Indo. J. Chem. Res.
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Pembuatan Bioetanol Berbahan Baku Kertas Bekas menggunakan Metode Hidrolisis Asam dan Fermentasi
Get PDFThe enormous global daily consumption of liquid fuels is of the order of 80 million barrels/day (equivalent of 12.7 million m3/day). The sugar cane area required to produce the same volume of ethanol about 700 million hectares, assuming a yield of 6.5 m3/ha/year of ethanol. This study focus to use the second generation feedstock for bioethanol production. Waste papers have cellulose biomass in high percentage so that can be used as potential alternative biomass feedstock to convert bioethanol. Alkaline delignification was conducted by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) diluted with various concentrations (2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, and 5% (v/v) and then fermentation was carried out by Saccharomyces cereviciae with the variation fermentation time (4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, and 8 days). Ethanol will be produced after separated using evaporation process. The results for the paper inked with the highest ethanol content of 6,12 % (v/v) was obtained at a concentration of 4% sulfuric acid (v / v) and 7 days fermentation time. While the paper without ink obtained the highest ethanol content of 8,13 % (v / v) sulfuric acid at a concentration of 4% (v/v) and 7 days fermentation tim
Toksisitas Oligomer Kitosan Derajat Deasetilasi Rendah Enzimatis Menggunakan Metode Brine Srimp Lethality Test (BSLT)
Get PDFChitosan oligomers or chitooligomer is a mixture of oligomers of D-glucosamine which are formed through a process of depolymerization of chitosan with cuting its β-glycosidic bonding. Chitosan oligomer has received much attention in various fields because of the specific biological activity 10 times greater than chitosan. Chitosan oligomer having biological activity as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-tumor and anti-cancer. Before it is applied to humans, the bioactive compounds to be used as pharmaceutical products must pass a preliminary test using test animals. BSLT method is often used to praskrining against bioactive compounds. This method uses shrimp larvae are widely used in searches that are toxic bioactive compounds from natural materials. This study aims to determine the toxicity of chitosan oligomers enzymatic (crude) as a preliminary test before being used as a pharmaceutical product either as anti-cancer or anti microbial with BSLT method. The results showed chitosan oligomer (crude) hydrolysis of leather tiger shrimp chitosan (DD 60%) with chitosanase enzyme for each time of incubation has strong toxicity properties with a value of 36.90 ppm LC50 (1 hour incubation); 47.43 ppm (incubation 2 hours) and 104.86 ppm (incubation 3 hours)
Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Atsiri Dari Tanaman Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) Sebagai Antijamur Candida albicans
Get PDFMicroencapsulation of essential oils from nilam plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth) for antifungal of Candida albicans was carried out. The aims of this study were to know of chemical components, characteristics, and activity test of nilam plants as well as the result test of microencaptulation as antifungal of C. albicans. Nilam essential oils was obtained by using water-vapor destilation with the rendament of 0.88%. Charateristics of nilam essential oils obtained produced are density of 0.947 mg/L, refractive index of 1.506, acid number of 1.122, and dissolved in alcohol 70 and 90% has conducted by Indonesia National Standar. Microencapsulation of nilam essential oils by using spray drying method with the various of the wrapper material of nilam essential oils:maltodextrin (1:12;1:10;1:8) produced solid powders with sticky texture and creamy which giving a spesific aroma of nilam oils. The activity test of antifungal of C. albicans test on liquid essential oil any diffence significantly each various of concentration of 12,5; 25; 50; and 100%. The activity of microcapsule showed that the difference specifically on various of concentrations of 1:12; 1:10 and 1:8 with the good activity power is composition of 1:12. Activity test result showed is any difference significantly between nilam oils and microcapsule
Biodiesel Hasil Transesterifikasi Minyak Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Dengan Metanol
Get PDFStudy of the transesterification of Calophyllum innophyllum seed oil from Kendari with methanol has been conducted. The purpose of the research to determine of the yield of ester produced in transesterification process with methanol, the viscosity of biodiesel produced, moisture content of biodiesel produced, density of biodiesel produced. The methods used in this study are sample preparation, transesterification process, biodiesel quality parameter test consisting of viscosity, moisture content and density. The results showed that good concentration of phosphoric acid was used to remove the gum is 85%, the yield of ester produced in the process of transesterification with methanol is 111,647%, parameter of biodiesel quality measured that viscosity = 0,315 mm2/ s not fulfill Indonesian National Standart (INS), water content is 0.02 meets the INS and the density = 0.8725 g / cm3 meets the INS standar
Karakterisasi Karbon Dari Tempurung Kemiri (Aleurites Moluccana (L) Willd) Dengan Alat XRD
