JURNAL CITA HUKUM
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Regulating Legal Ethics in Vietnam: Institutional Challenges, Normative Frameworks, and Reform Imperatives
No full textThis article analyzes Vietnam’s regulatory mechanisms for legal ethics using institutional theory and comparative legal analysis. It explores how ethical standards can move beyond aspirational guidelines to become enforceable norms within a modern rule-of-law system. Applying a normative-analytical approach and case studies from Germany, the UK, the US, and Australia, the study identifies four core pillars of an effective mechanism: (i) ethical standards, (ii) independent supervisory institutions, (iii) transparent disciplinary procedures, and (iv) public accountability. Findings show Vietnam’s framework remains fragmented, administratively dependent, and lacks independent oversight and public participation. Ethical codes are non-binding, while enforcement is internalized, compromising transparency and trust. The article proposes five reforms: interdisciplinary ethical codes, partial legal codification, independent ethics committees, public feedback mechanisms, and situational ethics education. Together, these aim to build a dynamic governance system supporting integrity and accountability in legal practice. This research contributes to debates on regulatory governance in transitional legal systems and offers insights for designing context-sensitive, enforceable ethical frameworks
The Legislation of the Notary System and Electronic Data Evidence in Different Countries
No full textAs digital applications continue to expand across various fields, the importance of reliable electronic data evidence and an efficient notary system has become even more prominent. The improper handling of electronic data not only affects the fairness of judicial proceedings but also poses threats to the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations. This paper analyzes the characteristics of notarial system in different countries through comparative research method, elaborates in detail the situation of EU and China in electronic data evidence legislation, and carries out a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the Chinese and European legislation. It is found that the notarization system of civil law countries is characterized by strong state intervention, high authority of notarial acts, and wide scope of application; while the notarization system of common law countries is relatively flexible, with simple procedures but limited authority. EU legislation on electronic data evidence is centered on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is detailed and has strong extraterritorial effect in protecting personal data rights. China has actively constructed a legal framework for electronic data evidence, focusing on combining it with national development strategies and reflecting Chinese characteristics while safeguarding data security and privacy. Based on this, the article puts forward suggestions in terms of technological upgrading, legislative optimization, professional development of personnel and international cooperation, with the aim of promoting the development of the notary system in the era of electronic data, and facilitating the effective use and protection of electronic data evidence
The International Human Rights Standard and Pakistan’s Obligations regarding Wrongful Conviction: A Comparative Doctrinal Analysis with the United Kingdom
Full text linkFailures within the criminal justice system can result in wrongful convictions, leading to a loss of human rights. Additionally, wrongful convictions can erode trust in the system as a whole. This article examines the disparate human rights standards around the world as they relate to wrongful convictions, focusing on Pakistan and the expectations for Pakistan’s position in the global community on the issue. This article also examines the comparative and doctrinal position of the UK, aiming to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan\u27s position. This takes into account the central instruments of human rights —the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights —as well as the domestic case law and statutes of both the UK and Pakistan. In Pakistan, all the agreements on fair trial and remedies under the ICCPR guarantee fair trial rights. Still, there have also been domestic legislative omissions, such as the lack of a law to compensate the wrongfully imprisoned. The UK, on the other hand, has a more systematic approach, particularly in the office of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. In light of this, Pakistan needs a domestic law that addresses the human rights standards at its disposal to deliver justice to the wrongfully convicted
The Institution of Legal Liability in the Digital Age: International Legal Standards, Administrative, Financial and Criminal Aspects
Full text linkThe article reveals the issue of legal responsibility within the context of digitalization in society. It is indicated that legal obligation, as a tool for coercion and the restoration of law and order, has always depended on the form of social relations. Today, digitalization has given rise not only to new objects of legal protection (personal data, digital assets, information security), but also to new subjects, such as platforms, algorithms, and autonomous systems. It is stated that the formation of the digital state leads to the transformation of traditional forms of public law responsibility, primarily administrative. In the digital age, not only is the form of offenses changing, but also how they are committed, recorded, detected, and proven. Administrative liability is becoming a tool for rapid response to mass violations in the fields of e-governance, personal data processing, cybersecurity, digital platform use, artificial intelligence, and telecommunication services. It is concluded that, accordingly, the institution of legal responsibility in the digital age is a system of prevention, regulation, self-control, and international cooperation. It must be adaptive, technologically literate, and human rights. The quality of legal mechanisms in the digital sphere determines whether the rule of law will remain effective in the context of digital transformation.
