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Biosurfaktan
Get PDFSurfactant is an amphipilic chemical structure which contains the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Surfactant has ability to lower surface tension between two liquids. Surfactant has been used in many industries, such as cosmetics, food, textile, petroleum, and pharmacy industry. Nowdays, most of surfactant used in industries are still based on petroleum resources. The applicationsof this nonbiodegradable surfactant in industry promote environmental problem. Biosurfactant is a biodegradable surfactant that produced from microorganism or natural resources. Biosurfactant produced from microorganism contains Rhamnolipid and Lipopeptide. Surfactin and Dactomicin made from microorganism with antibacterial activity are the examples. Bottle necks of the production of biosurfactant form microorganism are their slow process, high purification cost, and high product price. Biosurfactant from natural resources are potentially produced in large scale due to their fast process and relatively cheap raw material. Metil Ester Sulphonate (MES) is one of biosurfactant produced from natural resources (from palm oil). The other example is biosurfactant from esterification of carbohydrate and carboxylic acid. This paper reviews the literatures dealing with biodegradable surfactant development which can be used as a reference of a research path way and an industrial scale production of biodegradable surfactant.Surfaktan adalah suatu senyawa kimia yang bersifat ampipilik dimana sifat hidropilik dan hidropobik ada dalam satu molekul surfaktan. Dalam jumlah sedikit dapat menurunkan tegangan permukaan suatu fluida. Surfaktan dibutuhkan oleh industri kosmetik, makanan, tekstil, industri minyak bumi dan farmasi. Permasalahan yang ditumbulkan oleh aplikasi surfaktan adalah pencemaran lingkungan. Karena sampai pada saat ini masih menggunakan surfaktan berbahan dasar petroleum non biodegradable. Biosurfaktan adalah surfaktan biodegradable yang dapat diproduksi oleh sel mikoorganisme (bakteri/fungi) maupun dari bahan alam. Biosurfaktan dari mikoorganisme telah diketahui memiliki senyawa Rhamnolipid dan Lipopeptida. Sebagai contoh adalah Surfactin dan Dactomicin, yang merupakan biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme dengan aktivitas antibiotik. Biosurfaktan yang terbuat dari bahan alam contohnya adalah MES (Metil Ester Sulfonat), yang terbuat dari minyak sawit. Selain MES, ester dari karbohidrat merupakan surfaktan yang dihasilkan dari esterifikasi karbohidrat dan asam karboksilat. Bottle neck (hambatan) produksi surfaktan dari mikroorganisme adalah prosesnya lambat, biaya pemurnian tinggi dan harga produk mahal. Biosurfaktan dari bahan alam mendapat perhatian dari kalangan peneliti dan industri untuk diproduksi skala besar besaran karena prosesnya cepat, bahan baku tersedia melimpah dan murah. Tulisan ini merupakan ringkasan yang dapat digunakan sebagai referensi untuk mengembangkan surfaktan biodegradable yang diharapkan dapat menjadi arah penelitian dan pengembangan produksi biosurfaktan skala industri
Pemanfaatan Lumpur Lapindo sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Genteng Keramik dengan Variasi Suhu Pembakaran
No full textLapindo mudflow issued a very large volume of mud. The mud flooded rice fields, residential and industrial area to date has not been stopped but the mud bursts untapped yet. Therefore, attempted use Lapindo mud very much it to be made tile. Sludge containing 55.4% silica oxide, alumina 16.1% and 8.9% iron with the composition of the possibility of mud can be created tile roof. Dried mud that has been mashed into the grain size of 80 mesh, then water added until plastic. Mud that has plastic printed with size 6 x 3 x 3 cm and then dried using ambient air. After the dried samples were burned using a furnace at temperatures varying from 500 to 900oC, after chilling the samples tested compressive strength, fracture modulus and water absorption. The results showed that the higher the combustion temperature obtained greater compressive strength and less water absorption. Most compressive strength is 142 kg/cm2and smallest water absorption is 0.06 g/cm2at a temperature of 900oC. At combustion temperatures of 500 to 700oC fracture modulus down from 72.78 to 41.81 kg/cm2 while at 700 to 900oC fracture modulus rose to 126.7 kg/cm2. The best results obtained on the combustion temperature at 800oC with fracture modulus 103.18 kg/cm2 and water absorption 0.08 g/cm2. These results satisfy roof tile as type I according SII.0027 UDC-81. 666.74.Semburan lumpur Lapindo mengeluarkan lumpur yang volumenya sangat besar. Lumpur tersebut menggenangi areal persawahan, pemukiman dan kawasan industry sampai saat ini semburan belum berhenti tetapi lumpur belum dimanfaatkan. Oleh sebab itu dicoba memanfaatkan lumpur Lapindo yang sangat banyak itu untuk dibuat genteng. Lumpur mengandung oksida silika 55,4 %, alumina 16,1 % dan besi 8,9 % dengan komposisi tersebut kemungkinan lumpur dapat dibuat genteng. Lumpur yang sudah kering dihaluskan menjadi ukuran butir 80 mesh selanjutnya ditambah air sampai plastis. Lumpur yang sudah plastis dicetak dengan ukuran 6 x 3 x 3 cm kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan udara sekitar. setelah kering sampel dibakar menggunakan furnance pada suhu bervariasi mulai 500 sampai 900oC, setelah dingin sampel diuji kuat tekan, modulus patah dan daya serap terhadap air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu pembakaran diperoleh kuat tekan yang semakin besar dan daya serap air semakin kecil. Kuat tekan paling besar142 kg/cm2 dan daya serap air paling kecil 0,06 g/cm2 pada suhu 900oC. Pada suhu pembakaran 500 sampai 700oC modulus patah turun dari 72,78 menjadi 41,81 kg/cm2 sedangkan pada 700 sampai 900OC modulus patah naik menjadi 126,7kg/cm2. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada suhu pembakaran 800oC dengan modulus patah sebesar 103,18 kg/cm2 dan daya serap air 0,08 g/cm2 . Hasil tersebut memenuhi sarat sebagai genteng tipe I menurut SII.0027-81 UDC. 666.74.
