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Desire for Status is Positively Associated With Overconfidence: A Replication and Extension of Study 5 in Anderson et al. (2012)
Get PDFOverconfidence is prevalent despite being linked to various negative outcomes for individuals, organizations, and even societies. To explain this puzzling phenomenon, Anderson, Brion, et al. (2012) proposed a status-enhancement theory of overconfidence: Expressing overconfidence helps individuals attain social status. In this Registered Report, we conducted a direct replication of Study 5 by Anderson, Brion, et al. (2012), which found that individual differences in desire for status was positively correlated with being overconfident about one’s task performance relative to others. We also tested the generalizability of the key relationship to a different measure of desire for status. Furthermore, we complemented traditional significance testing with equivalence testing and Bayesian analysis to test a set of null hypotheses in the original study. We found support for the status-enhancement hypothesis: Desire for status had a positive association with overconfidence using both the original measure of desire for status (β = 0.19, 95% [0.09, 0.28]) and the alternative measure (β = 0.31, 95% [0.22, 0.39]). A follow-up extension study aimed to test this relationship causally by manipulating the social context where status motives may be stronger (a competitive vs. cooperative context) and testing whether such an effect is driven by state-level desire for status. We did not find a direct causal effect of social context on overconfidence, but an indirect association via state-level desire for status: a competitive (vs. cooperative) group context increased desire for status (β = 0.34, 95% [0.18, 0.51]), which in turn predicted greater overconfidence (β = 0.38, 95% [0.31, 0.46]).acceptedVersio
Trust reforms in Scandinavia: assessments of adoption and impacts of trust-based mangement in public sector organizations
No full textThe Nordic countries are high-trust societies and are active public management reformers. During the last decade, the three Scandinavian countries have seen a wave of trust reforms. To many, this seems like a paradox that high-trust countries adopt trust reforms aimed at increasing trust even more. This chapter describes the ongoing trust reforms in the Scandinavian countries not as introducing a new form of management due to low trust but as attempts to rebalance elements from traditional public administration, new public management, and new public governance to better fit each other as well as the contexts of high-trust societies, precisely because these high-trust countries have been active reformers. Trust is a positively laden concept, but also trust reforms may be contested. Using trust reform in the City of Oslo as a case, this chapter explores factors that may explain divergent views on the adoption as well as the impacts of trust-based management.publishedVersio
Nordisk integrasjon: Grensekryssende kriminalitet vevd sammen med gatekriminalitet
Get PDFI Norge får grensekontroll og grensekryssende kriminelle nettverk stadig mer oppmerksomhet. Denne rapporten forsøker å tegne opp et aktuelt situasjonsbilde, og ser dette i lys av foreliggende forskning. Som del av et pågående forskningsprosjekt om grensekontroll i Norden (dinobord.eu), så vi tegn til at norske gatekriminelle var forbundet med de «grensekryssende» miljøene. Det synes å være få hindringer for kjente svenske kriminelle som vil krysse grensen. Så kriminelle med mer voldskapital får nå økt synlighet i gatebildet i Norge. Det synes også å være flere relasjoner mellom norske og utenlandske kriminelle miljøer. Analysene kunne blitt styrket om det både var et mer solid forskningsmessig kunnskapsgrunnlag å lene seg på, og om man som forsker fikk bedre tilgang til viktige deler av det norske kontrollapparatet (myndighetsaktørene).publishedVersio
Predictive Clinical Factors of Pain-Related Quality of Recovery Following Elective Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery: An Observational Study in Norway
Get PDFPurpose: This observational cohort study aimed to identify predictive factors associated with pain-related quality of recovery among patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery.
Patients and Methods: This study involved a secondary analysis of the data collected from five hospitals across all healthcare regions in Norway to validate the Norwegian version of the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15NO). The sample consisted of 268 adult patients who underwent elective gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery between September 2021 and May 2022. Data were collected using QoR-15NO upon admission for surgery and on the first postoperative day, and surgery severity was classified using the Surgical Outcome Risk Tool. A linear mixed model and multivariate linear regression were used to investigate associations between postoperative scores and possible predictive clinically relevant factors.
