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Respiration rate modeling of Cavendish banana (
No full textCavendish banana (Musa acuminata cv. Cavendish) is a climacteric fruit that is widely consumed worldwide due to its desirable sensory qualities and year-round availability. As a climacteric fruit, it exhibits a characteristically high respiration rate, which accelerates metabolic activity and results in a relatively short shelf life during postharvest handling and distribution. One of the most effective approaches to prolong shelf life is by reducing the respiration rate through low-temperature storage . This study aimed to mathematically model the respiration rate of Cavendish bananas using both the Arrhenius and Michaelis–Menten approaches to better understand the temperature dependence of respiration behavior. The samples were stored at three temperatures: 7, 17, and 27 °C (ambient). Respiration rates were monitored in a closed system at three-hour intervals over a period of three weeks. The results showed that the Arrhenius model effectively described both O₂ consumption and CO₂ production rates, supported by validation tests where the correlation coefficients (R²) were close to one and the Chi-Square p- values exceeded 0.05. Moreover, Michaelis–Menten modeling indicated that a combination of Competitive and Uncompetitive inhibition models provided the best fit compared with other kinetic types. Validation further demonstrated consistently high R² values, Chi-Square p-values greater than 0.05, and low SSE and RMSE values for all samples
The effects of roasting temperature and time on quality attributes of Sumberjambe robusta coffee
No full textRobusta coffee originating from Sumberjambe possesses several superior clones, such as Tugusari, BP912, Brazil, and BP42, which offer substantial opportunities for exploring agronomic characteristics and yield quality. The local agroclimatic conditions—with ideal rainfall and an elevation of 600–650 meters above sea level—are highly suitable for robusta cultivation, thereby supporting optimal production and bean quality. In addition, Sumberjambe robusta beans are large in size and meet national quality standards (SNI), indicating high physical quality and strong potential for increased economic value. Sumberjambe Subdistrict in Jember is a notable coffee-producing region, yielding 113 tons per year from 214 hectares, with an average productivity of 0.65 tons per hectare. Given the high production potential, optimizing the factors influencing coffee quality in Sumberjambe is essential. This study aimed to optimize roasting temperature and duration affecting coffee quality attributes. Coffee quality was assessed based on physical properties, yield, and caffeine content. A completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was employed: roasting temperature at three levels (160°C, 170°C, and 180°C) and roasting time at three levels (10, 12, and 14 minutes), each with three replications. Observed parameters included color, moisture content, density, and caffeine concentration. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant effects of roasting temperature and time on color, moisture content, and yield. The optimal roasting condition was 170°C for 10–12 minutes, producing beans with balanced color, acceptable moisture content (1.3–1.4%), stable yield (~0.55), and desirable caffeine concentration (2.18–3.34%). These results indicate that precise control of roasting parameters is essential to maintain consistent quality and optimize the sensory characteristics of Robusta coffee. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing roasting conditions to enhance coffee quality in Sumberjambe
Microencapsulation of vitamin C for functional MOCAF-based noodles
No full textVitamin C encapsulation technology offers an effective approach to enhancing nutrient stability during the heating process in MOCAF (modified cassava flour)–substituted noodles. This study aimed to obtain an optimal microencapsulation formulation of vitamin C using maltodextrin and CMC at ratios of (18.2:1.8)%, (18.5:1.5)%, (18.8:1.2)%, (19.1:0.9)%, and (19.4:0.6)%. The optimal formulation was subsequently applied to noodles produced using wheat flour and MOCAF in a 70:30 ratio. Evaluations included encapsulation efficiency (EE), surface morphology observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and vitamin C content of the fortified noodles. The best formulation (18.2:1.8) achieved an EE of 85.35 ± 4.24%. SEM analysis showed microcapsules with irregular and slightly collapsed surfaces characteristic of freeze-dried powders, with continuous, non-porous matrices and no visible vitamin C crystals on the surface, indicating effective core protection and supporting the high EE value. Noodles fortified with encapsulated vitamin C exhibited significantly higher vitamin C content (0.37 ± 0.06 mg/g) compared with noodles containing non-encapsulated vitamin C. These results demonstrate that microencapsulation effectively improves vitamin C retention under processing and highlights its potential application in developing MOCAF- based functional noodles. Future work may explore production scaling, storage stability, and consumer acceptance to support broader utilization of encapsulated functional ingredients
Potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from campus waste: An integrated 4R framework (reduce, reuse, recycle, replace)
No full textHigher education institutions generate considerable waste, making campuses strategic environments for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through improved waste management. This study evaluates the potential reduction in GHG emissions from adopting the 4R framework. The objective was to analyse student participation in 4R practices and estimate their impact on waste-related emissions. A total of 315 first-year engineering students completed a structured questionnaire measuring awareness and implementation of 4R behaviours. To validate the survey data, direct field observations of waste generation and composition were conducted across campus waste collection points. Emission estimates were calculated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach with emission factors sourced from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and the IPCC. Results show that participation in 4R practices ranged from 68% to 70%, indicating similar behavioural readiness across programs. Waste generation averaged 50 g per student per day, equivalent to 15.75 kg/day campus-wide. Plastic waste produced the highest emissions at 7.88 kg CO₂-eq/day, contributing to a total estimated baseline emission of 16.01 kg CO₂-eq/day. Based on these findings, strengthening plastic reduction, improving recycling compliance, and implementing behaviour-driven interventions are recommended to support progress toward a low-carbon, zero-waste campus
Status of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements in rice fields in Rejosos District, Nganjuk Regency
No full textShallots
(Allium ascalonicum L.) are a key horticultural commodity in Nganjuk Regency, where continuous monocropping poses a risk of nutrient depletion and soil degradation. However, information on macronutrient dynamics under different rotation practices remains limited. This study aims to quantify the soil macronutrient status (N, P, K) in shallot fields with and without rotation in Rejoso District and identify the major limiting nutrient for fertilizer management. A total of 16 composite soil samples were collected purposively from six villages representing contrasting cropping patterns. Samples were taken at 0–20 cm depth prior to harvest and analyzed using the Paddy Soil Test Kit (PUTS). Nitrogen levels were predominantly moderate (56%), followed by high (31%) and very high (13%). Phosphorus remained high across all locations, while potassium was mostly low (56%). Slightly acidic pH (5.6–6.0) corresponded with high P availability, whereas persistent K deficiency indicated nutrient mining under intensive cultivation. These findings emphasize potassium as the key limiting factor and highlight the need for balanced, site-specific fertilization through liming, organic amendments, and implementation of the 5R fertilization principle. Integration of yield response trials is recommended to support sustainable soil fertility improvement in shallot production systems.
The Influence of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Efficiency on Net Power Output
No full textIndonesia has great potential for utilizing Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) due to its strategic tropical conditions. This study analyzes the sensitivity of main parameters on the net power output of a 10 MW OTEC system based on the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) using Aspen Plus simulation. Variations on surface seawater temperature, deep seawater temperature, turbine efficiency, working fluid pump efficiency, and seawater pump efficiency were carried out. The simulation results show that turbine efficiency is the dominant factor, where an increase from 92% to 96% raised the net power from 9332 kW to 9958 kW. Seawater pump efficiency also gave a significant contribution by increasing the net power, while the working fluid pump efficiency only produced small improvement on the scale of tens of kilowatts. On the other hand, variations in warm and cold seawater temperatures had a limited effect. This happens because other parameters, such as mass flow rate of working fluid and seawater, were kept constant in the simulation, so temperature increase alone was not enough to influence system performance. These findings confirm that OTEC optimization is more effective through improving the efficiency of main components, especially the turbine and seawater pump
Green Digital Transformation Strategies and Energy Independence: Evidence from Emerging Economies (2010–2024)