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Demchyshak, N., Hlutkovskyi, M. Rozvytok tsyfrovoi ekonomiky v Ukraini: kontseptualni osnovy, priorytety ta rol innovatsii. Innovatsiyna ekonomika, 2020? 5-6, 43-48.
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Drozd O., Dorokhina Yu., Leheza Yu., Smokovych M., Zadyraka N. Cassation filters in administrative judicial procedure: a step in a chasm or a novel that Ukrainian society expected? Amazonia investiga. Volume 10 - Issue 40: 222-232 / April, 2021
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European Experience of Normative and Project Support for the Development of the Information Society: Conclusions for Ukraine: Analytical Report. National Institute for Strategic Studies. Kyiv, 2014. 76 p.
European Experience of Normative and Project Support for the Development of the Information Society: Conclusions for Ukraine: Analytical Report. National Institute for Strategic Studies. Kyiv, 2014. 76 p.
Horbalinskiy V., Markova O., Volkovа Yu., Litoshko V., Hlukhoveria K. Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural order and in legal-administrative procedures Cuestiones Políticas, 41(78), р. 94–103. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.06
Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol 9, No 3, 461–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752
Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, Administrative, Theoretical, and Informational Aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. 11 (3), 443–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298
Kumeiko Andrii, Artur Gordienko, Yulia Volkova, Ganna Goncharenko, Andrii Blahodarnyi State Safety as an Object of Legal Protection in Ukraine Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053 https://sciencejournal.re/ | Volume 42, Issue 11, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14242254
Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative-legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832
Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M., Berezniak, V., Мariienko, А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11
Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662
Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways to address them in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 №º 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10
Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342-363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15.
Leheza, Yevhen. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o denegación total/parcial del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte según la legislación civil de Ucrania. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5
Leheza, Yevhen. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960
Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana. (2024). Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297-313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf
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Matveenko I.V. Role of Information and Communication Influences in the Process of Implementation of Electronic Governance in Foreign Countries: Experience for Ukraine. Public governance. 2016. № 1. p. 135-145.
Matviichuk, Anatolii. Shcherbak, Viktor. Sirko, Viktoria. Malieieva, Hanna. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Human principles of law as a universal normative framework: Principios humanos del derecho como marco normativo universal. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.14
Nalyvaiko, Larysa Leheza, Yevhen, Sachko, Oleksandr. Shcherbyna, Victor. Chepik-Trehubenko. Olha. 2022. Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 11(2), 55–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v11i2.312
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Ostapchuk, O., Baksalova O., Babiy, I. Sut ta tendentsii zminy finansovoho menedzhmentu v umovakh posylenoi tsyfrovizatsii ekonomiky. Modeling the development of the economic systems. 2022 (2), 167-172.
Pashchak M.Z., Plotnikova O.V. Directions of Implementation of the Experience of Development of E-Governance in Chile and Belgium in Ukraine. Shelfmark: "Future UA". 2017. https://knute.edu.ua/file/NjY4NQ==/099bcfe3ac1a6b325d46cb4e0c6b1469.pdf
Pizhuk, O.I. Tsyfrova transformatsiia ekonomiky Ukrainy: obmezhennia ta mozhlyvosti. Irpin, Universytet DFS Ukrainy. 2020
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Semenoh, A.Yu. Tsyfrovi finansovi posluhy yak osnovnyi produkt diialnosti fintekh-kompanii. Visnyk SumDU, Ser. «Ekonomika», 2021 (4), 142-152.
