Jurnal AgroBiogen
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Resistensi Wereng Batang Cokelat Padi, Nilaparvata lugens Stål terhadap Insektisida di Indonesia
Get PDFThe ricebrown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is amajor insect pest of rice and their infestations occur everyyear in several locations in Indonesia. The use ofinsecticides often fails to control the BPH so theirpopulations are still high that cause rice crops showhopperburn and the farmer loses the yields. Thedevelopment of insecticide resistant in BPH population isone of the factors to contribute to the failure of insecticidescontrol. We have detected the development of fieldpopulation BPH resistance to BPMC, carbofuran, MIPC, andimidacloprid, but we do not know yet the development ofresistance to other insecticides to control BPH in Indonesia.This paper will review several cases on BPH resistance toinsecticides in Indonesia and other countries that includeaspects of the development of resistance in the field and inthe laboratory, the mechanism of resistance, inheritance ofresistance, genomics of resistance, and resistancemanagement. A policy and further study is also suggested forinsecticide resistance management in Indonesia
Kriopreservasi untuk Konservasi Plasma Nutfah Tanaman: Peluang Pemanfaatannya di Indonesia
Get PDFIncreasing rate of plant germplasm lost inIndonesia has promoted the implementation of variousmethods for their conservation. Cryopreservation is a techniqueapplicable for a long-term preservation (base collection)of plants possessing non-orthodox (recalcitrant andsemi-recalcitrant) seeds and those propagated vegetatively.The technique can be used as an alternative method fororthodox seed plants preservation in the ex situ conservationsystem. Although field and in vitro collection methods canbe applied for the non-orthodox seed plants, a number ofdisadvantages possesed by these methods, especially in thetropics or the developing countries, deny their use for theestablishment of a long-term germplasm collection. Successfulimplementation of the cryopreservation technique issupported by the development of protocols, which are ableto provide a high recovery rate for species understudy, usingvitrification based methods which are simple, economical,applicable to complex organs, and able to implement a highnumber of explants per experiment. The availability of infrastructuresincluding in vitro culture laboratories, continuesupply of liquid nitrogen is highly supporting the use ofcryopreservation technique in Indonesia
The use of Biotechnology in the Characterization, Evaluation, and Utilization of Indonesian Rice Germplasm
Get PDFPenggunaan Bioteknologi dalam Karakterisasi, Evaluasi,dan Pemanfaatan Plasma Nutfah Padi Indonesia. Tiur S.Silitonga. Beras merupakan makanan pokok pendudukIndonesia yang terus meningkat kebutuhannya. Untuk memenuhikebutuhan beras nasional, peningkatan produktivitasvarietas padi terus diupayakan melalui peningkatan potensihasil dengan cara merakit varietas tipe baru dan padihibrida yang berdaya hasil tinggi dan genjah, tahan terhadapcekaman biotik dan abiotik. Sejak tahun 2006 sampai saatini jumlah varietas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 varietas.Perakitan varietas itu semua dilakukan dengan menggunakanplasma nutfah. Sampai saat ini plasma nutfah yang dilestarikandi Bank Gen Balai Besar Penelitian dan PengembanganBioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian(BB-Biogen) berjumlah sekitar 4.000 aksesi yang terdiri atasvarietas padi lokal, varietas padi unggul lama, varietas unggultipe baru, galur-galur elit, dan kerabat spesies padi liar.Untuk menjaga keselamatan koleksi, sebanyak 2.500 aksesidilestarikan di Balai Besar Penelitian Padi sebagai koleksiduplikat. Di samping itu, sebagai mitra kerja sama internasional,koleksi ini juga disimpan di pusat pelestarian plasmanutfah padi International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) sebanyaklebih dari 8.900 aksesi. Plasma nutfah ini memilikiperanan yang sangat besar sebagai sumber gen dalamprogram pemuliaan padi. Untuk mempermudah pemanfaatannya,koleksi ini telah di karakterisasi, dievaluasi, dan didokumentasikandi dalam database. Karena plasma nutfahmemiliki nilai potensial dan nilai aktual bagi kehidupan manusia,maka sangat penting untuk melestarikannya baiksecara in situ, ex situ, dan lekat lahan (on farm). Pada tulisanini diuraikan status koleksi plasma nutfah, bagaimana dikoleksi,karakterisasi, evaluasi, dan didokumentasikan dalamdatabase dan dimanfaatkan dalam program pemuliaanpadi serta dalam pertukaran plasma nutfah padi. Dalam pemanfaatandan pertukaran plasma nutfah, Indonesia telahmeratifikasi perjanjian pertukaran sumber daya genetik danmengimplementasikannya dengan menggunakan StandardMaterial Transfer Agreement (sMTA) melalui UU No. 4 Tahun2006
