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Pembuatan Surfaktan Berbahan Dasar Jerami Padi
Get PDF Indonesia\u27s oil production has declined due to the low level of production of oil wells that have been old. Extraction of oil from the wells can be enhanced by the injection of surfactant. Potential raw material for the manufacture of surfactants, especially the waste material so that lower-priced. This material include lignocellulosic materials and plantation agricultural waste. Rice straw is one of them. This study aims to make surfactants from rice straw. The axpetriment was conducted through the steps of: (1) preparation of raw materials, (2) delignification and isolation of lignin, (3) sulfonation of lignin using NaHSO3 . Delignification of rice straw held at a temperature of 166o C and a pressure of 1.2 atm. Sulfonated of lignin conducted at a temperature of 90-95°C and pH 7. Lignin and sodium lignosulfonate tested using FTIR and gravimetric. The results show at 2.5 g lignin, weight percent of NaHSO3 60% of the weight of lignin, pH 7, temperature 90-95 ° C for 4 hour reaction obtained 2,5509 g of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). Sodium lignosulfonate is soluble in water. Sodium lignosulfonate phase behavior test using crude oil from Oil Drilling Tanjung, South Kalimantan, at the surfactant concentration 3000 and 5000 ppm result that the type of emulsion is water in oil. So that this surfactant not suggested for EOR
Pengaruh Penambahan Aditif Proses Daur Ulang Minyak Pelumas Bekas terhadap Sifat-sifat Fisis
Get PDFPeningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor dan industri menyebabkan pemakaian minyak pelumas meningkat, akibatnya jumlah minyak pelumas bekas semakin meningkat. Hal ini jika dibiarkan dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Sehingga dengan memanfaatkan kembali minyak pelumas bekas dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dan mengurangi konsumsi minyak bumi. Salah satu cara pengolahan minyak pelumas bekas adalah dengan proses daur ulang. Minyak pelumas bekas hasil daur ulang memiliki mutu yang kurang baik, sehingga perlu ditingkatkan mutunya dengan menambahkan zat aditif. Proses daur ulang dilakukan dengan cara menghilangkan zat pengotor yang terkandung dalam minyak pelumas bekas menggunakan asam sulfat pekat kemudian ducuci dengan larutan deterjen dan ditambah CaCl2 sebagai pemecah emulsi. Selanjutnya untuk meningkatkan mutunya ditambah dengan aditif yaitu nitrobenzen dan phenol dengan perbandingan 1 :1 pada suhu 70 oC. Kondisi terbaik yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah perbandingan aditif dengan minyak pelumas hasil daur ulang 1,5 :1 untuk waktu pemakaian di dalam mesin gergaji kayu selama 6 jam
Evaluation of C/N Ratio in Spirulina platensis Cultivation using Molasses Addition as Organic Carbon Source
Get PDFGrowth of Spirulina platensis requiers nitrogen, phosphate, and carbon. Urea is used as source of nitrogen, TSP as source of phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as source of carbon. The purpose of this research was to evaluate C:N ratio of medium using different concentration of molase and urea addition as replacement of commercial medium. Spirulina platensis was cultivated as a control consist of 1500 ppm NaHCO3 as source of carbon, 80 ppm urea as source oh nitrogen, 20 ppm TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) as source of phosphate, 1 ppm FeCl3 and 50 µg/l B12 vitamin as source of micronutrients. Spirulina platensis was cultivated in 2-liter of erlenmeyer flask with variation composition of urea and molasses in growth media by adding 20% (w/w) control medium. Urea was varied between 0; 16; and 80 mg L-1, molasses was varied at the level of 0,1-0,9 g L-1. Cultivation was maintained in pH 9-10, light intensity 6000-7000 lux and 280C. Mini aerator pump is used as a medium stirrer. The best result were obtained at the medium varied of 0,1 g L-1 and 16 ppm of urea with growth rate of 0.230 day-1 , C:N ratio 6.8, and dry biomass of 0.333 g L-1
Pengaruh Kadar Garam Dapur Terhadap Suhu Makanan yang Dimasak dengan Microwave
Get PDFMany people cook by using microwave oven. There are some reasons for health and the others for practice. Generally they do not know that food temperature is depends on amount of polar compound. Salt is polar compound hence salt content influenced temperature of food. The objective of research was to determine salt content to food temperature which is cooked by microwave. This research was simulated by mixing 20 g starch and 20 g salt water with salt variation from 0 to 3,2%. The mixed was put into Becker glass 100 cc. and heated in microwave oven in low power level until medium. The temperature was measured every 2,5 minute until 15 minute. This research show that salt and electricity power influence the temperature. For examples electricity power level-low, in 15 minute the temperature increase from 37oC to 73 oC at 3,2 % salt content, while at salt 0% and electricity power medium level the temperature increase up to 90 o C
Pre-treatment Process of Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil
Get PDF Methyl ester of fatty acids known as biodiesel, synthesized from vegetable oils or animal fats, is a promising alternative fuel due to the limited resource of fossil fuel and the environment concern. There are large amount of low cost oil such as waste cooking oil that could be converted to biodiesel. However there is problem related to process of this low cost oil since they often contain large amounts of free fatty acid (FFA) that cannot be converted to biodiesel using alkalin ecatalyst. In this paper, a technique for reducing the FFA as pre-treatment in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is studied. This pre-treatment step is aimed to esterify the FFA before trans-esterifying process of triglycerides with an alkaline-catalyst to complete the reaction. The main parameters of this process such as temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to acid catalyst, and catalyst loading were investigated to determine the optimum condition for converting of the FFA to usable esters. The result shows that the best condition for reducing of FFA was obtained at 65o C, with a molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:6, and catalyst loading of 2 wt% H2SO4
Fenomena dan Kecepatan Minimum Fluidisasi
