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Morphometric analysis of leaf indumentum distinguishes greyish oak (Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) across their Central-Eastern European range
No full textWhite oaks are keystone species in European lowland forests. The micro-morphology of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) and greyish oak ( Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch), two closely related taxa sometimes treated as subspecies, was compared in the present paper. Greyish oak – distributed in the Balkans and Asia Minor – is proposed as a climate-resilient substitute for Q. robur L. under intensifying droughts. For our study, we collected leaf samples from populations in Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, and compared them using indumentum characteristics, focusing on trichome types as potential diagnostic markers for forestry practice. Morphological observations of trichome rays collected at standardised sampling plots were compared using either classical statistics (countable measurements) or morphological classification (trichome types). Three trichome types were present on greyish oak: glandular and simple-uniseriate, stellate, and fasciculate trichomes, whereas pedunculate oak predominantly displayed simple-uniseriate trichomes, except for one intermediate individual. On average, the simple-uniseriate trichome rays on the leaf epidermis of Q. pedunculiflora K. Koch measured 79.81 µm in length, while the same in Q. robur L. were found to be 67.41 µm; a difference that was statistically significant. Fasciculate trichomes (mean length 274.99 µm) were diagnostic for Q. pedunculiflora K. Koch, despite occasional stellate trichomes in transitional forms (mean length 149.55 µm). These results confirm robust micromorphological differentiation between the taxa, validating trichome traits as reliable identification tool. The denser indumentum of greyish oak may reflect drought adaptation, highlighting its potential for assisted gene-flow in climate-smart forestry. The clear morphological difference in leaf indumentum can help practicing foresters to distinguish between the two oaks
Az erdészeti és vadgazdálkodási tudományok két évszázada a gyakorlat szolgálatában
No full textAz erdészeti tudományok művelése – amelybe beleértendők a faanyagtudományok és a vadbiológiai- vadgazdálkodási tudományok is – mintegy két évszázados múltra tekint vissza, melynek első évszázada elsősorban Selmecbányához köthető. Az itt megalakított Erdészeti Tanintézet (1808) és az Erdészeti Kísérleti Állomás (1897) jelentették az intézményi hátteret, amely a lényeges erdőterület-vesztéssel is járó trianoni elcsatolások következtében áttelepülni kényszerült. A második évszázad javarészt Sopronhoz és Budapesthez köthető, ahol az oktatásban és a kutatásban az 1956-os események újabb megrázkódtatásokat okoztak. Az erdészeti kutatás központja ma a Soproni Egyetem, amely az Erdészeti Tudományos Intézetet is magába foglalja. A vadbiológiai kutatások területén a Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem is szerepet tölt be
Role of Extractable and Non-Extractable Polyphenols in the Formation of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Red Heartwood Chromophores
No full textDespite the long history of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) red heartwood research, there has been no experimental proof on the structure of the chromophores yet. For the first time, using high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection/multistage electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, it was evidenced that red heartwood chromophores are water/methanol solvent extractable high molecular weight (400–2200 Da) compounds, which are polymerized, transformed, and oxidized products of (epi)catechin and taxifolin. Acid soluble non-extractable polyphenols (flavonoids, tannins) were not evidenced in the cell wall structure, while alkaline soluble compounds (ferulic acid, dehydrodiferulic acid, p-coumaric acid) have been identified for the first time from the sapwood/red heartwood boundary tissues: these supposedly play a role in the structural reinforcement of the cell wall structure and in the antioxidant protection and have a lesser role in color formation. Results on the structure of chromophores and on cell wall composition may enhance color homogenization technologies and contribute to a better utilization of red-heartwooded timber in the future
A Novel System for the Characterization of Bark Macroscopic Morphology for Central European Woody Species
No full textAccurate identification of deciduous woody species in winter is challenging, and the misidentification can lead to ecological and management damage. This study aims to substantiate a diagnostic system for woody species based on macromorphological bark characters. First, we reviewed the literature on bark-based species identification to assess existing approaches and their limitations. Building on this, we identified informative macromorphological features of bark through both literature analysis and our experiences. These characters cover all developmental phases, including twigs, young bark, and mature bark, and are supported by new diagnostic terminology. Using this framework, we compiled a character set for 115 Central European woody taxa, providing practical, primarily qualitative traits that can be applied directly in the field. Finally, we developed and tested “Single-access Keys” as an alternative to conventional dichotomous keys, demonstrating their effectiveness in enabling flexible and rapid species recognition, even under atypical conditions or when only partial observations are possible. Our results highlight the value of bark macromorphology as a diagnostic tool and emphasize its potential for advancing thematic identification keys, as well as digital applications in forestry, taxonomy, and ecological monitoring
