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اثرانجماد شیشه ای بر میزان بیان اینتگرین های 9α و 1β در جنین موش سوری در مرحله لانه گزینی
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زمینه و هدف: هر عاملی که بر روی ساختار ویا توزیع اینتگرینها تاثیر گذارد می تواند در فرایند لانه گزینی نیز موثر باشد. بنابراین بررسی اثر انجماد شیشه ای و محیط کشت روی بیان اینتگرین در مرحله بلاستوسیست از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است.هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی اثرات انجماد شیشه ای بر میزان بیان اینتگرین های 9α و 1β در جنین موش سوری در مرحله لانه گزینی است.
مواد و روشها: ابتدا 50 سر موش سوري ماده با سن 4 تا 6 هفته و 10 سر موش سوری نر و با سن 6 تا 8 هفته تهیه شد و تخمک گذاری تحریک شد سپس موشهای باردار پس از مدت زمان معلوم کشته شدند و جنین های آنها استخراج شدند. سپس جنین های مرحله بلاستوسیت در دو مرحله آبگیری و انجماد تحت تاثیر محلول انجمادی فریز شدند و پس از مراحل ذوب و رقیق سازی میزان بیان جنین های به دست آمده با روش RT-PCR تعیین شد.
یافته ها: میزان بیان اینتگرین های 9α و 1β در گروه انجماد در مقایسه با گروه کنترل کاهش چشمگیری داشت.
نتیجه گیری: انجماد شیشه ای میزان بیان اینتگرین های 9α و 1β را در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به طور چشم گیری کاهش می دهد و باعث تاثیرات منفی بر روی فرایند لانه گزینی می شود.
کلمات کلیدی: انجماد شیشه ای،اینتگرین،لانه گزینی، فریز جنی
بررسی نگرش دانشجویان پزشکی به وضعیت مراقبت از سالمندان مبتلا به COVID-19 بستری در بیمارستانهای آموزشی شهر قزوین سال1399و1400
Get PDFزمینه و هدف:از انجاییکه پزشکان نقش مهمی در درمان سالمندان مبتلا به کووید19 دارند،ضروری است نگرش آنان به مراقبت از این گروه سنی و عوامل موثر بر نگرششان مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.درک نگرش کادر درمان به منظور ارتقاء نگرش مثبت تر نسبت به سالمندان و نیز ارائه مراقبت بهداشتی درمانی موثر برای این گروه سنی به ویژه در بلایا و بحرانها ضروری است.از آن جایی که کارورزان بیشتر شاهد شرایط بیماران مسن کرونایی هستند و همزمان خدمات و درمان های در نظرگرفته برای بیماران توسط پزشکان را می بینند، می توانند نظرات مفیدی در این خصوص ارائه دهند.
مواد و روش ها:پژوهش حاصل از نوع اپیدمیولوژیک توصیفی میباشد و 100 نفر از کارورزان پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین به صورت سرشماری در این مطالعه شرکت کردند.ابزار مورد استفاده جهت نظر سنجی پرسشنامه ی خود ساخته بر اساس پرسشنامه ی UCLA بود که روایی و پایایی آن بررسی و تائید شد و داده های جمع آوری شده در نرم افزار spss تجزیه و تحلیل شد.
یافته ها:بر اساس نتایج میانگین نمره ی نگرش دانشجویان 63.38% بود که در وضعیت نیمه مطلوب قرار گرفت. همچنین بین متغیر های سن،جنس،وضعیت تاهل،نحوه ی زندگی،تمایل به انتخاب طب سالمندی در آینده و تجربه ی زندگی با پدربزرگ یا مادر بزرگ با نمره ی نگرش ارتباط معنی داری وجود نداشت. اما بین کمیت تماس با سالمندان جامعه(p= 0.001)وکمیت تماس با بیماران سالمند(p=0.008)و گذراندن بخش عفونی(p=0.014)و سال تحصیلی ورودی(p=0.002)با نمره ی نگرش ارتباط آماری معنی داری وجود داشت.
نتیجه گیری:طبق نتایج این مطالعه نگرش دانشجویان پزشکی به وضعیت مراقبت از سالمندان در وضعیت نیمه مطلوب است که نیازمند توجه بیشتر و برگزاری دوره های آموزشی متناسب میباشد.
کلیدواژه ها:سالمند-بیمار-بستری-مراقبت-وضعیت-دانشجو پزشکی-نگرش-کووید 1
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFMethods In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we
used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International
Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7,
and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8,
J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy
to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of
verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian metaregression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the
literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific
LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors.
Findings Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI
incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million
(95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and
mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in
females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age
groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged
70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0%
[83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to
have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7%
[–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of
global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction
[PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI
deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5]
for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4%
(95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3)
in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1%
(95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged
70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8)
of LRI deaths.
