Qazvin University of Medical Sciences

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    Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

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    Background: Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results: This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions: We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance. Keywords: Academic stress, Adolescence, Students, Multilevel analysis, Ira

    Effects of propolis supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

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    The aim of meta-analysis was to assess the effects of propolis on markers of oxidative stress, lipid profiles, inflammation and glycemic control, liver enzymes, and weight control. The heterogeneity between the included studies was indicated using the Cochrane’s Q test and I-square (I2 ) statistic. 14 trials were included in this meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in fating glucose (WMD: -17.00; 95% CI: −30.88, −3.11), HbA1C (WMD: -0.42; 95% CI: −0.75, −0.10), and insulin (WMD: -1.75; 95% CI: −3.24, −0.26) and a marginally significant reduction in insulin resistance (WMD: -0.60; 95% CI: −1.20, 0.00) following propolis supplementation in 10, 8, 6, and 5 studies, respectively. Pooling 5 effect sizes, a significant reduction was seen in ALT (WMD: -5.63; 95% CI: −10.59, −0.67) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -3.09; 95% CI: −5.15, −1.03) following propolis. A significant beneficial effect was observed for CRP (WMD: -1.11; 95% CI: −1.92, −0.29), TNF-α (WMD: -6.71; 95% CI: −9.44, −3.98) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD: -17.99; 95% CI: −35.56, −0.42) concentrations after propolis supplementation. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of propolis on FPG, HbA1c, insulin, CRP, TNF-α and liver enzymes levels

    Recommendations Related to Fasting and Medicine Consumption during Ramadan Month

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    Comprehensive genotype-phenotype correlation in AP-4 deficiency syndrome; Adding data from a large cohort of Iranian patients

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    Mutations in adaptor protein complex-4 (AP-4) genes have first been identified in 2009, causing a phenotype termed as AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Since then several patients with overlapping phenotypes, comprised of intellectual disability (ID) and spastic tetraplegia have been reported. To delineate the genotype-phenotype correlation of the AP-4 deficiency syndrome, we add the data from 30 affected individuals from 12 out of 640 Iranian families with ID in whom we detected disease-causing variants in AP-4 complex subunits, using next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, by comparing genotype-phenotype findings of those affected individuals with previously reported patients, we further refine the genotype-phenotype correlation in this syndrome. The most frequent reported clinical findings in the 101 cases consist of ID and/or global developmental delay (97%), speech disorders (92.1%), inability to walk (90.1%), spasticity (77.2%), and microcephaly (75.2%). Spastic tetraplegia has been reported in 72.3% of the investigated patients. The major brain imaging findings are abnormal corpus callosum morphology (63.4%) followed by ventriculomegaly (44.5%). Our result might suggest the AP-4 deficiency syndrome as a major differential diagnostic for unknown hereditary neurodegenerative disorders

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