The Anticenter and Reflection Line of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
No full textThe Simson point S of a quadrilateral Q is the point for which the pedal polygon of Q with respect to S degenerates into a single line, called the Simson line. If we reflect the Simson point in the lines containing the sides of Q, then we get another line that is parallel to the Simson line. We refer to this second line as the Reflection line of S. Ferrarello, Mammana, and Pennisi have conjectured that if Q is a cyclic quadrilateral that does not have parallel sides, then the reflection line of S passes through the anticenter of Q. We give a positive answer to this conjecture. We also give characterizations using the reflection line for a convex quadrilateral to be cyclic or to be semi-symmetric
Óvodai énekgyűjtemények a 19. századi Magyarországon
No full textTanulmányomban néhány, a 19. századi Magyarországon használt, kisgyermekeknek szánt dalgyűjteménybe kívánok betekintést nyújtani. A kutatás során három óvodai kottás énekgyűjteményt vizsgáltam meg, melyek a 19. század derekától voltak hazánkban használatosak, mind a Brunszvik Teréz által alapított óvodákban, mind pedig családi körben. Vizsgálódásom során kitértem az első magyar óvoda alapítójának, Brunszvik Teréz grófnőnek a téma relevanciája szempontjából jelentősebb életrajzi vonatkozású adataira is. Tanulmányomban hangsúlyt szeretnék helyezni arra, hogy egy-egy adott kor társadalmi kihívásai hogyan tükröződnek a pedagógiai elképzelésekben, módszerekben. Így a 19. században Brunszvik Teréz és társai a korszak legmodernebb pedagógiai szakirodalmából merítve, egy olyan, minden szempontból korszerű és előremutató kisgyermeknevelési modell és rendszer alapjait fektették le, melyek a mai napig hatással vannak óvodai nevelésünkre
Sentinel-2-Based Forest Health Survey of ICP Forests Level I and II Plots in Hungary
No full textForest damage has been increasingly recorded over the past decade in both Europe and Hungary, primarily due to prolonged droughts, causing a decline in forest health. In the framework of ICP Forests, the forest damage has been monitored for decades; however, it is labour-intensive and time-consuming. Satellite-based remote sensing offers a rapid and efficient method for assessing large-scale damage events, combining the ground-based ICP Forests datasets. This study utilised cloud computing and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to monitor forest health and detect anomalies. Standardised NDVI (Z NDVI) maps were produced for the period from 2017 to 2023 to identify disturbances in the forest. The research focused on seven active ICP Forests Level II and 78 Level I plots in Hungary. Z NDVI values were divided into five categories based on damage severity, and there was agreement between Level II field data and satellite imagery. In 2017, severe damage was caused by late frost and wind; however, the forest recovered by 2018. Another decline was observed in 2021 due to wind and in 2022 due to drought. Data from the ICP Forests Level I plots, which represent forest condition in Hungary, indicated that 80% of the monitored stands were damaged, with 30% suffering moderate damage and 15% experiencing severe damage. Z NDVI classifications aligned with the field data, showing widespread forest damage across the country
Impact of Digital Twins on Sustainability of SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review
No full textThis systematic literature review (SLR) investigates the impact of Digital Twins (DTs) on the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sus-tainability in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs, making up about 90% of global businesses, face challenges in adopting sustainable prac-tices due to limited resources. DTs, as virtual representations of physical sys-tems, provide opportunities for SMEs to optimize processes and achieve sus-tainability goals. Using the PRISMA methodology, a structured search was conducted, targeting peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2024. The findings show that DTs enable cost reductions, improved resource effi-ciency, and enhanced working conditions. However, high initial costs and tech-nical complexity pose significant barriers for SMEs. The review also highlights gaps in long-term studies on ecological benefits and socio-economic impacts. The study concludes that while DTs offer considerable potential for advancing sustainability in SMEs, strategic implementation and support mechanisms are essential for overcoming existing challenges.JEL-codes: L25, L26, L60, M15, O33, Q5