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Isozyme variants in two natural populations of Lymnaea luteola
Get PDFLymnaea luteola is a fresh water gastropod snail, inhabiting ponds and lakes of different parts of India. Two populations of L. luteola were collected from fresh water ponds of district Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and analysed for their isozyme variants of Xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh) and Aldehyde oxidase (Ao) enzymes loci. Both enzymes were found to be represented by two distinct loci and each locus of an enzyme showed polymorphic appearance. Based on the electrophoretic variant data, level of heterozygosity was computed for each enzyme locus. Our analysis clearly reveals that L. luteola inhabiting in these two ponds have undergone enough genetic differentiation.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.104513
Scorpion venom: pharmacological analysis and its applications
Get PDFScorpions belong to class: Arachnida, order: Scorpionida represented now by approximately 1500 species. These are one of the most ancient group of the animals on the earth conserving their morphology almost unaltered and are the most successful inhabitants of the earth. Scorpions when stimulated secrete venom which is a cocktail of variable concentration of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, nephrotoxins, hemolytic toxins, phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, hyaluronidase, glucosaminoglycans, histamine, seratonin, tryptophan and cytokine releasers. According to an estimate, frequency of deaths caused by scorpion sting is higher in comparison to that of caused by snake-bite. Almost all of these lethal scorpions except Hemiscorpious species belong to scorpion family Buthidae comprising 500 species. Scorpion venoms show variable reactions in envenomated patients. However, closer the phylogenic relationship among the scorpions, more similar the immunological properties. Furthermore, various constituents of venom may act directly or indirectly and individually or synergistically to exert their effects. Scorpion stings cause a wide range of conditions from severe local skin reactions to neurologic, respiratory and cardiovascular collapse. Lethal members of Buthidae family include Buthus, Parabuthus, Mesobuthus, Tityus, Leiurus, Androctonus and Centruroides. Besides their lethal properties, scorpion venoms have some unique properties beneficial to mankind. These contain anti-insect, antimicrobial and anticancer properties and thus, can play a key role in the insect pest management programmes, treatment of microbial infection and in the treatment of various cancer types.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.99807
Statistical optimization as a powerful tool for indole acetic acid production by Fusarium oxysporum
Get PDFCrop production is challenged in our world by increasing food demands, decrease natural resource bases and climatic change. Nowadays plant growth regulators works like fertilizers in increasing plant growth production efficiency and needed to produce in large industrial scale. Fermentation condition and medium constituents can significantly affect on the product production and designing an acceptable fermentation medium is critical importance. In this paper Fusarium sp. could be considered as promising indole-3-acetic acid producers with the ability to improve the production using statistical methods. The results showed that fermentation type, incubation temperature and L-tryptophan were the most influencing parameters on the production. Maximum IAA production by Fusarium oxysporum was 300.4 mg/l obtained under the fermentation conditions: temperature at 25oC, incubation period 5 days, pH 7, inoculums size 2%, shaking rate at 150 rpm and medium constituents: Glucose 40 g/l, yeast extract 3 g/l, L-tryptophan 1 g/l, KH2PO4 2 g/l, NaNO3 4 g/l, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 g/l with regression analysis (R2) 99.67% and 2.12-fold increase in comparison to the production of the original level (142 mg/l).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.101234
Moringa oleifera Lam extract attenuates gastric ulcerations in high salt loaded rats
Get PDFMoringa oleifera Lam is a plant used extensively both in traditional and orthodox medicine to treat myriad ailments, including gastrointestinal disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of leaf extract of M. oleifera some gastrointestinal function parameters in high salt loaded rats. Acute toxicity study was done using 70 male white mice (18-20 g) were used for the study. They were randomly selected and assigned to 7 cages of 10 animals per cage. Percentage mortalities were converted to probits and plotted against the log10 of the dose of the extract from which the LD50 value was calculated. Fresh leaf extract of M. oleifera was Soxhlet extracted. 24 albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 main groups of 6 rats each. Fed on normal rat chow, high salt (8% NaCl) diet + 1% NaCl drinking water and/or M. oleifera extract (600 mg/kg bw). The feeding regimens lasted for 42 days. Results obtained revealed that the extract had an LD50 value of 1,872.22 mg/kg from which a test dose of 600 mg/kg was derived for the feeding regimen. The salt fed rats had significantly (p<005) raised basal gastric acid output (9.03 ± 0.17 mmol/L/hr) compared with control (7.27 ± 0.17 mmol/L/hr), but had blunted response to administered histamine and cimetidine, while treatment with the extract enhanced the sensitivity of histamine in high salt loaded rats. Gastric mucus concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the salt untreated group (0.25 ± 0.004 g) compared with other groups. The salt fed untreated group also had significantly (p<0.05) raised gastric ulcers (10.83 ± 0.70) compa-red with other groups, these were reversed following Moringa treatment. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera extract reverses gastric ulcers and blunted histaminergic receptors in high salt fed rats. The mechanism by which high salt increases gastric secretion is independent of the histaminergic mechanism.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.29064
Incidence and significance of black aspergilli in agricultural commodities: a review, with a key to all species accepted to-date