Get PDFPhenomenon and the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) solid-gas depend of particle type, gas flow rate, column diameter and height of solids bed. This research was conducted on sand of quartz, iron and volcano Merapi (group B the particle) in the column with 6 cm diameter and height of the bed that varies are 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm. Observations began after the air with the lowest velocity flow from the bottom upwards through the bed. From the observations obtained a phenomenon that occurs is the fixed bed, bubbling fluidization and slugging fluidization. Umf in the height of bed 6 cm were 10.3 cm/sec, 7.3 cm/sec and 4.8 cm/sec. While at the height of bed 8 cm were 11.9 cm sec, 7.3 cm/sec and 5.1 cm/sec. and at the height of the bed 10 cm value (Umf) obtained were 8.8 cm/sec, 8.8 cm/sec and 5.8 cm/sec. Based on theoretical, the Umf for quartz sand was 12.0 cm/sec, iron sand 16.2 cm/sec and sand volcano Merapi 12.3 cm/sec. Thus, the value Umf, an experiment that comes closest to the value Umf theory only occurs for the use of quartz sand column diameter of 6cm and 8cm height of the bed
Pengaruh Daya Listrik Oven Gelombang Mikro terhadap Pemecahan Emulsi Minyak Mentah Cepu
Get PDF Steam which injected to the oil well form a water in oil emulsion (W/O), emulsion must be broke to oil and water phase because disturb oil processing in the refinery unit. The emulsion stability depends on pH, water salinity, temperature and asphaltene, resin and wax content. This research are to find breaking effectiveness emulsion crude oil from Cepu and compare with usual oven. In this research water crude oil emulsion made from Cepu oil well with water salinity 20 ppt. Further the emulsion is affected using microwave radiation from microwave apparatus with variation electric power from 54to 432 Watts. Emulsion breaking with microwave more effective considered with effects use conventional oven. Research showed that increasing electrical power caused produce percentage emulsion breaking increase and faster. Demulsification emulsion formed water salinity 20 ppt in microwave oven with electrical power 432 Watt is the fastest breaking with broke reach 100 percents in five minutes. While demulsification with electrical power 54 Watt the longest breaking, during nineteen minutes break 100 percents. While using conventional oven needs 40 minutes for breaking 100 percents. This results show that emulsion breaking use microwave process more effective considering with use of conventional oven.
Natural Dyes from Plants Extract and Its Applications in Indonesian Textile Small Medium Scale Enterprise
Get PDF Textile industry is an industry that uses dye a lot. Most of the textile industry use synthetic dyes, mainly because it is easy to obtain, guaranteed availability, provide variety of colors and do not easily fading, but in terms of health and safety, waste of textile dyes is very dangerous because it contains heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). These metals can be carcinogenic if it accumulates in the human body. On the other hand, the use of natural dyes from plants extracts has many advantages compared to synthetic dyes, such as safe for human’s health and environmental friendly. However there are several drawbacks of natural dyes such as not easily available in the market, not many color choices available and easily fade when compared to synthetic dyes. Therefore, this paper contains review the availability of natural dyes, their extraction and its application in Indonesian textile small scale enterprises
Pengaruh Oil Sludge Pertamina Surabaya Terhadap Kuat Tekan Keramik Tradisional
Get PDF Oil sludge is the solidifying oils that lying on the open space around the fuel storage tank. Heaps of the waste continues to increase could lead to environmental pollution due to the waste containing heavy metal. This research aims to study the effect of oil sludge on the compressive strength of traditional ceramics within range of sintering temperature (600- 1000 0 C), sintering time (1-3 hours), and raw material compositions. The experiment begins by mixing the ceramic raw materials. Material was mixed with water and milled using Mortar Hand (milling). A cermic mold was used to get ceramic specimens. The mold dimension is length of 8 cm, 4 cm wide, and 2 cm high. The specimens were sintered in a furnace at different temperatures and holding time. Finally, the ceramics were observed its compressive strength. The results showed that the waste oil sludge can be involved in the manufacture of traditional ceramics. In the view of the compressive strength, the best conditions for fabricating traditional ceramics are oil sludge of 16.67% w., sintering temperature of 800 0 C, and sintering time of 2.5 hours
Peluang dan Tantangan Komersialisasi Biodisel-Review
Get PDFHydrogen is one of the environmentally friendly fuel, however hydrogen is not always available due to continuously increasing energy demand and fossil fuel availability become more limited. Gap between demand and supply is essential to find alternative fuels. Biodiesel could be a substituent for fossil fuels, especially for hydrogen. Biodiesel could be made by mixing vegetable oils or fats with fossil fuel with a ratio of (5-20) wt.% however in a long time effect of this mixture can damage the engine. To overcome the problem, biodiesel can be synthesized via transesterification of oil and alcohol with the aid of acid or base catalyst to produce glycerol and FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester). Challenges faced for the commercialization of biodiesel among others, (1) expensive raw material (edible oil), (2) reaction time and separation of the relatively long time (minimum 15 hours), (3) the use of acid catalysts still leaves the problem of corrosion and corrosion of machine tools and pollution to the environment by the catalyst. To make biodiesel competitive in the market, used oil (waste cooking oils, WCO), agricultural waste, and recent studies using microalgae could be used as source of biodiesel production. To shorten the reaction time, reaction was carried out using ultrasonic reactor technology and to minimize environmental pollution to use the solid catalyst. This paper will summarize on the adoption of latest technologies in producing biodiesel from used frying oil and microalgae