Results: The results of this study showed that postoperative pain was significantly associated with age, gender, severity of surgery, and changes from pre- to postoperative status. Younger patients, compared to older patients (b=0.23, 95% CI: [0.03, 0.41]), female patients (b=−0.61, 95% CI: [−1.19, −0.04]), patients undergoing minor and intermediate surgeries compared to major surgeries (b=0.96, 95% CI: [0.00, 1.92]) all reported higher levels of postoperative pain. There was a significant decline in QoR post-surgery due to increased pain severity (b=−1.91, 95% CI: [−2.33, −1.50]; p <0.001). No clinically significant associations were found between ASA physical status, surgery duration, and pain-related QoR.
Conclusion: This study identified age, gender, and surgery severity as key predictors of postoperative pain. Younger and female patients and those undergoing minor surgeries are at higher risk for severe postoperative pain. Proactive approaches for minor surgeries and tailored pain management for younger patients and females might enhance recovery and postoperative pain outcomes. Thus, future research should focus on the long-term effects of individualized pain management and additional strategies for high-risk patient groups.publishedVersio
Strengthening research preparedness for crises: lessons from Norwegian government agencies in using randomized trials and quasi-experimental methods to evaluate public policy interventions
Get PDFDuring public health crises such as pandemics, governments must rapidly adopt and implement wide-reaching policies and programs (“public policy interventions”). A key takeaway from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was that although numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focussed on drugs and vaccines, few policy experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of public policy interventions across various sectors on viral transmission and other consequences. Moreover, many quasi-experimental studies were of spurious quality, thus proving unhelpful for informing public policy. The pandemic highlighted the need to continuously develop competence, capacity and a robust legal–ethical foundation for impact evaluations well before crises occur. It raised a crucial question: how can governments in non-crisis times develop capabilities to generate evidence on the effects of public policy interventions, thus enabling a rapid and effective research response during public health crises? We conducted a mapping to explore how government agencies in Norway use RCTs and quasi-experimental methods to strengthen the evidence base for public policy interventions and to identify barriers and facilitators to their use. Contributing to the study were 10 government agencies across sectors such as development assistance, education, health, social welfare, statistics and taxation. Many of these agencies have conducted or commissioned RCTs or quasi-experimental studies in the past 5 years, with evaluations ranging from 1 or 2 to more than 15 per agency. The measures evaluated included organizational, educational and financial interventions and interventions for oversight and sanctions. Some agencies have internal capabilities for designing and conducting evaluations, while others commissioned such studies to universities and other research institutions. Agencies reported examples where enhanced communication among implementers, researchers, ministries and political leaders facilitated impact evaluations, and these lessons offer opportunities for cross-sector knowledge-sharing to help strengthen rigorous evaluations of public policy interventions. Despite their potential, various government agencies report that randomized and quasi-experimental studies face legal, ethical, political and practical barriers that affect their use. For instance, the urgency of politicians to implement policies at scale has led to the discontinuation of trials and hindered learning from their effects. The surveyed agencies stressed the importance of legislation providing clear guidelines on when differential treatment can be justified and when informed consent requirements can be waived, as well as faster and clearer processes for managing privacy concerns related to data access. Crucially, greater political acceptance for systematically and gradually implementing reforms, including using randomization, could strengthen evidence-informed public policy, enhancing the scaling-up of effective interventions and deprioritizing ineffective ones.publishedVersio
Kven eig histoira di? Ein analyse av to prislønte lyddokumentarar, og søken etter ei etisk rettesnor i arbeid med forteljingar om livet til døde menneske.
No full textFleire dokumentarar i både tekst og lydformat tek for seg livet til menneske som ikkje lenger er i live, men det finst ingen tydelege etiske retningslinjer for arbeidet med slike forteljingar. Eg stiller i denne masteroppgåva spørsmål til balansen mellom det forteljande, etiske og sannferdige i to prislønte lyddokumentarar som tek for seg livet til døde menneske, og drøfter deretter det normative spørsmålet om kva etisk rettesnor som bør gjelde i lys av empirien. Utvalet til analyse er lyddokumentarane: Den brune pakken – arven etter far frå 2003 og Balladen om Håkon Banken frå 2021. Begge dokumentarane er prislønte og distribuert av NRK. Lyddokumentarane tek for seg ein eksistensiell tematikk og er nære forteljingar om livet til meir eller mindre ukjende menneske. Den teoretiske pilaren bygger på teori om dokumentarsjangeren og utviklinga av podkastformatet, klassisk narratologi, jf. Aaslestad (1999), forteljarteori av til dømes Meir Sternberg (2001), teknikkar i litterær sakprosa og i forteljande journalistikk. Samt teori kring ulike etiske tilnærmingar, etiske retningslinjer og eit meir filosofisk perspektiv. Eg har nytta narrativ analyse (nærlesing) og kvalitative intervju som metode.