Get PDFThe research of carbon characterization from candlenut shells before and after activation has been done. Activated carbon were obtained through the heating process at 350 °C for 2 hours. The carbon charcoal were further cooled and sieved with a 100 mesh sieve. Then, calcinated at 450 °C and nitrogen (N2) were flowed for 2 hours and characterized by XRD for carbon before activation. Carbon was activated by using KOH solution with a concentration of 50% for 5 hours, then dried in an oven at 120 °C for 1 hour and characterized. XRD diffractogram of crystallization for carbon before activation produced three main peak were 2.93 Å, 3.25 Å, and 8.26 Å, and at 2Ө region of 30.47°, 27.40°, and 10.70°, respectively. XRD diffractogram of crystallization for activated carbon produced three main peak were 3.0195 Å, 3.3383 Å and 8.0955 Å, the 2Ө value which was shifted of 29.560°, 26.682°, and 10.920°. This shift indicates that the distance difference between charcoal crystal face caused by KOH activator. Weight acidity solids before and after activation was 27.370 x10-3 and 33.1245x10-3 mol.g-1, respectively
Uji Fitokimia dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Etil Asetat Kulit Batang Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf. var. Visenia dengan Metode Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT)
Get PDFMelochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf. var. Visenia is plant species included in Malvaceae family. This spesies is known as paliasa and used as traditional medicine by the people of South Sulawesi. This study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites by reagents and toxicity characteristic testing from bark extract of Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf. var. Visenia using Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The extract was prepeared by maceration ethyl acetate. Phytochemical test result showed that the ethyl acetate extract was containing the steroid compound, alkaloids and terpenoids. Toxicity test performed by shrimp Artemia salina Leach larvae was at 48 hours. The toxic effects of the extract were identified by the percentage of the number of shrimp larvae mortality using probit value analysis (LC50). The toxicity test of bark Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf. var. Visenia extract showed that the ethyl acetate extract is toxic to A. salina LC50 = 54,55 mg / mL
Minyak Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Dengan Etanol
Get PDFA study has been conducted on the transesterification of Calophyllum innophyllum seed oil with ethanol. The purpose of this research is to determine the comparison of concentration of phosphoric acid used to remove the gum on the oil, ester content is produced in the process of transesterification with ethanol, the ester yield obtained after the final stage of the transesterification process, the viscosity of the biodiesel produced, moisture content of biodiesel is produced, and density of biodiesel was produced. This research is taken based on consideration production biodiesel by direct transesterification process. Based on research result of good phosphoric acid concentration used to remove oil gum is 85%, volume of biodiesel produced at transesterification equal to 150 mL with yield 80,89%, biodiesel quality parameter measured that viscosity = 0,05 mm2 / s not fulfill Indonesian National Standart (INS), moisture content = 0.045 meets the INS and the density = 0.881 g / cm3 meets the IN
Modifikasi Katalis CaO Untuk Produksi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Bekas
Get PDFResearch about modification of CaO catalyst to produce biodiesel has done. This research aims to know the effectiveness of CaO-ZnCl2 belong to ASTM D6751 to get a yield biodiesel. Modification of the CaO with ZnCl2 was conducted by impregnation method using methanol and n-hexane. For synthesis biodiesel, methanol is used as solvent and Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as raw material. Ratio molar of WCO and methanol is 12:1 with 3% CaO-ZnCl2 added. This reaction is carried out at a temperature of 65oC. the biodiesel is characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) to determine the presence of ester groups formed. The yield percentage of biodiesel produced is 77.94%. The characterization of biodiesel properties consist of acid number is 73.38 mg KOH/g, density is 0.9038 and water content is 0.0053%
Kondisi Optimum Biosorpsi Sisik Ikan Kakap Merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) Terhadap Zat Warna Rhodamin B
Get PDFThe research of rhodamine B dye biosorption by Red Snapper’s scale (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) powder has been done. The red snapper’s scales were cleansed with aquades and dried. The dried red snapper’s scales were grinded and sieved to powder with a 100 mesh sieve. The powder of red snapper’s scale was dried at 100 °C in oven for an hour. The biosorption process toward rhodamine B dye and its results were examined with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The optimum condition of red snapper’s scale powder for 1.0 g of absorbent has biosorption capacity in amount of 92.740%; the optimum contact time is 120 minutes with biosorption capacity in amount of 97.264%; for 50 ppm biosorption concentration has biosorption capacity in amount of 95.598% and the optimum pH of 3 has biosorption capacity of 97.930%
Validasi Metode X-Ray Fluorescence untuk Analisis Ion Fe dalam activated Methyl Diethanol Amine (aMDEA)
Get PDFA research about validation method of Fe analysis in activated Methyl Diethanol Amine (aMDEA) using X-Ray Fluurescence (XRF) has been done. Analysis of Fe ion in aMDEA was performed to find out the rising of Fe in aMDEA that will show corrosion or metal erosion is caused by aMDEA degradation and contamination or accumulation from heat stable salt that can dissolve or scrape the film coat in carbon steel. Validation is done consist of linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. The analytical performance of the XRF for determination of Fe ions is good, shown as coefficient of correlation are 0.9997, repeatability as % RSD value are 1,93 % less than 2/3 CV Horwitz 6.24 %, percentage of recovery are 103.35 % . The LOD and LOQ are 0.351 and 2.975 ppm respectively, and Fe selectivity in aMDEA at 6.4 keV. The results obtained showed the XRF can be used for the routine analysis in the determination of Fe ions aMDEA samples