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Effect of Bicarbonate, Iron, and Salt, on Lipid Productivity of Chlorella sp. Extracted by Osmotic Shock Method
Get PDFFossil energy depletion in Indonesia can not be neglected. It is needed
renewable energy that environmental friendly and meets demand consumption. One of promising biofuel in Indonesia is biodiesel. However lack of feedstock is main problem due to increasing of customer needs. Chlorella sp. is kind of microalgae that potential for biodiesel source. This research is purposed to optimize influence of bicarbonate, iron, and salt in growth, biomass, and lipid productivity of Chlorella sp. The research was done in 2^3 factorial design in 6 days. Cultivation was maintained in pH 6,2-7,4 and 6000 lux light intensity. Extraction was done by osmotic shock method using wet biomass. Result indicates that addition of bicarbonate and iron give possitive effect on lipid productivity. Addition of salt give possitive
effect on biomass and growth rate
Pemungutan Pektin dari Kulit dan Amapas Apel Secara Ekstraksi
Get PDFApel dikonsumsi sebagai buah segar maupun produk olahan. Sebagai produk olahan (buah kaleng, jus, sari buah), apel menyisakan limbah berupa kulit dan ampas, yang kebanyakan digunakan subsitusi pupuk dan pakan ternak atau dibuang. Kandungan pektin dalam buangan tersebut belum termanfaatkan. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah tersebut untuk dipungut kandungan pektinnya. Apel dikupas, sedang daging buah diperas, dipisahkan sari buahnya dan diambil ampasnya. Kulit dan ampas dikeringkan, kemudian diekstraksi dalam labu leher tiga dengan solven air pada suasana asam (dipakai, HCl). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan variasi suhu (60, 70, 80, 90 dan 100 0C), pH (2; 2,5; 3; 3,5 dan 4), waktu (30, 60, 90, 120 dan 150) menit. Ekstrak disaring dalam keadaan panas, kemudian ditambahkan Aceton hingga terbentuk endapan. Endapan dicuci dengan Alkohol hingga netral dan dikeringkan dalam oven sampai beratnya kanstan, sebagai pektin kering. Kondisi operasi optimal dicapai pada suhu eketraksi 90 0C, dengan pH larutan untuk ampas (3,5), untuk larutan kulit pH 3, dan waktu operasi 90 menit. Pektin kering yang terpungut (rerata) pada kondisi operasi tersebut adalah 13,940 % (berat) untuk ampas dan 12,897 % (berat) untuk kulit apel.Perlu dilakukan uji kelayakan hasil jika pektin tersebut akan dimanfaatkan sebagai subsitusi bahan pangan, bahan pengobatan dan industri farmasi
Pengaruh pH dan Rasio COD:N Terhadap Produksi Biogas dengan Bahan Baku Limbah Industri Alkohol (Vinasse)
Get PDF Industrial waste ethanol, which vinasse is one potential source to be processed into biogas. This study was conducted to assess the potential of vinasse waste and comparison nutrients needed to obtain biogas with optimum results. Experiments conducted in the digester volume 5L, operated at room temperature and neutral pH by varying the ratio of COD: N: P 800:7, 900:7, 1000:7 on vinasse mixture, rumen, urea and vinasse mixture , rumen, and NH4 HCO3 within 30 days. Respons which taken from this research are influence of pH, ratio of COD:N and nutrition to biogas production. The optimum condition of pH in producing biogas is at 7. Production of biogas produced at the optimum ratio of COD: N: P 800:7 is equal to 280 ml (0,96 ml biogas/mg TS COD) in a mixture of vinasse, rumen, urea and 3839 ml (13,73 ml biogas/mg TS COD) in a mixture of vinasse, rumen, NH4 HCO3 due to the comparison easier bacteria decompose organic compounds. While vinasse mixture, rumen, and NH4 HCO3 produces more biogas than vinasse mixture, rumen, urea may be due NH4 HCO3 to maintain the pH range so that the bacteria can survive
Standards Practical Tools in Dealing with Climate Change
