University of Kaiserslautern
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Die Unvereinbarkeit des § 13b BauGB mit Unionsrecht – Folgen der Entscheidung des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts vom 18.07.2023
Get PDFDas Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG) hat mit Urteil vom 18.07.2023 entschieden, dass der § 13b BauGB a.F. unionsrechtswidrig ist und in Folge des Anwendungsvorrangs des Unionsrechts nicht mehr angewendet werden darf.
Obwohl die Kritik, dass der § 13b BauGB a.F. nicht mit Unionsrecht vereinbar, keineswegs neu war, diesen vielmehr bereits seit Erlass der Norm begleitete, glich das Urteil (aus der Perspektive der Kommunen) einem Paukenschlag.
Bislang konnte auf eine gefestigte Rechtsprechung verschiedener Oberverwaltungsgerichte vertraut werden, welche dem § 13b BauGB a.F. eine Vereinbarkeit mit Unionsrecht attestierte. Des Weiteren erfreute sich die im Jahr 2017 erstmals eingeführte Norm großer Beliebtheit: Im Jahr 2019 hat das Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat im Wege einer Umfrage die Länder um Mitteilung gebeten, in welchem Umfang die Regelung des § 13b BauGB a.F. bislang angewandt wurde. Zum Zeitpunkt der Umfrage wurden demnach bundesweit rd. 1.800 Bauleitplanverfahren nach § 13b BauGB a.F. eingeleitet und teilweise bereits abgeschlossen. Infolge der o.g. Entscheidung konnten nunmehr zahlreiche in Aufstellung befindliche Planverfahren nicht mehr auf Grundlage des § 13b BauGB a.F. fortgesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde begonnenen Bauvorhaben die Rechtsgrundlage entzogen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Auswirkungen des Urteils des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts vom 18.07.2023 (Az. 4 CN 3.22). Um eine eingehende Untersuchung von Fehlern und Fehlerfolgen zu ermöglichen, erfolgt zunächst eine vergleichende Betrachtung des dem Urteil zugrunde liegenden EU-Rechts anhand vorangegangener Urteile der Oberverwaltungsgerichte. Dabei soll auch bewertet werden, ob eine Vorlage an den EuGH erforderlich gewesen wäre (Teil 2).
Anschließend werden die Konsequenzen der attestierten Unionsrechtswidrigkeit für die Ebenen der Bauleitplanung (Teil 3) sowie der Baugenehmigung (Teil 4) untersucht. Für etwaige Fehlerfolgen sollen zudem mögliche Amtshaftungsansprüche bewertet werden
Untersuchungen zum Erwärmungs- und Abbrandverhalten von Holz-Beton-Verbundkonstruktionen unter Brandbeanspruchung
Get PDFEin Ziel des Brandschutzes ist die risikogerechte Bewertung von Konstruktionen im Brandfall. Voraussetzung für die Dimensionierung und Bemessung von Bauteilen unter Brandeinwirkung ist die Kenntnis des Brandverhaltens und der Bauteiltemperaturen. Anhand einer Analyse bestehender Bemessungsgrundlagen werden Forschungslücken zum Erwärmungs- und Abbrandverhalten betonseitig beanspruchter Holz-Beton-Verbundkonstruktionen offengelegt, die mit Hilfe von Brandversuchen adressiert werden. Die Versuche zeigen, dass der Beginn des Abbrandes und die Abbrandrate in der geschützten Abbrandphase stark von der Dicke des Betonquerschnitts abhängen. Schrauben als Verbindungsmittel wirken sich nicht negativ auf den Beginn des Abbrandes aus, resultieren jedoch aufgrund der verstärkten Wärmeleitung entlang des Schafts lokal in einem verstärkten Abbrand. Die in den Versuchen gemessenen Bauteiltemperaturen dienen als Grundlage zur Durchführung numerischer Simulationen. Dabei wird die Anwendbarkeit bestehender thermischer Materialmodelle von Stahlbeton und Nadelholz in thermischen Analysen von Verbundkonstruktionen überprüft. Mit Hilfe angepasster Materialeigenschaften werden die experimentell ermittelten Bauteiltemperaturen nachgerechnet und erweitert. Anhand der Ergebnisse aus den experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen wird das Erwärmungs- und Abbrandverhalten betonseitig brandbeanspruchter Verbundkonstruktion aus Nadelholz und Normalbeton quantifiziert
Effects of agroforestry on birds, bats and spiders in Europe
Get PDFAgricultural intensification, while initially boosting productivity, has led to significant environmental degradation.