Gen Pengendali Sifat Ketahanan Penyakit Blas (Pyricularia grisea Sacc.) pada Spesies Padi Liar Oryza rufipogon Griff. dan Padi Budi Daya IR64
Get PDFImprovement of rice for durable resistance rice blast is difficult due to the complexity of the inheritance of resistance. As study was conducted to analyze blast resistance in rice using two different approaches, i.e., blast QTL mapping and comparison of resistance spectrum and genetic control. The blast QTL mapping was done using an interspesific population originated from backcrossing between a wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, and a cultivated rice, IR64. Comparison of resistance spectrum and genetic control was based on phenotypic reactions. Results of the experiment showed that based on the blast QTL mapping, genes Pirf2-1(t) and Pir2-3(t) were mapped on chromosome 2. Gene Pirf2-1(t) was isolated from chromosome 2 of O. rufipogon and coding for resistance to P. grisea race 001, while gene Pir2-3(t), which was isolated from rice cultivar IR64, was coding for resistance to P. grisea race 173. Based on the resistance spectrum, O. rufipogon has a non-race specific resistance. Gene Pirf2-1(t) on O. rufipogon contributed a dominant mode of resistance to blast which was affected by a duplicate epistasis. The other gene, Pir2-3(t) contributed an additive mode of resistance which was affected by a complementary epistasis
Segregation Analysis of SSR, SNP, and AFLP Markers in F2 Population of Solanum lycopersicum × S. arcanum (Analisis Segregasi Marka SSR, SNP, dan AFLP pada Populasi F2 Persilangan Solanum lycopersicum × S. arcanum)
Get PDFDistorted marker segregation is a common phenomenon in interspecific cross of various crops. Previous mapping study of earlyblight fungus (Alternaria solani) resistance loci showed 52% marker distortion in the genetic linkage map of 176 F2 progeniesderived from Solanum lycopersicum cv. Solentos × S. arcanum LA2157. The objectives of this study were to analyze in detail themarker segregation in the map and to determine the cause of segregation distortion by calculating the allele and genotypefrequencies of each marker. Out of 371 mapped markers, 192 markers deviated from the expected Mendelian ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.Distorted markers occurred in all chromosomes, ranging from 1% to 92%. Surplus of S. arcanum homozygotes contributed mostto the skewness (40%), followed by heterozygotes (18%), and S. lycopersicum homozygotes (5%). The allele frequencies of 152markers deviated from the expected allele homogeneity frequency, indicating that their segregation might be affected bygamethophytic selection. Sixty-one markers deviated from the expected F2 genotype frequency distribution, indicating that theirsegregation might be influenced by zygotic selection. Thirty-seven of the distorted markers showed deviation from expectedfrequencies of allele homogeneity and F2 genotype frequency distribution. Distorted markers can be retained in linkage analysissince chromosomal regions containing distorted markers showed linkage with early blight fungus resistance loci. Furtheridentification of the mechanism contributing segregation distortion requires detailed and extensive mapping studies
Induksi Tunas pada Kotiledon dan Hipokotil Tanaman Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) melalui Organogenesis Tak Langsung
Get PDFPropagation through tissue culture of plantspecies with rich secondary metabolites such as Jatrophacurcas L. is difficult to obtain. However, once established, itcan be used as one of the alternatives to supply uniformpropagules. The effects of auxin and cytokinin on theregulation of de novo woody plants shoot development havebeen studied through shoot induction, differentiation anddevelopment. The objective of this research was to identifyexplant and suitable culture media for in vitro shoot inductionthrough indirect organogenesis. Factorial experimentwas arranged in a completely randomized design, replicated20 times. The first factor was explants, i.e. cotyledons andhypocotyls. The second factor was MS media containingcombination of plant growth regulator IAA (0, 0.05, and 0.1mg/l) and BAP (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/l). The results of theexperiment showed that the fastest callus initiation wasachieved by MS + IAA 0.1 mg/l, i.e. 9.5 days after explantswere cultured. Shoots with leaves can be induced from bothcotyledons and hypocotyls. However, hypocotyls gave moreshoots and leaves than cotyledons when cultured in MS +IAA 0.1 mg/l + BAP 3.0 mg/l. Shoots obtain from hypocotylsand cotyledons were successfully rooted in MS mediumwithout any growth regulator
Resistance and Phenotypic Character of Chili M2 Mutant Lines Against Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus
