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Molecular docking studies on binding specificity of 3,6- and 2,7-carbazoles with DNA duplexes
Get PDFMolecular docking is a widely used computational technique used to find the probabilistic binding sites of drugs in the vicinity of macromolecules. The drugs produce their working effect only when they bind and interact with the target macromolecule. The potential drugs can only be identified by their relative binding affinities and corresponding binding modes. Availability of huge numbers of such drugs has made the estimation of their relative potency, a difficult task. In the present work, carbazoles (3,6 and 2,7) and their analogs were studied for their DNA binding abilities using molecular docking calculations. Since the docked ligands had planar structures, it allowed them to adopt crescent shape and thus minor groove binding with DNA was preferred by all. However, it was found that a single molecule (Mol-6) (2,7-carbazole) showed promising results with all the selected DNA sequences also its results were exactly verified with those in the reported literature and therefore it can be said that its in-vivo studies could possibly produce some exciting results. This study also revealed that DNA binding energies of 3,6- and 2,7-carbazoles followed the same trend as their thermal melting values.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.415370
Ayurveda and Yoga practices: a synergistic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Get PDFAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects about over 30 million people worldwide. There is no suitable treatment for AD nowadays. The current scenario of the research in the field of the search for suitable therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease should be a shift towards the combinatorial approach of Ayurveda and Yoga. This review is mainly focused on to adapt Ayurveda and Yoga approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.432095
Organoids: inception and utilization of 3D organ models
Get PDFOver the previous decade, one of the most exciting advancements in stem cell technology has been the development of organoid culture system. Organoids are new research tools created in-vitro, to form self-organizing 3-Dimensional structures that encompass some of the crucial characteristics of the represented organ. Organoids are grown from stem cells from an organ of interest. There are potentially as many types of organoids as there are different tissues and organs in a body. It is challenging for scientists to understand the underlying mechanism of biological processes with complex spatial cellular organization and tissue dynamics. Also, how they are disrupted in a disease is impossible to study in-vivo, but discovery of organoids is revolutionizing the fields of biology. Since success in these platforms will be restricted without the proficiency to alter the genomic content, genome engineering was also applied in recently discovered organoid cultures for correcting mutations. This review discusses the history, culturing methods, current achievements, and potential applications of this technique. These applications involve drug screening, personalized oncological medication, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and developmental biology. The study of organoids has provided a novel platform in biological sciences, with new approaches for stem cell technology.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.436221
Therapeutic challenges of COVID-19: strategies of empirical treatment
Get PDFCoronavirus pandemic, is a progressing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), brought about by sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The episode was first distinguished in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization announced a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March. Scientists around the world are working to establish an effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2 to control the spread of this pandemic. In this review, we summarized the potential therapeutic strategies for treatment of COVID-19 and dividing the treatments to several categories including antiviral drugs which act on decreasing the viral load inside the body of patients, immunotherapy and immunomodulatory which relive the inflammatory process of viral infection.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.434235
Jamun seed and orange peel extracts protects effects of microcystin LR on serum calcium and phosphate of rats
Get PDFWistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: microcystin LR (MCLR); Group C: microcystin LR and jamun seed extract (MCLR+JSE); Group D: microcystin LR and orange peel extract (MCLR+OPE); Group E: orange peel extract (OPE); Group F: jamun seed extract (JSE). MCLR dose was 10 µg/kg body wt/day whereas OPE and JSE dose was 200 mg/kg body wt/day. Serum calcium and phosphate were analyzed on 15 and 30 day. Serum calcium of rat exposed for 15 day to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE decreased. Although there is little increase in levels of group C and group D but treatment with OPE and JSE is not able to completely restore decreased calcium levels caused by MCLR. After 30 day calcium decreased after MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE treatment. Levels in group E and F remain unaltered. Levels in group C and D exhibit elevation as compared to group B which indicates that treatment with OPE and JSE recovered calcium. Serum phosphate decreased after 15 day in MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE treated rats. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and group D (compared with group E) show decrease. After 30 day exposure to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE phosphate levels decreased. Levels of group C and D when compared with group B are increased. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and D (compared with group E) are decreased. This indicates that OPE and JSE treatment provoked some recovery of phosphate levels.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.394065
Prevalence of urinary tract infection among school going adolescent female
Get PDFBackground: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious health problem affecting millions of people especially females in developing countries like Nepal. The prevalence of UTI is higher during adolescence, a period in which hormonal changes favor vaginal colonization by nephrogenic strains of bacteria, which can migrate to the periurethral area and cause urinary tract infection. Aim: To determine the prevalence of UTI and to find out their antimicrobial susceptibility profile among adolescent female students of Lekhnath community. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two schools i.e. Brahma Rupa and Universe English Boarding School of Lekhnath community. A total 170 clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected for routine examination, culture and sensitivity test were done from August 2018 to December 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the demographic profile, symptoms, treatment history, and hygiene practices. Results: Out of 170 urine samples 7 (4.12%) were positive for pathogenic organisms. Various uropathogens, Escherichia coli was predominant, constituted for 42.86% followed by Enterococcus (28.56%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.29%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.29%). Most of the organisms isolated were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Gentamicin (85.71%). Poor menstrual hygiene practices were found to be one of the contributing factors for UTI. Conclusions: UTI is a common problem of adolescence causing much discomfort, therefore it needs careful investigations. Frequent education about hygiene and sanitation practices during menstruation in this regard will prevent asymptomatic UTI.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.396788