Funna syner at dei to lydforteljingane har fleire kjenneteikn på det forteljande som skaper dei universelle narrative effektane av spenning, nysgjerrigheit og overrasking jf. Meir Sternberg (2001). Lyddokumentarane har høg grad av kjensler, som er nært knyt til podkastformatet. Forteljingane har synlege forteljarstemmer, som både har ein funksjon for det etiske og sannferdige i forteljinga, men som samstundes gir to plan i forteljinga og skapar avvik i kronologien frå sjølve historia. Analysen syner korleis ein forteljar har rom til å bryte opp kronologien med eit parallelt notidsnivå i forteljinga, og oppnå spenning, nysgjerrigheit og overrasking, utan å påverke det sannferdige i sjølve historia. Dei etiske vurderingane til journalistane ser ut til vere knyt til Ver varsam-plakaten, samtidig som det etiske kviler på at den som fortel har med seg eit naturleg ansvar og empati som menneske. Det kan òg sjå ut til at denne empatiske og menneskelege eigenskapen hjå journalisten (den som fortel), er det som skapar den naudsynte nærleiken til hovudpersonane. På den andre sida kan ønske om å fortelje om historia til andre menneske bli sett på som ei empatisk handling i seg sjølv. Funn syner samstundes ein tendens til at forteljingar om livet til døde menneske truleg kan helle meir mot det forsiktig etiske, i utfordringa som oppstår i møte med menneske som ikkje kan svare for seg eller verifisere tolkingar i sin eigen historie
«Ingen reaksjon uten relasjon» En kvalitativ studie om praktiske læringsmetoder og inkludering av elever med utagerende atferd i begynneropplæringen
Get PDFDenne masteroppgaven handler om hvordan praktiske læringsmetoder kan bidra til å inkludere elever med utagerende atferd i begynneropplæringen. Studien bygger på erfaringer fra skolen og en faglig interesse for hvordan verdiene om inkludering, likeverd og tilpasset opplæring kan realiseres i praksis, slik det forankres i skolens styringsdokumenter. Formålet er å få innsikt i hvordan undervisningsformer som vektlegger aktivitet og praktisk deltakelse kan fremme mestring, tilhørighet og positiv utvikling for denne elevgruppen. Problemstillingen som belyses, er:
«Hvordan kan praktiske læringsmetoder inkludere elever med utagerende atferd inn i den ordinære undervisningen i begynneropplæringen?»
Oppgaven bygger på et teoretisk rammeverk bestående av forskning på inkludering, utagerende atferd, begynneropplæring, intensiv opplæring og praktisk læring. Studien har et kvalitativt design, basert på semistrukturerte intervjuer med fire lærere i begynneropplæringen. Datamaterialet er analysert ved hjelp av tematisk analyse, med mål om å identifisere mønstre i lærernes erfaringer og refleksjoner.
Funnene viser at praktiske læringsmetoder kan legge til rette for økt deltakelse, styrkede relasjoner mellom lærer og elev, samt en mer positiv skolehverdag for elever som viser utagerende atferd. Lærerne fremhever betydningen av mestringsopplevelser, fysisk aktivitet, relasjoner og sosialt fellesskap som sentrale faktorer for inkludering. Samtidig løftes tidspress, begrensede ressurser og skolens organisatoriske rammer frem som barrierer for systematisk bruk av slike tilnærminger. Oppgaven belyser hvordan praksisnære arbeidsformer kan favne elevenes mangfold og støtte arbeidet med inkludering i begynneropplæringen, men viser også at skolens rammebetingelser kan gjøre det krevende å følge opp slike tiltak over tid. Til sammen understrekes behovet for økt bevissthet og målrettet innsats for å utvikle undervisning som fremmer både faglig utvikling og sosial tilhørighet, også for elever som utfordrer skolens normer.