Interpretation The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied
across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted
interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups
could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting
wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child
wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and
reduce health disparities.
Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
وقوع حوادث فرصتطلب در بیمارستانها در دوران همهگیری کووید 19
Get PDFنزدیک به دو سال است که جهان با یک بحران مشترک بهعنوان کووید ۱۹ روبرو شده است . در این میان خسارت و هزینههای بسیار متنوع و گوناگونی متحمل دولتها شده و آسیب به سرمایههای انسانی و از بین رفتن افراد متخصص در کادر بهداشت و درمان یکی از هزینههای جبرانناپذیر سیستمهای بهداشتی در تمام دولتها است. با توجه به تغییر شرایط جوامع در طول این بحران ، سیستمهای بهداشت و درمان و افراد متخصص در دورههای زمانی خاص درگیر خطرات شغلی ویژه شدند که مواجهه کادر درمان با این خطرات در بیمارستانها منجر به وقوع حوادث فرصتطلب متعددی شد . بررسی و مطالعه حوادث فرصتطلب میتواند به شناسایی کانونها و منابع خطرات شغلی کادر درمان کمک نموده و موجب مدیریت مناسب ریسکهای مرتبط با حوادث مذکور گردد . این مقاله قصد دارد توجه پژوهشگران را به حوادث فرصتطلب در دوران همهگیری کووید 19بهعنوان یک بحران جهانی در بیمارستانها ، جلب نماید
Global incidence of helminthic contamination of vegetables, cucurbits and fruits: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Get PDFAccidental ingestion of infective stages of helminths through consumption of contaminated vegetables and fruits causes a wide range of food-borne diseases in humans. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the global incidence of helminthic contamination of vegetables, cucurbits and fruits. Several databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for literature published prior to November 2020. Overally, 184 articles (32 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 137 studies documented helminthic contamination in vegetables, 46 in cucurbits and 9 were in fruits. The pooled incidence (95% confidence interval) was 31% (26%–37%) for vegetables, 20% (14%–27%) for cucurbits and 20% (8%–37%) for fruits. The highest incidence rate was found in the Western Pacific WHO region (54%; 9%–95%). The most prevalent parasitic agents were Ascaris lumbricoides eggs (12%; 9%–15%) and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (12%; 8%–16%) in vegetables, S. stercoralis larvae (10%; 5%–15%) and Toxocara spp. eggs (10%; 3%–21%) in cucurbits, and Trichuris trichiura eggs (9%; 1%–22%) in fruits. The highest incidence rate was found to be associated with lower-middle income countries (34%, 28%–41%) and regions with a tropical rainforest climate (50%, 10%–91%). The potential role of vegetables, cucurbits, and fruits in the spread of helminthic parasites was revealed. Utilizing clean water for irrigation, proper washing and cooking of vegetables and improved sanitary practices can decrease the public health hazard regarding the consumption of vegetables, cucurbits, and fruits
Epidemiology of integrons among multidrug-resistant pathogens; an Asian update
Get PDFIntegrons are mobile genetic elements commonly found in the genome of bacteria, within plasmids, chromosomes, and transposons. They are recognized as important factors involved in genetic complexities, the formation of various phenotypes, and the emergence of bacterial adaptation. Integrons play a major role in capturing, expression, and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes and the resistance genes located on integrons can transmit from a strain to another one. Horizontal transmission of integrons is considered as the most important path of resistance genes transmission that leads to the emergence of multidrug resistance species. The genes carrying integrons are found in most Gram-negative pathogens. This review focuses on the epidemiology of classes 1, 2, and 3 integrons among clinically important bacteria in Asian countries
Global prevalence and epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs: a systematic review and meta‑analysis
Get PDFAbstract
Background: Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats
and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is not well understood with data available on prevalence
primarily focused on humans. To increase knowledge on prevalence, this review and meta-analysis was performed to
estimate the global status of S. stercoralis infections in dogs.
Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, online literature published prior to November 2020 was obtained from
multiple databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). Prevalence was calculated
on a global and country level, by country income and climate, and in stray/animal shelter dogs versus owned dogs.
Statistical analyses were conducted using R-software (version 3.6.1).
Results: From 9428 articles, 61 met the inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled global prevalence of S. stercoralis
in dogs was 6% (95% CI 3–9%). Infection was found to be the most prevalent in low-income countries with pooled
prevalence of 22% (95% CI 10–36%). The highest pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was related to regions with
average temperature of 10–20 °C (6%; 95% CI 3–11%), an annual rainfall of 1001–1500 mm (9%; 95% CI 4–15%) and
humidity of 40–75% (8%; 95% CI 4–13%). Prevalence was higher in stray and shelter dogs (11%; 95% CI 1–26%) than in
owned dogs (3%; 95% CI 1–7%).