Get PDFChilli veinal mottle virus infection (ChiVMV) could reduce the quality and 60–100% of yield losses of chili. Among the chilivarieties released, no one has been resistant to ChiVMV, mainly due to a high variation of ChiVMV strains and not well mapped.Therefore, finding a new source of ChiVMV resistant genes is pivotal role in order to assembly new varieties. Approach throughin vitro mutation induction using mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is one of the efforts to increase genetic diversity.Previous studies has successfully acquired 800 M2 lines through callus induction of Gelora variety with EMS. This study aimed toobtain M2 lines resistant to ChiVMV and having a good agronomical characters. A total of 800 chili M2 lines that derived from chiliM2 mutations using mutagen EMS has been tested in greenhouse to ChiVMV resistance and studied character phenotype. Theresults showed that of the 800 lines, there were 28 strains obtained showed a response tolerant and resistant to ChiVMV. Eightmutant lines of which have good agronomic characters. The mutant lines are M2.100, M2.108, M2.200, M2. 122, M2.238, M2.353,M2.420, and M2.517. Eight lines will be selected and further observed to obtain chili promising lines that are resistant to ChiVMVand high yielding
Penyimpanan In Vitro Tanaman Obat Daun Dewa melalui Pertumbuhan Minimal
Get PDFDaun dewa (Gynura Procumbens) is a medicinal crop commonly used to remedy cancer, diabetes, and dermatitis. It has a bright prospect for future used. Plant preservations through tissue culture is done to anticipate an urgent need. An experiment was carried out to in vitro preservation of Daun Dewa by the minimum growth and regeneration to examine viability of the culture after the preservation. Terminal shoots (±1 cm) were cultured on a 1/2 MS basic medium + paclobutrazol (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l) or ABA (1, 2, and 5 mg/l). The trial was arranged in a, completely randomized with 10 replications. The results showed a three-month preservation of the culture on a medium containing ABA inhibited proliferation and expansion of the plant shoots. Increasing ABA concentrations up to 5 mg/l, according to the shoot-growth inhibition, resulted in the height of 0.6 cm. After three month preservation, the shoots were able to produce roots. After 12 month preservation, the optimum capacity of growth inhibition was shown on 1/2 MS medium + ABA (1, 3, and 5 mg/l). The application of paclobutrazol (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l) in the medium produced low multiplication level of shoots, the length of the shoots remains higher than those on 1/2 MS medium without paclobutrazol. Seven months after preservation, viability of the plants was still high when cultured on MS medium + 2 mg/l BA combined with paclobutrazol and ABA as previously given. In addition, the rooted culture could be directly acclimatized in the glasshouse. The lowest number of shoot and shortest shoot after 12 month preservation period was found on the medium containing 5 mg/l ABA and 4 mg/l paclobutrazol, this treatment produced two shoots of 4 cm long. The best medium for the explant regeneration after 7 month preservation was MS + 2 mg/l BA. The plant shoots produced roots directly after they were acclimatized in the glasshouse
Characterization of Donor Genome Segments of BC2 and BC4 Way Rarem x Oryzica Llanos-5 Progenies Detected by SNP Markers
Get PDFPlant breedersmake a succession of backcrosses to introgress a characterfrom a donor parent into genomic background of a recurrentparent. In several backcrossing, the proportion of a genometends to return almost fully to recurrent parent, except thesmall donor genome segment harboring the character ofinterest. The estimation of the proportion donor segmentthrough backcross generations has been analyzedtheoretically using complex mathematical simulations. Inthis study, the proportion of donor introgression segmentswere directly analyzed in advanced backcross populations,BC2F7 and BC4F2. The analysis was done by using a set ofsingle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covering theentire rice genome. Of the 384 SNP markers we found 124markers which provide polymorphism between recurrentparent, Way Rarem and Oryzica Llanos-5 as donor parent.But only 55 SNP markers could detect Oryzica Llanos-5alleles in BC2F7 and BC4F2 progenies. The result of thisanalysis demonstrated that the average of donor segmentnumber was 14.5 in BC2F7 and 12.3 in BC4F2. It was reduced15% from BC2F7 to BC4F2. The average of donor segmentlength was 31.2 cM (centiMorgan) in BC2F7 and 8.79 cM inBC4F2. It was decreased 72% during twice backcrossing. Theaverage of donor genome size was 343.95 cM in BC2F7 and71.35 cM in BC4F2, which means there was 79% decreasefrom BC2F7 to BC4F2. These results offered a simple methodto describe the proportion of target genome segment fromdonor parent. It was required as one of the main selectioncriteria in backcross programs