No full textThe transition toward sustainable and independent energy systems have accelerated across emerging economies, driven by the convergence of digital transformation and green strategy. This study investigates how the adoption of digital transformation strategies enhances energy independence and sustainability performance in emerging economies between 2010 and 2024. By constructing a Green Digital Strategy Index (GDSI) integrating indicators of digital readiness, renewable energy deployment, and innovation capacity, we examine the strategic links between digitalization and sustainable energy transition. Using panel data from World Bank, International Energy Agency (IEA), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) sources, we employ fixed-effects and random-effects regression models to assess relationships between digital indicators, energy imports, and renewable energy share. Findings reveal that nations demonstrating higher GDSI values achieve greater energy independence, reflecting the synergistic impact of digital infrastructure, R&D intensity, and renewable energy investments. The study underscores the role of strategic digital-green alignment in strengthening national energy resilience, enhancing competitiveness, and supporting policy frameworks for sustainable growth
Edamame: Research, processing technology and functional food role
No full textEdamame is a vegetable soybean that refers to soybean varieties having pods and seeds that can be harvested and consumed when they are still fresh and premature. The review paper documents the existing information on edamame and processing technology also analyzing the potentials of functional food. Edamame processing technologies have been widely used, including cold processing, heat processing, and structural modification. Various analytical data from various literature shows that edamame has potential as a functional food. The role of dietary fiber, antioxidants, and other physicochemical properties has shown beneficial health benefits Consumption of edamame with various processing methods has been shown to contribute to lowering cholesterol and blood glucose levels. The promotion of edamame requires numerous research activities, starting with the evaluation of food product development, determining consumer preferences, and determining functional properties
An application of Sparse Variational Gaussian Process with Bernoulli likelihood for flood inundation risk mapping
No full textAs climate change intensifies, urban flooding has become a growing threat to cities worldwide, especially in low-lying, densely populated areas. Accurate flood risk prediction is essential for disaster readiness, yet it remains a challenge due to the complex, dynamic nature of extreme weather patterns. This study applies Gaussian Process modelling, a powerful probabilistic method capable of capturing spatial and temporal correlations, to forecast flood inundation risks in Semarang, Indonesia. By integrating diverse data sources, such as weather station records, satellite data, and aerial imagery, the model generates detailed flood risk maps for areas prone to recurrent inundation. Semarang, where up to 40% of lowland regions are affected annually, serves as a critical testbed. The resulting maps provide local authorities with actionable insights to identify high-risk zones, allocate resources, and implement more targeted mitigation strategies. This approach demonstrates how advanced machine learning techniques can enhance urban resilience and inform proactive policymaking in the face of climate uncertainty
Dynamique temporelle des activités alternatives génératrices de revenus : cas des initiatives apicoles au Bénin
No full textL’apiculture contribue à la conservation de la biodiversité et à l’amélioration des revenus des populations. Dans de nombreux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, elle est soutenue par nombre de programmes comme activité alternative génératrice de revenus autour des aires protégées. Pour évaluer l’impact des aides sur la durabilité de cette activité au Bénin, la dynamique de 120 ruchers, enregistrés en 2012, a été analysée en septembre 2024 à l’aide de Méthodes accélérées de recherche participative, avec les acteurs impliqués. Cinquante-cinq de ces ruchers étaient appuyés par divers projets et 65 étaient issus des ressources propres des propriétaires. L’analyse de la dynamique du nombre de colonies détenues après 12 années de fonctionnement autonome a montré que 55 % des ruchers issus de l’appui des projets ont disparu en 2024, contre seulement 10 % des ruchers issus des ressources propres des initiateurs. Les ruchers créés avec les appuis des projets ont aussi enregistré le plus fort taux de disparition de ruches et leurs colonies étaient les plus pillées en 2024. Les départements du sud du Bénin ont enregistré les plus fortes disparitions de ruches. Les abandons sont surtout dus au pillage des colonies, très répandu dans les ruchers des apiculteurs appuyés. Les appuis ponctuels aux populations ne sont pas suffisants pour le fonctionnement autonome à long terme des initiatives alternatives génératrices de revenus. Les capacités techniques individuelles des apiculteurs, leur engagement et le pillage des ruchers sont aussi déterminants pour la valorisation de l’apiculture comme activité alternative génératrice de revenus autour des aires protégées au Bénin