Conclusions: As with S. stercoralis in humans, higher prevalence in dogs is found in subtropical and tropical regions
and lower-income countries, locations which also can have high dog populations. While this study presents the first
estimated global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs, it is potentially an underestimation with 15 of 61 studies relying
on diagnostic methods of lower sensitivity and a paucity of data from most locations. Standardized protocols (e.g.
quantity of feces and number of samples for a Baermann) in future studies could improve reliability of results. More
prevalence studies and raising veterinary awareness of S. stercoralis are needed for a One Health approach to protect
humans and dogs from the impact of the infection.
Keywords: Strongyloides stercoralis, Canine, Neglected tropical disease, Soil transmitted helminth, Systematic revie
Wide Spectrum of Thyroid Function Tests in COVID-19: From Nonthyroidal Illness to Isolated Hyperthyroxinemia
Get PDFBackground: Changes in thyroid function test (TFT) in COVID-19 patients have been reported in several studies. However, some
features such as thyrotoxicosis are inconsistent in these studies. In addition, some drugs such as heparin interfere with the free T4
assay.
Objectives: This study was designed to examine TFT abnormalities in COVID-19, utilizing direct and indirect methods of free T4
assay.
Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Serum levels of total T3, TSH,
T3RU, and total T4 were measured. The free T4 assay was performed using direct (free T4) and indirect (free thyroxin index or FT4I)
methods. The patients were categorized into different TFT groups. The clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and outcomes
were compared between the groups.
Results: The frequencies of Nonthyroidal Illness (NTI), subclinical/overt hypothyroidism and subclinical/overt thyrotoxicosis were
51.7, 6.9, and 6.9%, respectively. Besides, 6 and 8.1% of the patients had isolated high free T4 and isolated high FT4I without any other
TFT abnormality, respectively. The lymphocyte percent was lower in the subclinical/overt group than in other TFT groups (P = 0.002).
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) was found in 37.5% of subclinical/overt thyrotoxicosis patients versus 1.7% in the NTI and nil in the other three
groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: In addition to the reported TFT abnormalities in COVID-19 in previous studies, some new features like isolated hyperthyroxinemia were found in our study. We found a strong association between subclinical/overt thyrotoxicosis and AF. Regarding
the high prevalence of AF in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the thyroid function test is rational in COVID-19 patients with this arrhythmia
Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance, Toxin-Typing and Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens in Raw Beef Meats Obtained from Qazvin City, Iran
Get PDFAbstract: Background: Clostridium perfringens is one of the highest prevailing spore-forming foodborne pathogens, which is widely distributed and causes severe disease and outbreaks in humans
and animals. Raw meat and poultry are the main vehicles of this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance pattern, toxin-encoding genes and genetic diversity of
C. perfringens isolates from raw whole and minced meat samples purchased from local markets in
Qazvin city, Iran (the source of beef cattle production was also located in Qazvin city, Iran). Methods:
We used conventional culture-based and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and conventional and arbitrary
primer PCR methods. Results: A total of 18 C. perfringens strains were isolated from 133 raw meat
samples (13.53%). Up to 44.4 and 55.5% of these isolates were detected in raw minced and whole
meat samples, respectively. We found that 72.2, 66.6, 61.1, 37.8 and 33.3% of the C. perfringens isolates
were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol antibiotics,
respectively. Multidrug resistance was found in 38% of the isolates. Among the four main toxin genes
evaluated, the Cpa gene was detected in all isolates, and 61.1% of the isolates were mostly recognized
as type A C. perfringens. High levels of genetic diversity were observed among the isolates, and
they were classified into five distinct groups. Conclusions: The isolates from whole meat samples
were more resistant to antibiotics. However, toxin genes were more detected in the isolates from
minced meat samples. Our findings suggest that contamination of raw meat products with multidrug
resistant C. perfringens could be regarded as one of the concerning pathogens in these products.
Comprehensive monitoring of C. perfringens isolates is strongly recommended
Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk
Get PDFAbstract: Background: Cronobacter sakazakii is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in
infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main
transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate
the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness
of C. sakazakii strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. Methods:
Culture-based methods, Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR)
assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the C. sakazakii isolates. Results: We isolated
25 C. sakazakii strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillinclavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin,
and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin
antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized
into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among
the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic
antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. Conclusions: Novel microbial surveillance systems for
detecting multi-drug-resistant C. sakazakii are required to control the contamination of this foodborne
pathogen in infant foods.
Keywords: Cronobacter sakazakii; powdered infant formula milk; antibiotic resistance; ERIC-PC