Sinkevych, O., YurovskаV., Komissarova, N., Tkachenko, O., & Leheza, Y. (2024). Subjects of public authority in matters of combating terrorism: legal regulation, administrative, and criminal aspects. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v13i1.332
Stepanov V.Y. Problems and Prospects of the Information Society. State building. 2012. № 2. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/DeBu_2012_2_4
Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Ukraine: Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of May 15, 2013 No. 386-r. Official Gazette of Ukraine. 2013. № 44. Century. 1581
Syvolapenko T.L. Experience of foreign countries in the implementation of digital concepts: realities and prospects for Ukraine. State and regions. Series: Public Administration, 2019. № 3 (67). pp. 108-112
Tylchyk, Vyacheslav. Matselyk, Tetiana. Hryshchuk, Viktor. Lomakina, Olena. Sydor, Markiian. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Administrative and legal regulation of public financial activity: Regulación administrativa y legal de la actividad financiera pública. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(72), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.33
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Villasmil Espinoza, Jorge; Leheza, Yevhen; Holovii, Liudmyla. 2022. Reflections for the interdisciplinary study of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Reflexiones para el estudio interdisciplinario de la invasión de Ucrania por parte de la Federación Rusa en 2022. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.00
Voitko A. E-Government in Great Britain. Implementation and Problems. Actual Problems of Social and Political Sciences: Collection of Materials of the Scientific Conference / edited by O.I. Yaremenko, S.A. Lapshin. Vinnytsia, 2018. p. 236–239.
Volkova Yu. Digitalisation of administrative procedures in the field of urban planning as a tool for combating corruption. Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. 2024. NO. 12, PP. 547-550 DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-12/127
Volkova Yu. Digitalisation of the healthcare sector is a separate factor in preventing corruption. Digital Trends and Anti-Corruption Reforms in Public Administration: Scientific monograph. Riga, Latvia: Baltija Publishing, 2023. 228 p. DOI https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-369-9-20
Volkova Yu. Financial market in the digital era: processes of development and improvement Private and Public Law № 4/2024 DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2663-5666.2024.4.5 http://www.pp-law.in.ua/index.php/4-2024
Volkova Yu. The impact of digitalization on the development of public administration services and the improvement of procedures for judicial consideration of administrative cases - Government in the European Union 2022. 291-310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388894.16
Volkova Yu. The right to be forgotten as one of the fundamental human rights in the digital age Law and Society № 5/2024 DOI https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2024.5.16
Volkova Yu., Bon B., Borysenkо A., Leheza Yu., Leheza Y. Crypto Market Experience: Navigating Regulatory Challenges in Modern Conditions DOI: https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i2.1625 Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan Vol. 24 No. 2, December 2024. 178-194
Zadyraka, Nataliia. Leheza, Yevhen. Bykovskyi, Mykola. Zheliezniak, Yevhenii. Leheza, Yulia. 2023. Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 33-44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i1.31784
Zaporozhchenko Yu., Leheza Yu., Volkova Yu., Pushkina O., Koval M. Human Rights and Features of their Protection in Conditions of War: International Legal Standards, Administrative, Constitutional and Criminal Aspects. Khazanah Hukum. 2023. Vol . 5, №3. P. 245-252
The Urgency of Regulating Elements of Community Participation In The Toll Road Investment Process In Indonesia
Full text linkThe development of toll road infrastructure in Indonesia represents one of the national government\u27s strategic priorities to accelerate economic growth, improve connectivity, and enhance regional mobility. Nevertheless, the success of toll road investment projects cannot be measured solely from government policies or investor commitments, but also relies heavily on the involvement and active participation of the community as key stakeholders. Community participation plays a vital role in ensuring the transparency, accountability, legitimacy, and sustainability of toll road projects, particularly considering their significant social, economic, and environmental impacts. This study aims to examine the necessity of regulating community participation elements in the toll road investment process in Indonesia. The research employs a normative juridical method, combining a statutory and case approach, with a focus on legal provisions, policy frameworks, and practical experiences. The findings indicate that the current regulatory framework governing public participation remains fragmented, sectoral, and insufficient in guaranteeing inclusivity and fairness. Therefore, more precise, comprehensive, and enforceable regulations are urgently needed to strengthen public involvement mechanisms. These should include structured consultation forums, open and timely access to information, as well as adequate protection of rights and compensation for affected communities. By institutionalizing such participatory mechanisms, toll road investments can be developed within an inclusive legal framework that not only ensures justice for communities but also fosters investor confidence and project sustainability. Ultimately, embedding community participation in toll road investment regulations will contribute to the long-term success of infrastructure development and support Indonesia’s vision of equitable, sustainable, and participatory economic growth