Patterns of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from tuberculosis patients in Ibadan Nigeria
Get PDFThe success of the global tuberculosis (TB) control program has been threatened with drug resistant strains emergence; especially the Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Despite that Nigeria is one of the countries with high tuberculosis burden, little is known on the magnitude of MDR-TB in the country. This study was to determine drug resistant patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients that attended Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) centres in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sputum samples collected from confirmed TB patients were processed using the N-acetyl L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide decontamination method. Direct drug susceptibility test was carried out against rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambuthol and streptomycin. Out of the 319 samples collected, 149 (46.7%) were culture positive and susceptibility test was completed for 101 (67.8%) isolates, out of which any resistance and mono-resistance to rifampicin was 23.8% and 8.9% respectively. In all 11.9% MDR-TB was observed comprising 30.8% (acquired), and 8.3% (primary) while, 3.96% showed resistance to all tested drugs. The patterns of MDR-TB in this study indicates that active case findings as well as expansion of drug susceptibility testing is required to effectively control TB, drug resistant strains and to forestall the transmission and spread of the drug-resistant TB in the society.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.428850
Assessment of in-vivo anti-diabetic and anti-diarrheal effects of Flemingia stricta Roxb. leaf
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-diarrheal activity of methanol extract of Flemingia stricta Roxb. (Fabaceae) leaf. In anti-diabetic study, the extract was administered to alloxan-induce diabetic mice at two concentrations (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight) for acute (12 hours) and prolong treatments (15 days) and blood glucose levels of diabetic mice were monitored at intervals of hours and days throughout the duration of treatment. Antidiarrheal test was conducted by castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling as well as intestinal motility in mice at three different concentration (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight). Treatment of alloxan induce diabetic mice with the extract caused a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level of the diabetic mice both in acute (12 hours) and prolong treatment (15 days) and it was determined that the F. stricta methanol extract at both concentration (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) showed the significant (P<0.05) hypoglycemic effect in comparison to the standard drug metformin. In the case of castor oil induced diarrheal test, enteropooling test and gastrointestinal motility test, the extract of F. stricta at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg has given significant effect (P<0.05) compared to the standard drug loperamide. But 400 mg/kg demonstrated the highest activity amongst the three doses. These results suggested that the methanol extract of F. stricta Roxb. possess promising anti-diabetic effect on alloxan-induced mice and significant antidiarrheal effect on castor oil induced diarrheal mice.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.383974
Cytomorphological changes in the cerebral and ventral ganglionic neurosecretory cells during copulation in epigeic earthworms
Get PDFIn spite of hermaphroditism, most earthworm species reproduce by cross fertilization i.e. by the process of copulation of two mature partners. Mechanism of copulation in few earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris) is known. However literature on neurosecretory control of copulation in earthworm is lacking. In the present study 30 pairs of conjugating earthworms of Eisenia fetida were collected from laboratory culture beds during 2016 of monsoon season. Cerebral and ventral ganglia of 10 pairs of conjugating earthworms and 20 pairs of post conjugation (2 hrs after separation, 4 hrs after separation) earthworms were fixed in Bouin’s fluid for cytomorphological studies on their cerebral neurosecretory cells. Earthworms (10 numbers) debrained through anterior transection of first five segments (brain present in 3rd segment) by sterilized paragon knife were studied to observe conjugation if any. Cerebral and ventral ganglia of 5 pairs of pre-conjugating earthworms were considered as control. Cerebral and ventral ganglia of earthworms displayed chiefly two types of neurosecretory cells such as A cells and B cells. The A cells are deeply stained AF-positive cells arranged in upper cortical tier beneath the perineurium and generally exhibiting process of axonal transport. The B cells, generally larger in size than A cells, are lightly or moderately stained with or without axonal transport and lie in between cortical A cells and central fibrous neuropile. In the cerebral ganglia the A cells outnumbered the B cells, while in the ventral ganglia the opposite is true. Debrained E. fetida survived but did not conjugate. Secretory dynamics in the cerebral and ventral ganglionic neurosecretory cells A and B were recorded in pre-conjugating, conjugating and post-conjugating earthworms. Absence of conjugation in debrained worms and exhibition of the same in earthworms with brain and its changes in neurosecretory profile clearly indicate involvement of cerebral neurosecretion in the phenomenon of conjugation in earthworm. Our result indicates probable involvement of cerebral neurohormone in the process of conjugation in E. fetida.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.394860
Superficial technique for tear trough filling with cohesive polydensified matrix hyaluronic acid
Get PDFIntroduction: Deep tear troughs create unaesthetic hollows that often worsen the color alteration and aspect of dark undereye circles, thus giving an aged and tired appearance to the eyes, even in younger individuals. The use of dermal fillers for the restoration of volume loss in the area, with a wide variety of products and techniques, has been the most suitable treatment. Aim: Description and evaluation of the superficial intradermal injection technique for tear trough filling using cohesive polydensified matrix hyaluronic acid. Materials and Methods: 120 patients from Faculdade de Medicina do ABC’s Cosmetic Dermatology Sector and a private practice treated between the years 2011 and 2016. Results: All the patients rated the treatment result as good or very good. No important or long-lasting adverse effects were reported; the Tyndall effect was not observed either. Conclusion: The superficial technique is an easy and safe method to treat the tear trough deformity, with high rates of good aesthetic results.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.427243