The widespread use of synthetic inputs and mechanization have contributed to the simplification of landscapes,leading to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and the disruption of ecological processes. Consequently, the sustainability of farming systems has been compromised, endangering the provision of crucial ecosystem services essential for both the long-term agricultural viability and the human well-being.
Agroforestry—through the deliberate integration of trees into agricultural landscapes—emerges as a promising strategy to reconcile food production with the conservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of crucial ecosystem services. This thesis investigates the potential of silvoarable and silvopastoral systems to support the diversity of birds, bats, and spiders across a range of European agricultural contexts. Chapters II, III, and IV reveal distinct benefits of agroforestry systems for each group. While birds benefited from the structural heterogeneity provided by woody elements in agroforestry systems, bat activity and diversity were primarily influenced by prey and shelter availability—especially in fields with older deciduous trees and grazing livestock.
Both bird and bat diversity responded positively to within-field variables. In contrast to birds and bats, spider diversity did not significantly respond to within-field features. However, spider community composition differed across habitat types, with agroforestry systems—due to their structural heterogeneity—supporting species with a range of habitat preferences. Overall, the findings from Chapters II, III, and IV indicate that agroforestry enhances bird and bat diversity compared to open agricultural fields. Moreover, by increasing within-field structural complexity, agroforestry systems also create habitat conditions favorable to both open- and woodland-associated bird, bat and spider species.
These studies highlight the potential benefits of agroforestry systems for supporting bird, bat, and spider communities. A broader implementation of such systems could play a crucial role in halting and reversing the dramatic biodiversity decline observed across European farmlands. The findings also emphasize the importance of considering multiple taxa and ecological traits in conservation strategies, as species respond differently to habitat structure and environmental variables. Moreover, the thesis underscores the value of maintaining a heterogeneous landscape mosaic composed of cultivated and permanent semi-natural and woody elements to maximize biodiversity.
Despite its ecological potential, the adoption of agroforestry in Europe remains limited, hindered by policy gaps, mechanization trends, and socio-economic barriers. Effective implementation will require coordinated efforts across policy, research, and practice, recognizing that biodiversity-friendly farming must occur at both field and landscape scales. These studies contribute empirical evidence that agroforestry can serve as a keystone practice in the transition toward resilient, multifunctional agricultural landscapes that integrate biodiversity conservation with productive land use
Infobrief FBK 76/25
Get PDFInformationen aus dem Lehrstuhl für Fertigungstechnik und Betriebsorganisatio
Perfect self-control? The role of perfectionistic cognitions in daily self-control episodes
Get PDFSelf-control is an important resource that helps us keep track of goal achievement even in the face of alternative behavioral impulses. This might be especially relevant for the pursuit of daily life goals in a personally relevant achievement context. We investigated the role of daily perfectionistic cognitions in daily self-control episodes. Leaning on the Integrative Self-Control Theory, we investigated components of daily self-control episodes, including goal setting, conflicting desires (temptations), recruitment of self-control (resistance), and selfcontrol failure and success (temptation enactment, procrastination, goal achievement). We used a measurement burst ambulatory assessment design to follow 183 preservice teachers for 9 months, during phases in which they repeatedly prepared for personally relevant achievement situations (demonstration lessons). The results of our three-level analyses (Level 1: day; Level 2: phase; Level 3: person) were consistent with theoretical considerations and previous empirical evidence. They revealed more negative outcomes for unique daily perfectionistic concerns cognitions (PCC) and more positive outcomes for unique daily perfectionistic strivings cognitions (PSC) in associations with conflicting desires and selfcontrol failure and success on the day level and partially on the levels of between-phase and between-person differences. Unexpectedly, both PSC and PCC were associated with more recruitment of self-control. The theoretical implications for the understanding of the role of perfectionistic cognitions in daily self-control episodes are discussed
Dynamics of bond activation in small molecules by transition metal ions
Get PDFIn the field of catalyst development, model systems play a crucial role. For instance, when
investigating the activation of methane and carbon dioxide, transition metal ions emerge as
particularly suitable candidates. Utilizing isolated model systems in the gas phase enables the
investigation of reaction dynamics, which provides insights into the reaction mechanism at the
atomic level. Molecular reaction dynamics reveal the classification of indirect and direct reac
tion dynamics. This classification elucidates the duration of a reactive intermediate’s existence,
which may be accompanied by a redistribution of energy into internal energy, if the intermediate
exists several rotaional periods. However, the reaction dynamics at the atomic level between
methane/carbon dioxide and transition metal ions are so far unexplored. In this thesis, the re
action dynamics between tantalum, niobium, and zirconium cations and carbon dioxide were
investigated, as well as between methane and tantalum and zirconium cations. Under con-
trolled single collision conditions, these reactions were investigated using a crossed-beam 3D
velocity map imaging spectrometer. For nearly all reactions, energy and angle differential cross
sections revealed dominant indirect dynamics. In a collaborative effort, the experimental results
were complemented by additional experiments (selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry) and
quantum chemical considerations containing stationary points on a reaction pathway, as well
as potential hypersurfaces combined with simulated trajectories. From this, it was possible to
derive specific proposals for the reaction mechanism at the atomic level, identifying how the
energy could be redistributed during the reaction.