No full textDrastic climate change is becoming an increasingly serious threat to the survival of living beings on this planet. Various effects have been caused by climate change such as rising temperatures, floods, rising sea level, the uncertain season and other radical changes. Other than forest destruction, as well as industry and transportation use fossil fuels contributed in exacerbating climate change. Indonesia, have adopted identical to the four Green House Gases (GHG) into the SNI via reprints. As a developing country and the condition of Indonesia\u27s forests and peatland in the tropics, it is more easy going deforestation and degradation. Indonesia is concentrated to develop standards in deforestation field based decreased functions of tropical rain forests as carbon sinks are big enough, not to mention the peatland carbon stocks that have high potential around 36 Gton CO2 from 22 million hectares only. The development of ISO standards in measurements and calculations the Greenhouse Effect, Product Recycling, Promoting Environmental good, Energy Efficiency, Consumer Aware Environmental, very useful and contribute to tackle climate change significantly with the implementation of international standards. The most important thing now is how far the destruction of nature caused by human habits that are not environmentally friendly. Increasing understanding about the scale of change needed to tackle global warming, government, business and civil society should be able to perform the necessary steps and face the need to work in partnership to address such a change. In the long term the benefits of addressing climate change will far outweigh the impact costs . But in the short term, governments, business, and civil society will be more willing to bear those costs if they know their counterparts and competitors use standards, as a practical tool in dealing with climate change
Analisis Mutu Biosolar pada Variasi Formulasi Blending Biodiesel dari Minyak Kapuk dengan Minyak Solar
Get PDFMinyak solar merupakan jenis bahan bakar minyak untuk mesin diesel yang bersifat tidak terbarukan. Diperlukan upaya untuk mengurangi ketergantuan terhadap minyak solar. Salah satu energi alternatif sebagai upaya pengurangan ketergantungan tersebut adalah biodiesel. Namun biodiesel dalam keadaan murni (B100) memiliki beberapa kekurangan jika digunakan dalam keadaan murni. Tindakan umum yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kekurangan B100 sebagai bahan bakar adalah dilakukan blending dengan minyak solar pada formulasi blending tertentu
Pengaruh Penambahan Oksidator Kalium Bichromat pada Pengambilan Minyak Laka
Get PDFCashew trees have been planted in Indonesia. The yield of these trees has been utilized by many people as snack that is delicious and special, while their skin is often been thrown away, so becoming waste, although they can be utilized. Laka oil (CNSL) is a liquid in cashew skin that has economic value, such as its utilization in glue industry, varnish, synthetic resin, insecticide, fungicide, paint, brake lining and clutch plate. In this study , the taking of laka oil from cashew was conducted by using press hydraulic and soxhlet with petroleum ether solution. After obtaining laka oil, Calium Bichromate oxidator was added to improve the quality of laka oil obtained before. Variables studied were the effect of material water content, pressing pressure, the time of pressing on oil weight obtained and the number of Calium Bichromate on oil resin content. From this study , with material of 100 grams it obtained the best condition on material water content of 7,5 % , pressing pressure of 450 kg/ cm2 , pressing time of 20 minuts, and the oil obtained was 8,5747 grams
Reduction of Lignin from Coffee Husk using Organosolve Method
Get PDFCoffeehas a significant role for the plantation sector in Indonesia. During processing of coffee, the husk is alse gonerated. Coffeefruit husk waste is usally used as an animal feed ingredient or as organic fertilizer. Coffee shell husk contains lignin and cellulose in 8.67% at 41.26%, respectively.This cellulose is rather high, that could be potential for bioethanol production. However the quality of bioethanol will increase if the lignin content in coffee leather eliminated or reduced. Organosolve method is one of the lignin separation process using organic chemicals that are environmentally friendly eg ethanol and methanol. In this lignin removal process variable is run 2 hours of cooking time, the concentration of ethanol (v / v) 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, while the addition of citric acid 1:12, 1:16 and 1: 18. The best result of the removal of lignin from cocoahusk occurred in 40%(v/v)ethanol with the addition of citric acid and 1:16 for 2 hours cooking time obtained lignin content (in deposition) of 0.31% and 6.14 % lignin in the filtrate
