vegetative propagating of themorel berry using shoot cuttings had a growth percentage of 81%. PGR from mungbean sprout extract had higher growth stimulation than other sources. A more in-depth study is needed regarding the appropriate concentration for each type of PGR.
Keywords: ciplukan; natural PGR; shoot cutting; stem cutting; vegetative propoagatio
Growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of shallots with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure
Full text linkContinuous and excessive application of inorganic-N fertilizer leads to accumulation of chemical residues in soils, as plants typically utilize only about 50% of the applied nitrogen, which can further lead to environmental pollution. Resolve the low nitrogen uptake and fertilizer use efficiency, organic amendments, and beneficial microorganisms provide viable alternatives. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different PGPR concentrations and cattle manure doses on nitrogen uptake dynamics and nitrogen use efficiency parameters (NUpE, NUtE, and NUE), as well as shallot growth and yield, to determine the most efficient treatment that supports nutrient efficiency and sustainable agronomic practices. The experiment used a constant nitrogen inorganic fertilizer of 100 kg ha-1. A factorial randomized block design was employed, consisting of four PGPR concentrations: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL L-1. The second factor was cattle manure dosage consisted of 0, 10, and 30 ton ha-1. Observation variables included plant growth, yield components, nitrogen uptake dynamics, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The results indicated significant interactions between PGPR and cattle manure in the number of tillers at 8 weeks after planting (WAP), crop growth rate (CGR) at 6–8 WAP, chlorophyll index, fresh and dry weight, and bulb weight. The treatment combining 30 mL L-1 PGPR with 30 t ha-1 cattle manure significantly increased average bulb weight by 136.6% compared to without PGPR + without cattle manure. This treatment also achieved the highest nitrogen uptake across all growth stages, peaking at 1 kg ha-1 per day at 56 DAP and recorded the highest NUpE from 41.90% to 64.50%, and reduced soil nitrogen losses by 22.6%. Consistent improvements in NUpE, NUtE, and NUE indicate that this integration enhances nitrogen translocation into shallot bulbs, leading to more efficient nutrient use, supporting higher productivity, and sustainable nutrient management.
Keywords: Allium ascalonicum; NUE; NUpE; NUtE; organic fertilize
Application of PGPR from sugarcane roots and mimosa roots on chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Full text linkChili pepper is a high-value horticultural crop that has significant nutritional and economic value. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a vital role in enhancing plant growth and productivity while supporting sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effect of PGPR derived from sugarcane roots and mimosa roots applied to chili pepper plants. The study was conducted using a factorial randomized complete block design. The first factor was the concentration of sugarcane root PGPR (0, 10, 20, 30 mL L-1), and the second factor was the mimosa root PGPR (0, 10, 20, 30 mL L-1). Observation variables included nitrogen uptake, plant height, flowering age, and fruit weight. The results showed that the application of sugarcane root PGPR had a significant effect on plant height and nitrogen uptake, with a concentration of 20 mL L-1 producing the highest nitrogen uptake (1.66 g). PGPR from mimosa root significantly affected flowering age and fruit weight, with a concentration of 30 mL L-1 significantly increasing fruit weight. However, the combination of both types of PGPR did not have a significant effect on all the variables observed. Thus, the application of PGPR from sugarcane root and mimosa root separately effectively increased the growth and yield of chili pepper plants, while the combination of both did not show a synergistic effect.
Keywords: chili; Mimosa pudica; nitroge
Effect of organic and NPK fertilizers on flowering, pod formation, and seed production of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)
Full text linkCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), known as tolo beans in Indonesia, is a nutrient-dense legume consumed as young pods, dry seeds, or livestock feed. Despite its nutritional value and agronomic potential, cowpea productivity in Indonesia remains low. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of poultry manure and NPK fertilizers on flowering, pod formation, and seed filling of cowpea. The experiment was conducted from July to October 2024 at the Sawah Baru Experimental Field, IPB, using a randomized complete block design. Treatments included poultry manure at 0, 10, 20, and 30 tons ha-1 and NPK (16-16-16) at 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1. Results showed that poultry manure at 10-30 tons ha-1 and NPK above 100 kg ha-1 significantly increased the productive nodes at the ninth week after planting. Both fertilizers enhanced plant growth and yield. The highest average seed yield was obtained at 30 tons ha-1 poultry manure (3.64 tons grain ha-1) and 300 kg ha-1 NPK (3.38 tons grain ha-1), highlighting the benefit of integrating organic and inorganic fertilization to boost cowpea productivity.
Keywords: cowpea; chicken manure; NPK fertilizer; kacang tol
Total glucosinolate content of arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) supplemented with rhizobacteria-enriched bio-slurry
Full text linkArugula is a member of Brassicaceae that has a high antioxidant content of glucosinolate. Bio-slurry is a kind of liquid fertilizer derived from sap of cow dung. Bio-slurry in combination with rhizobacterial can maximize decomposition and make nutrients more available. The research aimed to determine the total glucosinolate content in arugula due to the application of bio-slurry enriched with rhizobacteria. The study used a randomized complete block design with a single factor consisting of 9 levels, i.e., the combination of 3 types of rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas + Bacillus) and 3 doses of bio-slurry (0, 100, and 200 mL). The results showed that the application of Pseudomonas & Bacillus + 200 mL bio-slurry produced a higher antioxidant content than other inputs. The combination of bio-slurry fertilizer with rhizobacterial provides a higher ability than control to increase plant growth rates and the biosynthesis of glucosinolate. The optimal substitution for maximizing nutrient uptake in arugula growth was achieved with a bio-slurry dose of 200 mL, where the combined application of Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains enhanced plant growth and glucosinolate content.
Keywords: antioxidant capacity; Bacillus; bacterial; biofertilizer; Pseudomona