The Place of Financial Administrative Sanctions in the System of Public Liability
Full text linkThe article is devoted to clarifying the place of financial administrative sanctions among other sanctions in public law which constitute a single ‘right of responsibility’. Financial administrative sanctions are a widespread phenomenon, as they allow the states to respond promptly to violations of public order, while increasing budget revenues. The purpose of the article is to find out whether there is a single ‘right of liability’ and what exactly it includes; to establish how certain types of public law liability are distinguished from each other, in particular, to characterise the difference between financial administrative sanctions and criminal law sanctions; and to find out the extent to which criminal law guarantees are extended to the system of financial administrative sanctions. The article provides a rationale for the existence of a single ‘right of liability’, which is divided into two branches based on the criterion of the subject of liability - criminal liability and administrative sanctions. The authors compare financial administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions by the subject and substantive criteria. The authors substantiate the view that criminal law guarantees should be applied when imposing financial administrative sanctions on a person. The study is based on the current state of legal doctrine, and therefore the article is of a theoretical nature. The results of the study make it possible to determine the true legal nature of financial administrative sanctions and can be used to develop concepts of legislative acts, as well as in law enforcement.
REFERENCES:
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Halaburda, Nadiia. Leheza, Yevhen, Chalavan, Viktor. Yefimov, Volodymyr. Yefimova, Inna. 2021. Compliance with the principle of the rule of law in guarantees of ensuring the legality of providing public services in Ukraine. Journal of law and political sciences. Vol. 29, Іssue 4, 100-121.
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Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol. 9, No. 3, 461-484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752
Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, administrative, Theoretical and Informational Aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. 11 (3), 443-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298
Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832
Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M. ., Berezniak, V., Мariienko А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11
Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662
Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways to address them in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 № 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10
Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342-363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15.
Leheza, Yevhen. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o de la denegación total o parcial del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte, según la legislación civil ucraniana. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5
Leheza, Yevhen. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960
Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana 2024. Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297-313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf
Łysko, M. (2020). Operacja przekwaliikowania drobnych występków w wykroczenia w Polsce ludowej [Operation of retraining minor offences into misdemeanours in the people’s Poland]. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(5), 197–214. DOI: 10.17951/sil.2020.29.5.197-214 [in Polish].
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Prevention of corruption in the field of social protection of the population: administrative and criminal legal aspects
No full textThe article examines the problems of preventing corruption in the social protection sector from the point of view of administrative and criminal law aspects. The mechanisms of preventive influence are considered, in particular, the standardization of procedures, internal control, audit and the implementation of e-government, which contribute to minimizing corruption risks. The criminal law measures of liability for abuse of power, acceptance or provision of illegal benefits and forgery of documents in the field of social payments are analyzed. The importance of an integrated approach combining administrative and criminal mechanisms is emphasized to increase the transparency, accountability and efficiency of the social protection system. Examples of foreign practice on the use of electronic platforms and internal audits as means of combating corruption are given.
Corruption in the field of social protection of the population is a multifaceted and systemic phenomenon that negatively affects the effectiveness of state policy, the level of trust of citizens in state institutions and social justice in society. It manifests itself in various forms: from bribery and abuse of official position to manipulation of the distribution of social benefits and subsidies.