In the context of this work, it can be validated that the oxygen-atom transfer reaction is trapped
in the pre-reaction well. Mainly a non-statistical distribution of the internal energy is observed.
In contrast, the activation of methane is trapped after the ISC where the first hydrogen atom
has been abstracted. Whereas a statistical distribution is observed
Monocular Visual Human Pose Parameter Estimation under Partial Observations
Get PDFHuman pose estimation, a crucial step for understanding body postures and movements in visual data, faces challenges in monocular camera setups due to inherent limitations. These include the lack of depth information, susceptibility to occlusions, and sensitivity to
viewpoint changes. Despite these challenges, advancements in computer vision, especially through deep learning techniques, continue to enhance pose estimation robustness. This thesis contributes to extending human pose parameter extraction in monocular cameras, addressing challenges related to varying camera viewpoints and partial body observation. It explores pose estimation in exo-centric and ego-centric views, offering approaches to handle self-occlusion and partial visibility.
Initially, we focus on accurate estimation and synthesis of articulated human pose. Utilizing
a data-driven approach, joint limits are learned from 3D motion capture datasets, facilitating the generation of synthetic datasets for training neural network discriminators. These discriminators serve as priors for human pose estimation and motion synthesis. A novel
deep learning module for 3D joint angle regression is introduced, utilizing swing-twist representation. This approach, more generic than estimating 3D joint positions, allows for predicting twists around body segments, enhancing 3D human body shape estimation.
The thesis further introduces DiveNet, a diving sports motion analysis framework, specifically designed for accurate localization and segmentation of complex diving motions in videos. It includes a diving action localization network and a dive pose regression model,
achieving high accuracy in trajectory and body joint angle estimation.
Furthermore, we address a car driving scenario with a static camera to monitor the driver
behavior. A driver pose estimation dataset collected with common activities along with pose data. The dataset is generated in a driving simulator, encompasses diverse data types and annotations, contributing to improved accuracy in human pose estimation. A PointConvNet neural network consisting of local feature aggregation is trained on recorded dataset to demonstrate a robust 3D driver pose estimation.
Lastly, the research introduces a framework for 3D egocentric pose estimation using a head mounted fisheye camera. We introduce a triple-branch network that integrates the Waterfall Atrous Spatial Pyramid module along with effective loss functions. This network
is designed to facilitate simultaneous learning of joint rotations and confidence estimation, enhancing the accuracy of both 2D and 3D pose predictions.
Overall, these contributions advance the field of human pose estimation by identifying and addressing challenges in monocular camera setups for diverse applications, and improving accuracy through innovative approaches and datasets
Optimizing Bus Line Infrastructure and Tariffs in Public Transport
Get PDFDesigning attractive public transport services is an important task towards the Paris Climate Accords and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
Both the interests of passengers and the financial concerns of transport operators must be taken into account.
In this thesis, models for infrastructure optimization of a bus rapid transit line and for tariff optimization are developed.
Motivated by the development of a new bus rapid transit (BRT) line around Copenhagen, Part 1 of this thesis deals with the infrastructure optimization for such a BRT line.
The municipalities that are involved in the BRT line have to decide which segments of the route of the BRT line should be upgraded with, for example, dedicated bus lanes and priority at intersections.
There is a trade-off between attracting as many new passengers as possible by upgrading the bus infrastructure and at the same time keeping the required budget small.
This problem is formulated as a bi-objective model.
An -constraint-based solution method is developed that can compute the complete Pareto front composed of the number of passengers and the budget.