Get PDFBlack aspergilli (Aspergillus species of Section Nigri) present dark colonies, often black, and uniseriate or biseriate conidial heads. Currently 26 species and one variety are accepted within this section. They have been isolated from a wide variety of food worldwide and are considered as common causes of food spoilage and biodeterioration of other materials. They are commonly present in cereals and vineyards and have the ability to cause Aspergillus rot of black berry. Some species of this section, like A. niger and A. awamori, are a common source of extracellular enzymes such as amylases and lipases, and organic acids, such as citric and gluconic acid, used as additives in food processing and are used for biotechnological purposes. These products hold the GRAS (Generally Recognised as Safe) status. Other species are able to produce ochratoxins (OTA) and fumonisins. This review briefly shedlighted on the taxonomy of this important group of Aspergillus along with the species incidence, mycotoxin production in agricultural commodities as well as their significance as plant pathogens. A provisional key for identification (based on phenotypic characteristics) is provided for all described species to-date.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.83450
In vitro assessment of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of endophytic fungal metabolites extracts
Get PDFEndophytes are endosymbiotic microorganisms that act as reservoir of novel bioactive secondary metabolites with antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, the extracts of 26 different endophytic fungal strains were screened for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The results showed a wide variety of antimicrobial activities against 12 target microorganisms including three Gram (+) bacteria, three Gram (-) bacteria, 3 yeasts, 2 dermatophytic fungi and one keratinophilic fungus. Four fungal extracts (Aspergillus versicolor, A. awamori, A. niger and Penicillium funiculosum) displayed a broader antibacterial spectrum and inhibited the growth of all Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial species. The extracts of 8 endophytic fungi inhibited the growth of the two tested dermatophytic strains (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum). Only eight fungal extracts have an inhibition activity against the keratinophilic fungal strain (Chrysosporium tropicum). The anti-inflammatory assay showed that the extracts of Emericella nidulans, Pleospora tarda and Penicillium funiculosum had good activities in inhibition of protein denaturation reached to 83%, 82.5% and 81.4%, respectively. Also, Emericella nidulans and Pleo-spora tarda recorded the maximum inhibition effect on bovine serum albumin denaturation reached to 95% and 90.7%, respectively. On the other side, Emericella nidulans showed the maximum inhibition activity (69.5%) out of all tested endophytic strains against humun red blood cells membrane stabilization assay. In conclusion some secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi have a promising potential as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.83969
Evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Salacia lehmbachii on Plasmodium berghei infected mice
Get PDFSalacia lehmbachii leaves are used in Nigerian traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria and other diseases. The ethanolic extract was tested for its activities against suppressive, prophylactic and established infections in Plasmodium berghei infected albino mice at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg; while chloroquine (10 mg/kg) was used as positive control. The extract exhibited significant dose-related antiplasmodial activities on parasites with the used-dose levels, showing significant mean survival time. The results, therefore, co-relate with claims by traditional users for the treatment of malaria and other feverish conditions; and could serve as source of potential new antimalarial agents.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55610
Enhancement of alpha amylase production by Aspergillus flavus AUMC 11685 on mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel using submerged fermentation
Get PDFMandarin peel as submerged fermentation (SmF) source was tested for the production of alpha amylase enzyme by strain of Aspergillus flavus AUMC 11685. Incubation period, concentration of substrate, temperature, pH and size of inoculum were optimized to achieve the maximum production of alpha amylase enzyme by Aspergillus flavus using mandarin peel. The maximum production of alpha amylase enzyme by Aspergillus flavus was recorded at 4-5 days of incubation, 3% substrate concentration, inoculum concentration 10%, temperature 28-40°C and pH 4-5.5.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.81827
Chrysin and its potential antineoplastic effect
Get PDFIn 2012, in Europe, there were noticed over 3 million new cases of cancer and 1.75 million of deaths from cancer. Numerous anticancer agents are cytotoxic, can damage normal cells, and they can cause serious side effects. Currently, natural and non-toxic agents are being sought that reduce the cost of therapy, are more effective and targeted, and do not damage healthy cells. Chrysin which belong to flavonoids family as natural substance, has multiple anticancer activities. It has been reported that chrysin can induce apoptosis in tumour cells by different mechanism. In our work we demonstrated the potential use of chrysin in gastrointestinal, breast, cervical, and lung cancer. In conclusion it is proven that chrysin or combination of chrysin with other related drugs can effectively improve the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. Furthermore, new agents, such as nanoparticles, may show greater efficacy, and better targeting, hence, less side effects on healthy cells. Based on these results, nanochrysin it offers as new and effective drug delivery system. Moreover, it has been reported that chrysin is a potential antitumor but also an adjuvant agent that can be used in combination with other antimetastatic substances to reduce tumor metastasis.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.84447
In silico sequence analysis of predicted beta-amylase 7-like protein in Juglans regia L.
Get PDFWalnut (Juglans regia L.) is a deciduous tree of the Juglandaceae family. Beta-amylase (β-amylase, EC 3.2.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides. In this study; sequence, physicochemical, and three-dimensional analyses of predicted β-amylase 7-like protein in Juglans regia using various bioinformatic tools were conducted. The physicochemical properties of the predict β-amylase 7-like protein were analyzed by using ExPASy ProtParam tool that revealed the molecular weight (MW), Isoelectric Points (pI), total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu), total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys), instability index, aliphatic index, and GRAVY (Grand Average of Hydropathy) values. Subcellular localization using CELLO v.2.5, putative phosphorylation sites using NetPhos 3.1 server, domain analysis using Pfam, and secondary structure prediction using SOPMA were accom-plished. To predict the 3D structure of the predict β-amylase 7-like protein, homology models were applied using PSIPRED, RAMPAGE, and PyMOL programs. The results of our study provide insight into fundamental characteristics of the predicted β-amylase 7-like protein in Juglans regia.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.58313