Nøkkelord: Praktisk læring, Inkludering, Utagerende atferd, Begynneropplæringen, Relasjonsarbeid, Sosial tilhørighe
DLT use in payment Systems: Transforming Cross-Border and Domestic Transactions A Thematic Content Analysis
Get PDFOur thesis explores the impact of blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) and tokenization on the evolution of domestic and cross-border payment systems. We conducted a qualitative content analysis using NVivo coding and a systematic literature review of current industry and academic sources. This analysis established four major value propositions of DLT: quicker transaction speeds enabling instant settlement; increased operational efficiency lowering cost by eliminating intermediaries; fortified trust and security via cryptographic security features; and enhanced traceability and transparency through an immutable shared ledger. Our study also examines tokenization, highlighting that providing currencies and tokens as digital tokens (such as CBDCs or stablecoins) can exploit the advantages of distributed ledger technology by providing programmable cash, real-time instant transactions, and enhanced financial inclusion for society. Overall, our findings reveal that blockchain and tokenization can eliminate the major limitations of traditional payment systems as well as drastically streamline the payment process. However, our study also shows that technological, regulatory, and interoperability challenges continue to be major considerations. To summarize, our research further explains how token-based technologies and emerging distributed ledger technology (DLT) can modernize payment infrastructures,rendering them more inclusive, transparent, secure, and efficient
In-Kind Donations in International Development Aid: A Critical Investigation of a Swiss Charity’s Project in Togo
Get PDFThis master’s thesis critically examines the practice of in-kind donations within international development aid through the case study of Hison, a small Swiss charity that sends containers with second-hand school materials to Togo. Drawing on postcolonial theory, dependency theory, and the concept of neocolonialism, the study explores both the material impacts and the underlying power dynamics of the project. Data for this thesis was collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation in Kpalimé, Sokodé, and Kara in Togo, as well as interviews with Hison members in Switzerland. Findings indicate that while many donated materials were appreciated and actively used by the recipients in Togo, some were mismatched with local needs, highlighting the importance of culturally and contextually appropriate aid. The project also revealed forms of economic and psychological dependency that reflect broader global inequalities and colonial legacies. This thesis argues that rather than rejecting aid altogether, organisations must adopt a more nuanced, reflexive approach – one that prioritizes local agency, minimizes dependency, and remains critically aware of the potential for aid to reinforce neocolonial structures. Ultimately, the study contributes to ongoing debates on the ethics and effectiveness of in-kind assistance and offers practical considerations for future aid initiatives
A Data-Driven Digital Twin Framework for Simulation-Based Energy and Comfort Optimization in Existing Buildings
Get PDFABSTRACT
This study presents a data-driven digital twin framework that integrates real-time sensor data, BIM, physics-based simulation, machine learning, and multi-objective optimization to support energy and comfort retrofit planning in existing buildings in Norway. The framework was tested on a multifunctional meeting room (Røylen) in the Norwegian Maritime Museum, using IDA ICE simulations calibrated with 10 months of measured data. The model achieved an MBE of –0.05 °C and a CVRMSE of 3.08 % for air temperature, and an MBE of –0.98 % and a CVRMSE of 8.57 % for relative humidity. A parametric dataset of 2,500 scenarios was generated and used to train surrogate models (XGBoost, RF, ANN, Ridge), with XGBoost achieving the best predictive performance (R² = 1.00 for energy outputs, RMSE as low as 1.09 %). This surrogate was embedded in a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to identify trade-offs between purchased electricity and thermal discomfort (MAXPPD). The optimization reduced both the purchased electricity by up to 36 % i.e., from 199.2 kWh/m²·year to 127.1 kWh/m²·year, and the discomfort by over 60 percentage i.e., from 100% to 36.5 %, while generating up to 87.6 kWh/m²·year of net exported energy. Compared to the baseline, every Pareto-optimal solution showed improvement in at least one objective. The proposed framework demonstrates how combining calibrated simulation, machine learning, and optimization enables actionable, performance-driven retrofit strategies in complex, under-monitored buildings