A theoretical analysis is performed for the bi-objective model as well as for the single-objective optimization problem that is solved within the algorithm.
The model is applied and evaluated in computational experiments on artificial instances as well as on realistic instances based on the case study of the BRT line around Copenhagen.
Part 2 deals with two models for the optimization of flat, distance and zone tariffs in public transport.
The first model minimizes the absolute deviation from given reference prices. The resulting problems for flat and distance tariffs can be identified as median problems, which allows for linear solvability.
For zone tariffs, different variants are compared with each other, and it is shown that the problem is in general NP-hard for zone tariffs.
The second model examines the trade-off between the revenue and the number of passengers willing to use public transport depending on the fare.
While the Pareto front of this bi-objective problem can be computed using the -constraint method, additional algorithms are developed for the optimization of flat, distance and zone tariffs that exploit the structure of the tariffs.
Computational experiments for flat and distance tariffs show a good performance of the corresponding algorithms, especially for instances with more than one non-dominated point.Die Gestaltung eines attraktiven öffentlichen Verkehrsangebots ist eine wichtige Aufgabe, um das Pariser Klimaabkommen und die 17 Nachhaltigkeitsziele umzusetzen. Dabei müssen sowohl die Interessen der Passagiere als auch die finanziellen Belange der Verkehrsbetreiber berücksichtigt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden Modelle für die Infrastrukturplanung einer Schnellbuslinie und die Gestaltung von Tarifen im öffentlichen Verkehr entwickelt.
Motiviert durch das Projekt einer neuen Schnellbuslinie bei Kopenhagen beschäftigt sich Teil 1 der Arbeit mit der Infrastrukturplanung für eine solche Buslinie. Die Gemeinden, durch die die Schnellbuslinie führt, müssen dabei entscheiden, welche Straßenabschnitte beispielsweise mit Busspuren und Vorrangschaltungen an Lichtsignalanlagen ausgestattet werden sollen. Es ergibt sich ein Zielkonflikt, möglichst viele neue Passagiere durch einen guten Ausbau der Businfrastruktur zu gewinnen und gleichzeitig das benötigte Budget gering zu halten. Diese Fragestellung wird als bikriterielles Modell formuliert. Mithilfe eines Algorithmus basierend auf der -beschränkten Methode kann die vollständige Pareto-Front, die sich aus der Anzahl an Passagieren und dem Budget zusammensetzt, berechnet werden. Es wird eine theoretische Analyse für das bikriterielle Modell sowie für das einkriterielle Optimierungsproblem, das innerhalb des Algorithmus gelöst werden muss, durchgeführt. Das Modell wird in Rechenexperimenten auf künstliche sowie realistische Instanzen basierend auf der Fallstudie bei Kopenhagen angewendet und evaluiert.
Teil 2 befasst sich mit zwei Modellen für die Gestaltung von Einheits-, Distanz- und Zonentarifen im öffentlichen Verkehr. Das erste Modell minimiert die absolute Abweichung von gegebenen Referenzpreisen. Die resultierenden Probleme für Einheits- und Distanztarife können als Median-Probleme interpretiert werden, was eine lineare Laufzeit zum Lösen ermöglicht.
Für Zonentarife werden verschiedene Varianten miteinander verglichen und es wird gezeigt, dass das Tarifproblem für Zonentarife im Allgemeinen NP-schwer ist.
Das zweite Modell untersucht den Trade-off zwischen den Einnahmen und der Anzahl an Passagieren, die je nach Preis bereit sind, den öffentlichen Verkehr zu nutzen. Während die Pareto-Front dieses bikriteriellen Problems ebenfalls mit der -beschränkten Methode berechnet werden kann, werden zusätzliche Algorithmen für die Optimierung von Einheits-, Distanz- und Zonentarifen entwickelt, die die Struktur der Tarife ausnutzen. Rechenexperimente für Einheits- und Distanztarife zeigen eine gute Performance der entsprechenden Algorithmen, besonders für Instanzen mit mehr als einer Pareto-Lösung
Automated Formative Feedback for Enhancing Summarizing Skills: The Impact of Feedback Characteristics, Learner Factors, and Instructional Prompts on Feedback Engagement and Effectiveness in Higher Education
Get PDFFormative feedback is widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing learning processes, such as improving summarizing skills. However, delivering individualized formative feedback remains a significant challenge for university educators, particularly in large courses. Automated formative feedback systems offer a promising solution by providing timely, actionable support at scale. However, a thorough understanding of both the provider’s and receiver’s automated formative feedback processes is needed when effectively integrating such systems into university teaching practices.