Sintesis Katalis Ni/ZSM-5 untuk Pirolisis Cangkang Sawit Menjadi Bio-Oil
Get PDF Increasing of the palm plantation every years can be increase the Crude Palm Oil (CPO) product, effecting the increase of the palm solid waste . One of the solid waste is palm kernel shell which used as energy source for boiler that produce palm ash wich as substant for the synthesis of ZSM-5catalyst (ratio Si/Al= 30). The synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 by impregnation method at temperature 900 C, for 6 hours, then calcined by the themperature various of 4000 C, 5000 C, and 6000 C during 4 hours with nitrogen gas is flow, and followed by oxidation with oxygen gas and reduction with hydrogen gas flow for 2 hours at themperature 4000 C have been conducted. The resulting Ni/ZSM-5 was analyzed by BET method and applied for pyrolysis proccess of the palm kernel shell to produce bio oil. The bio oil product was charactrized for dencity, viscocity and flash point. The result show that maximum surface area of catalyst forcalcination obtained at 500ºC is 67,874 m2 /g, and study of pyrolysis proccess from 1% mass of palm kernel shell produce of 43% bio oil yield. The characterization result of bio-oil obtained that density is 0.954gr/ml, viscosity is 12.65cp, and flash point is 62o C
Processing Biochar from Solid Waste of Arenga Pinnata Flour Industry
Get PDF Arenga pinnata solid waste can be used as biochar-making material because it contains biomass agriculture and forestry residue. This research purposed to know the effect of pyrolysis in yield and characteristic of biochar as soil amendment. The research done by making model and practice the model. The variables of this research were : temperature, biochar yield, C-organic content, water content, pH, N, P, and K. The raw materials weight that used in each pyrolysis process is 200 grams.The result from this research are the highest biochar yield from arenga pinnata with 200 grams of raw materials weight was at 300 – 500 °C of temperature and 210-240 minutes of processing time with >30% of yield. The test with temperature variations show : 1) at 300-400°C of temperature acquired 4,45% of water content, 5,6 of pH, 14,63% of C-organic content, 0,71% of Nitrogen, 0,10% of Phosphor, and 0,63% of Kalium, 2) at 400-500°C of temperature acquired 5,62% of water content, 5,26 of pH, 13,49% of C-organic content, 0,73% of Nitrogen, 0,13% of Phosphor, and 0,49% of Kalium, 3) at 500-600°C of temperatur acquired 3,22% of water content, 6,1 of pH, 15,66% of C-organic content, 0,92% of Nitrogen, 0,09% of Phospor, and 0,58% of Kalium. The results from this research were able to fulfill the regulation as soil amendment determined by International Biochar Initiative (2010)
Produksi Biodisel dari Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Katalis Asam padat (Nafion/SiO2)
Get PDFProduction of biodisel from waste cooking oil (WCO) was performed using a double catalyst Nafion/SiO2 as esterification catalyst and NaOH is used as transesterification catalyst . Study was conducted through three stages:as well as synthesis of Nafion/SiO2 solid acid catalyst, the synthesis of biodisel using a single catalyst (NaOH) and the synthesis of biodisel using a catalyst (Nafion/SiO2 and NaOH). Solid acid catalyst is made of Nafion 5 wt.% solution and the (Tetra Ethoxy Ortho silicate, TEOS) using solution phase sol-gel method to produce Nafion/SiO2. Furthermore Nafion/SiO2 was applied as esterification catalyst. Esterification reaction conditions at temperatures of 75oC and fixed reaction time of 45 minutes. The reaction is run at three-neck flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer and cooling water. Products are separated and the upper layer is used as a reactant of transesterification reaction using NaOH catalyst and results biodisel (FAME). Result analysis of physical properties, ie viscosity, density and flash point FAME meets the standard requirements of biodisel. Chemical characterization in the FAME show there are more than six kinds of methyl esters indicate that FAME was formed. The percentage of biodisel that is produced by using dual catalyst is higher compared to using a single catalyst proved that the solid acid catalyst plays an important role in converting the free fatty acid in to ester in the WCO