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Removal of hydroquinone from water by electrocoagulation using flow cell and optimization by response surface methodology
No full textIn this study, hydroquinone was removed from water by electrocoagulation using flow electrolyzer in mono polar and bipolar
configurations in a batch recirculation mode of operation. Treatment performances of such effluents have been evaluated in terms of
chemical oxygen demand removal. The effect of important operating parameters such as current density, flow rate, concentration of
hydroquinone and supporting electrolyte on the pollutant removal and energy consumption is critically evaluated. The experimental
data were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM).MaximumCOD removal inmonopolar configuration of 80.95% was
noticed at condition of supporting electrolyte concentration 2.67 g L−1, flow rate 27 mL min−1, current density 0.7 A dm−2 at energy
consumption of 2.36 kWh per kg of COD for the 1000 mg L−1 of hydroquinone concentration. In the case of bipolar configuration
a maximum COD removal of 87.13 was noticed at: supporting electrolyte concentration 4 g L−1, flow rate 29.15 mL min−1, current
density 1 Adm−2 at energy consumption of 8.495 kWh per kg of COD for the same hydroquinone concentration
Structural and textural study of electrodeposited zinc from alkaline non-cyanide electrolyte
No full textPulse electrodeposition was used to produce
zinc deposits from an alkaline non-cyanide electrolyte with
additives. The influence of additives’ concentration and
pulse parameters, such as ON-time, OFF-time, and pulse
peak current density on the grain size, surface morphology,
and crystal orientation were investigated. In an additive free electrolyte, increase in OFF-time at constant ON-time
and peak current density decreases the grain size while the
latter increases with increasing ON-time at constant OFFtime
and peak current density. A progressive decrease of
grain size was observed with increasing peak current
density up to 5 Adm-2 at constant ON-time and OFF-time
in both additive-free electrolyte and bath containing additives.
Zinc with an average crystallite size of 34 nm was
obtained at 5 Adm-2 from electrolyte containing additives.
The preferred orientation of the zinc deposits obtained at
6 ms (ON-time), 51.5 ms (OFF-time) and 5 Adm-2 (peak
current density) with electrolyte containing additives was
prismatic [10.0] plane
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of LiCrxNiyMn2−x−yO4 Spinels as Cathode Material for 5 V Lithium Battery
No full textSol–gel assisted spinel LiCrxNiyMn2−x−yO4 0 x 0.4 and 0 y 0.4 has been synthesized. The thermal study of the
precursor was carried out by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Furthermore, the material has been subjected to X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry studies, and electrochemical charge–discharge studies. The X-ray diffraction of LiCrxNiyMn2−x−yO4 matches well with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard card no. 35-782, confirming the formation of a single-phase spinel.
Charge–discharge studies were carried out between 3 and 5 V to understand the electrochemical behavior of the undoped and
doped spinels. LiCr0.25Ni0.25Mn1.5O4 calcined at 850°C possesses a particle size of around 70 nm and exhibits an initial discharge
capacity of 105 mAh g−1 stabilizing at 98 mAh g−1 over the investigated 20 cycles. However, maleic acid derived
LiCr0.25Ni0.25Mn1.5O4 delivers a stable higher discharge capacity of 115 mAh g−1 over the investigated 20 cycles and is a promising 5 V cathode material
Characteristics of ZnS films pulse plated using non-aqueous electrolytes
No full textThin films of ZnS were deposited by the pulse
electrodeposition technique employing zinc sulphate and
sodium thiosulphate in diethylene glycol solution at 80�C
and at different duty cycles in the range 6–50%. The films
were polycrystalline exhibiting cubic structure. The intensity
of the peaks increased with duty cycle. Transmission
measurements indicated interference fringes from which
the refractive index fo the films were calculated to be in the
range of 2.30–2.70. The band gap of the films was in
the range of 3.66–3.62 eV with increase of duty cycle. The
films exhibited resistivities in the range of 400–50 ohm cm
with increase of duty cycle. The films exhibited higher
Photoelectrochemical cell output compared to earlier
reports
Comparative Study on Performances of Composite Anodes of SiO, Si and Graphite for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
No full textThe electrochemical performances of anode composites comprising elemental silicon (Si), silicon monoxide (SiO),
and graphite (C) were investigated. The composite devoid of elemental silicon (SiO:C = 1:1) and its carbon coated
composite showed reduced capacity degradation with measured values of 606 and 584 mAh/g at the fiftieth cycle.
