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Evaluating the Artificial and Microbial Contamination (Pathogenic Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts) of Confectionery Products in Iran: A Systematic Review
Get PDFABSTRACT: The prevalence of contaminated foodborne diseases has always been a major challenge all around the
world. A huge amount of money is spent on treating these diseases every year. This study investigated the status of
chemical and microbial contamination of confectionery products in Iran. Data were collected from electronic
databases including Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar during 2001 - 2017. Search
keywords included microbial contamination, chemical contamination, confectionery products, cream-filled pastry, and
Iran. The results indicated that the highest contamination rates in South Khorasan, Tehran, Gorgan, and Isfahan were
related to Staphylococcus aureus (80%), Escherichia coli (57%), Enterobacteriaceae (25.1%), and yeasts (100%),
respectively. Moreover, the least prevalent pathogens in west of Tehran, Tabriz, east of Gilan, and south of Tehran
were S. aureus (4.81%), Coliform (2.51%), Bacillus cereus (1.2%), and E. coli (2%), respectively. In addition, there
was no Salmonella in southeast of Tehran and Yasouj. Most confectionery products contained unauthorized artificial
dyes, and authorized artificial dyes were also overused. The most commonly used artificial dye was sunset yellow
with 80% use in Arak. Moreover, 100% of the samples in Arak contained unauthorized artificial dyes. Confectionery
products are an important part of food products in the country. The likelihood of microbial and chemical spoilage of
these products increases due to the use of such ingredients as eggs, milk, and color additives. Further training and
supervision on the preparation and maintenance of these products by the local health authorities can be effective in
reducing the contamination
Survey of the association between polymorphisms of CTLA-4 exon 1 49 A/G genes with rheumatoid arthritis in Iran
Get PDFCytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which suppresses T cell proliferation, is
a promising candidate for the susceptibility genes to rheumatic arthritis diseases (RA). This study
aims to examine the association between the polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) genes
with RA in the Qazvin city of Iran population. The polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNArestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to genotype the CTLA-4 exon
1(+ 49) polymorphisms in 105 RA patients and 90 control subjects. Laboratory diagnostic tests
were also measured for RA and control groups. Our results did not demonstrate a significant
difference in allele and genotype frequencies of the CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) between RA patients
and the control group (p < .0001). There was no significant difference in age at onset, CRP, RF
value in patients with RA according to the CTLA-4 polymorphisms; just anti-CCP showed a
significant difference. Our data declared that polymorphisms of CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) genes are
not correlated with RA susceptibility and its clinical and paraclinical manifestations