Administrative mechanisms for combating corruption play an important role in preventing offenses. The introduction of electronic management systems, automation of the processes of distributing social benefits, declaring the income of officials, standardizing application forms and increasing the transparency of procedures allow minimizing the risks of abuse, increasing the accountability of social protection bodies and preventing corrupt actions at the early stages.
Criminal law measures provided for by the legislation of Ukraine are a necessary condition for effective combating corruption. Strict liability for abuse of power, acceptance or provision of undue benefits, forgery of documents in the social sector provides a preventive effect, increases the level of discipline among officials and forms a legal basis for combating corruption
Analysis And Recommendations For The Vietnam’s Legal Framework On Cybercrime
Full text linkCybercrime is a global problem. There is no universal definition for cybercrime. Cybercrime is an ever-evolving phenomenon that challenges computer experts, states, law enforcement, and even researchers. Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest internet penetration worldwide. It is estimated that more than 80,000,000 people (80% of the population) are internet users and are at risk of cybercrime. Vietnam passed the Cybersecurity law in 2018. Also, Vietnam’s Criminal Code 2015 (amended 2017 addresses cybercrime. The article used a library-based secondary data analysis to compare cybercrime and cybercrime laws in Vietnam, Singapore, and the U.S. The article has established that cybercrime is widespread globally, and Vietnam is no exception. The article has also noted that Vietnam’s Cybersecurity Law 2018 should be amended to create a more balanced law that does not put most of its emphasis on the state. Also, Vietnam could learn from other countries like the U.S. about sharing information among cybercrime investigating agencies
Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Drafting Judges\u27 Decisions in Commercial Courts
Full text linkArtificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing rapid development due to advances in communication and information technology. AI is designed to create computer systems that can mimic human intellectual capabilities. Optimizing the increasingly widespread use of AI to meet societal needs has also penetrated the legal world. AI plays a significant role in the judicial process, given the increasing burden of trials and efforts to achieve speedy, simple, and low-cost justice. In line with its rapid development, it is necessary to ascertain the legal standing of AI and its role in formulating judicial decisions in courts, particularly in commercial courts. The research in this article uses a normative approach, examining applicable legal norms through dogmatic or doctrinal research. The research approach is conceptual. A literature review was conducted by analyzing previous research in the form of scientific articles, laws and regulations, and mass media related to the discussion. From this research, it can be concluded that the position of AI can be interpreted as that of a child and a parent, as subjects of civil law, who have control, as stipulated in the in loco parentis doctrine. With this doctrine, the use of artificial intelligence prioritizes human responsibility without limiting technological development. Commercial court judges apply straightforward evidentiary procedures, eliminating the need for artificial intelligence assistance in deciding bankruptcy cases. Artificial intelligence remains necessary in commercial courts, limited to the administrative scope of bankruptcy cases
Custom in Insurance Law: A Doctrinal and Applied Analysis of Usage as a Source of Legal Norms
No full textCustom has long served as an implicit yet powerful source of legal norms, particularly in fields characterized by technical complexity and rapid evolution. This article examines insurance custom—the unwritten practices consistently adopted by insurance market participants—as a source of legal authority in insurance contracts. While insurance regulation is increasingly comprehensive, it cannot anticipate every contingency or dispute, leaving gaps often filled by industry usage. Drawing on doctrinal legal theory and applied analysis, this study consolidates scattered jurisprudential principles and industry practices to clarify the concept, emergence, authority, types, and conditions of insurance custom. It distinguishes verbal custom (customary terminology) from practical custom (customary conduct), and analyzes their legal functions as mandatory, interpretive, and supplementary norms in contract adjudication. The article also explores judicial reliance on custom to interpret ambiguous policy terms, enforce implied obligations, or reject claims that contradict established usage. The findings highlight the dual nature of insurance custom as both a stabilizing force and a potential source of uncertainty. It argues for structured mechanisms to document, evaluate, and integrate custom into insurance adjudication, ensuring both legal predictability and responsiveness to evolving industry practices