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Awareness of Time and Experience of Conscious Mental Processes during Musical Activity
No full textHow may changes in musicians’ experience of time influence their impressions of having conscious intentions during musical activity? In this essay I will present and discuss an autoethnographic account of how an exceptionally heightened awareness of time during musical improvisation may be connected to a heightened awareness of one’s own mental activity, particularly of speedy internal deliberative processes
Flight performance of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis suggests sufficient muscle capacity for adaptive speed adjustment
No full textPower required to fly for a bird generally follows a U-shaped function of airspeed, with higher cost at both low and high speeds. Because power required increases with body mass faster than power available from flight muscles, larger birds may experience restricted flight speed ranges and climbing capabilities. Previous studies found limited flight performance in cormorants. Adapted for both flight and sub-surface swimming, they trade off larger flight muscles for powerful leg muscles used for diving. Our study tested whether the flight performance of greater cormorants is constrained by measuring airspeed under various seasonal and wind conditions. If flight muscles severely limit the range of flight speeds, cormorants would not be able to adopt ecologically relevant speeds between seasons and not increase speed in headwinds to minimize cost of transport. Results suggest that cormorants can achieve airspeeds beyond minimum power speed, selecting speeds near maximum range during autumn migration and exceeding this range on spring migration and during foraging flights. However, expected speed adjustments to headwinds were inconsistent, with some situations lacking the anticipated responses. The cormorants demonstrated partial wind drift compensation by adjusting flight headings along coastlines, though airspeed adjustments were not always observed. Although greater cormorants appear capable of reaching ecologically relevant speeds in many contexts, the overall scope of their flight speeds remains relatively narrow compared with smaller bird species. These findings indicate that greater cormorants have muscle power for adaptive behaviour in some cases, despite the influence of physiological constraints on their flight performance
A Naturalistic Theory of (In)justice : How Neurophysiology and Metabolic Energy Ground the Perception of Injustice
No full textAcross different domains, justice is considered either from a perspective concerning mind-independent features of a situation or from a perspective related to mind-dependent motives, traits or emotions. Although these approaches have generated valuable insights, they remain largely disconnected from each other. What is missing is an integrative framework that can explain how the objective features of situations are translated into subjective experiences and, ultimately, into defensible moral judgements. In this paper, we propose a physiological account of justice perception that explains how the ontologically objective features of a situation are translated into epistemically objective moral judgements. We argue here that the brain's predictive processing and interoceptive systems register unwarranted energy costs imposed by others as a salient, ontologically subjective state of negative affect through prediction errors elicited in specifically social contexts. This affective signal, in turn, provides the motivational and phenomenological basis for the cognitive judgement—mediated by Theory of Mind—that constitutes a specific moral emotion, such as indignation or outrage. Our naturalistic framework thus illuminates the embodied foundations of justice without reducing moral judgement to a mere physiological response. Although we are proposing a neurophysiological mechanism for justice perception, the content of the cognitive judgement (what counts as ‘unjustified’ or a norm of ‘fairness’) is also shaped by cultural, sociological and anthropological context. Thus, rather than replacing existing philosophical, legal or psychological theories, this naturalistic framework complements them by revealing the embodied cognitive processes that underlie our justice judgements across diverse contexts and cultures
Surgical Extent and Long-term Survival in Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
No full textBACKGROUND/AIM: Appendiceal adenocarcinomas are rare tumours with aggressive traits, most often diagnosed incidentally after routine appendectomy. Survival rates vary greatly between the different subgroups, and adenocarcinoma has the worst prognosis. Surgery is the only curative treatment, however, the long-term benefit of extended surgical resections over appendectomy has not been established. This study aimed to investigate survival outcomes in patients with appendiceal adenocarcinoma that undergo appendectomy versus right hemicolectomy (RHC).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved a systematic literature search in databases PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library using the COVIDENCE software. Cohort studies reporting survival outcomes for patients with non-metastasised appendiceal adenocarcinoma undergoing appendectomy versus RHC were included. A random-effects model was used to pool hazard ratios (HRs) in the meta-analysis performed in Review Manager. The ROBINS-I V2 tool was used for risk of bias assessment.RESULTS: A total of nine retrospective registry-based cohort studies were identified. Seven studies, with a total of 17,802 patients, reported overall survival (OS) from multivariable Cox- regression analysis. The pooled effect of adjusted HRs demonstrated increased OS [random-effects HR=0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.58-0.83] for patients undergoing RHC, with similar results in the sensitivity analysis excluding potential overlapping data (random-effects HR=0.70, 95% CI=0.51-0.96). No significant difference in OS was found in studies reporting subgroup analysis for well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlights the complexity of surgical treatment guidelines in appendiceal adenocarcinoma. The findings suggest a survival advantage for RHC compared to appendectomy. In well differentiated early-stage adenocarcinoma, appendectomy may be sufficient, although this may not apply to all subgroups