Therefore, this dissertation investigates whether and under which conditions automated formative feedback effectively fosters summarizing skills among university students, address-ing three key dimensions with three studies: feedback characteristics, individual learner factors, and instructional factors. To investigate these dimensions in depth, the first study examined the effectiveness of automated formative feedback in fostering summarizing skills. The findings reveal that automated formative feedback significantly improves summarizing skills, especially when students engage in multiple feedback loops. A second study investigated the joint influences of motivation, mental effort, and feedback engagement over time, revealing their significant impact on learners’ engagement with feedback. The findings underscore the need to foster students’ willingness to allocate mental resources to seek feedback more frequently. With a third study, instructional prompts were compared to automated formative feedback and their combined effects were examined. While prompts supported summarizing skills, they were less effective than feedback, and their combination did not yield additional benefits, indicating potential substitution effects. The studies trace the intricate processes involved in providing and utilizing automated formative feedback, while shedding light on its strengths and unrealized potential. These findings and their implications for learners and instructors in higher education will be discussed
Investigation of the hepatotoxic potency of selected genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the significance of the DNA damage response
Get PDFPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites, which can occur as contaminants in predominantly plant-based foods. Only 1,2-unsatured PAs are bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, especially CYP3A4, into DNA reactive metabolites, which are known to be genotoxic and hepatoxic in vivo. The PA toxicity is strongly influenced by the chemical structure as demonstrated by several in vitro studies. However, quantitative genotoxicity data are needed, particularly in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) has been identified as a key player in cellular uptake of cyclic diester, although little is known about a structure-dependent transport of PAs.
A major objective of the thesis was the investigation of the relationship between PA structure and the toxicity of PAs with different degree of esterification in human liver models (HepG2-CYP3A4 and PHH). An in vitro genotoxicity battery, consistently demonstrated the DNA damage markers γH2AX and p53, as well as the alkaline comet assay, confirmed a structure-toxicity relationship in HepG2-CYP3A4 cells. The data were subject to benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to derive the genotoxic potential of each PA. BMD modeling yielded values in the range of 0.1–10 μM for most cyclic and open diesters, with monoesters displaying lower genotoxic potency. Cyclic diesters such as retrorsine and seneciphylline showed the highest genotoxic potential. Furthermore, cyclic and open diesters showed comparable cytotoxic potentials with effective concentrations at 50% cell viability (EC50) between 10 and 70 μM, with lasiocarpine at the top followed by seneciphylline. Besides, heliotrine and monocrotaline exhibited marked cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials, which were not comparable to other congeners within their degrees of esterification. Among the PA monoesters, only heliotrine was cytotoxic with an EC50 above 400 μM. Furthermore, heliotrine and monocrotaline exhibited significantly higher or lower toxic potentials, respectively, compared to PA congeners with the same esterification degree. Notably, the similar ranking was confirmed in PHH, with lasiocarpine exhibiting the highest genotoxic potential and approximately 3-4 times higher EC50 values for all PAs.
The second objective of the thesis was to study the role of OCT1 in the transport of structurally different PAs, i. e. riddelliine (cyclic diester), lasiocarpine (open diester) and heliotrine (monoester), in metabolically competent human liver cell models (HepG2-CYP3A4 and PHH) and hamster fibroblasts. Using pharmacological inhibitors against OCT1, we observed that the OCT1-mediated uptake is crucial for PA-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, which was independently on PA structure. Both cell models, HepG2-CYP3A4 and V79-CYP3A4 revealed strongly attenuated cytotoxicity upon OCT1 inhibition. Notable, the reduced OCT1 expression in V79-CYP3A4 cells correlated well with their reduced susceptibility to PA-induced cytotoxicity. PHH confirmed the results in combination with OCT1 inhibition.
Furthermore, OCT1 inhibition reduced γH2AX and p53 levels, indicating less genotoxic stress. Consistently, OCT1 inhibition suppressed the DDR activation, as indicated by decreased checkpoint kinase phosphorylation during PA exposure.
Our findings strongly support the concept of grouping PAs into potency classes for risk assessment. Furthermore, the metabolic activation by CYP3A4 as well as OCT1 as uptake transporter play a major role for PA toxicity