The capacity retention nature when the composites were cycled followed the order of Si:SiO:C = 3:1:4 < Si:SiO:C =
2:2:4 < SiO:C = 1:1 < SiO:C = 1:1 (carbon coated). A comparison of the capacity retention properties for the composites
in terms of the silicon content showed that a reduced silicon content increased the stability of the composite
electrodes. Even though the carbon-coated composite delivered low capacity during cycling compared to the other
composites, its low capacity degradation made the anode a better choice for lithium ion batteries
Effect of menthol coated craft paper on corrosion of copper in HCl environment
No full textNatural menthol was coated on craft paper by impregnation and studied as volatile corrosion
inhibitor for copper in hydrochloric acid environment. The effect of menthol on copper corrosion was studied
by gravimetric and electrochemical methods such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical
impedance measurements. The results indicate that menthol adsorbs on the metal surface, which protects
copper against further corrosion. The adsorption behaviour of menthol on copper surface was found to obey
Temkin’s adsorption isotherm
Structural, optical and photoconductive properties of electron beam evaporated CdSxSe1-x films
No full textCdSxSe1-x films were deposited by the electron beam evaporation technique on glass substrates at different
temperatures in the range 30 – 300 °C using the laboratory synthesized powders of different composition. The
films exhibited hexagonal structure and the lattice parameters shifted from CdSe to CdS side as the
composition changed from CdSe to CdS side. The bandgap of the films increased from 1.68 to 2.41 eV as the
concentration of CdS increased. The root-mean-roughness (RMS) values are 3.4, 2.6, 1.2 and 0.6 nm as the
composition of the films shifted towards CdS side. The conductivity varies from 30 Ωcm-1 to 480 Ωcm-1 as
the ‘x’ value increases from 0 to 1. The films exhibited photosensitivity. The PL spectrum shifts towards
lower energies with decreasing x, due to the decrease of the fundamental gap with Se composition
X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Yemeni Cotton Fibers
No full textThe lowland and coastal regions are the areas where cotton is cultivated in Yemen. The land used for this purpose
exceeds 120 acres and expandable in the upcoming seasons. We have selected the earlier two varieties of cotton fibers cultivated
in two different areas Abyan and Zabid. Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) data from these fibers have been
recorded and analysed to obtain the micro-structural parameters with the application of Line Profile Analysis (LPA). Linked
Atom Least Squares (LALS) program has been used to obtain molecular structure and packing in these fibers. For the first
time micro-structural parameters of these cotton fibers cultivated in Yemen are computed and reported. This study will be of
help to understand the structure-property relation in these cotton fibers
Evaluation of Porous Nickel Hydroxide Electrode for the Oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic primary alchohols
Get PDFThe positive plate of Ni-Cd battery was evaluated as Ni(OH)
/NiOOH electrode for the oxidation of six aromatic and
2
five aliphatic alcohols. In addition to galvanostatic preparative electrolysis, cyclic volta mme tric experiments were
also carried out. The anode mate rial after electrolysis was evaluated using SEM and XRD. Except in the case of chlorine
substituted aromatic alcohols the nickel hydroxide electrode showed excellent stability even after the reuse for nearly
10-15 times. In 0.1 M KOH containing 67% tertiary butanol + 33% water as electrolyte, aromatic alcohols gave
predominantly aldehyde in good yield. In alkaline solutions without the co-solvent tertiary butanol aromatic alcohols were
oxidized to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Short chain aliphatic alcohol (C5) gave reasonable yield of carboxylic acid.
Long chain alcohols showed limited solubility in alkaline medium with and without co-solvent tertiary butanol and the
yields of carboxylic acids were also poor
Electro Oxidation and Biodegradation of Textile Dye Effluent Containing Procion Blue 2G Using Fungal Strain Phanerochate Chrysosporium MTCC 787
No full textBiodegradation experiments were carried out using the fungal strain Phanerochate
chrysosporium MTCC 787 to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and the color of the textile effluent containing Procion Blue 2G.
In degradation, biochemical oxidation (BO) was coupled with an electro oxidation
(EO) process before and during sequence. The integrated process was carried
out in three cycles for the effluents containing 10 mL and 20 mL of inoculum
(two different culture concentrations) in aerobic conditions. The overall COD
reduction was 90.6% and 92.4%, respectively, and complete color removal was
achieved at the end of sequential integrated oxidation process. The treated effluent
was subjected to photo-oxidation to remove the microbes so that the water can
be recycled after the removal of total dissolved solids (TDS).
The experimental results showed that the integrated BO with EO is a viable option
to reduce COD and color of the dye solution containing the bio-recalcitrant
reactive dye Procion Blue 2G using the fungal strain Phanerochate chrysosporium
MTCC 787