Produksi, Karakterisasi, dan Isolasi Lipase dari Aspergillus niger menggunakan Minyak Goreng Sawit sebagai Induser
Get PDFThe objective of the research was to produce, isolate and characterise lipase from Aspergillus niger, and therefore inducted it by using palm oil. The lipase enzyme was produced through a batch fermentation process in a 1.4 liters-fermentor. Fermentation was carried out at room temperature, initial pH of 7, the stirring speed of 250 rpm, aeration rate of 1 vvm, and inducer concentration of 3%-m/v palm oil/ml. Enzymes was characterised at several temperature and pH variations. The lipase showed the optimum performance at pH of 7 and temperature of 30 °C with the activity of 1.5 U / ml. Isolation of lipase yielded a 4-times-increase in its activity by using 90% ammonium sulfate.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memproduksi, mengisolasi, dan mengkarakterisasi lipase dengan induser minyak goreng sawit. Fermentasi submerged 1,4 L digunakan selama proses produksi pada suhu kamar, dengan pH awal 7, kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm, kecepatan aerasi vvm, dan konsentrasi induser 3%-m/v minyak goreng sawit. Enzim dikarakterisasi pada variasi temperature dan pH. Lipase dihasilkan secara optimum pada pH 7 dan suhu 30 °C dengan aktivitas 1,5 u/ml. Isolasi lipase menghasilkan 4 kali peningkatan dengan menggunakan 90% amonium sulfa
Co-Digestion of Vinasse Waste and Tofu Liquid Waste to Increase Biogas Production
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to increase biogas production using co-digestion concept. Vinasse Waste (VW) containing high COD and low total Nitrogen content was mixtured with Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) containing low COD and high total Nitrogen. Substrates were varied with volume ratio of VW:TLW of 100:0, 20:80, 0:100. Total volume of substrates was 250 mL. Anaerobic digesters were operated at room temperatur. After fermentation, biogas total volume of variables of 100:0, 20:80, 0:100 was 88.5; 125.5; 41.5 mL. Initial pH for all variables was 7.0. At the end of fermentation, pH substrates became 3.9; 5.1; 6.8 for variables of 100:0, 20:80, 0:100 respectively
Pembuatan Edible Film dari Tepung Jagung
Get PDF Edible film adalah suatu lapisan tipis yang dibentuk untuk melapisi makanan (coating), berfungsi sebagai penghalang terhadap perpindahan massa dan atau sebagai pembawa aditif. Penggunaan tepung jagung sebagai edible film merupakan solusi yang menarik sebagai pembungkus pangan inovatif yang dapat menyatu pada bahan makanan. Tepung jagung dipilih karena dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme dan dapat dimakan, sehingga dapat dikatakan lebih ramah lingkungan. Pembuatan edible film dari tepung jagung ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kuat tarik dan kelarutan dalam air edible film yang relatif baik terhadap komposisi bahan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara melarutkan tepung jagung sebanyak 10 gram dengan aquadest 50 ml, ditambahkan 70 ml aquadest mendidih dan dipanaskan sampai suhu ± 85ºC. Suspensi yang terbentuk didinginkan mengunakan pengaduk stirrer kemudian ditambahkan gliserol dan sorbitol. Edible film yang terbentuk kemudian dicetak dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 100ºC selama ± 4 jam. Perbandingan volume gliserol dengan sorbitol bervariasi dari: 0:1, 0:2,sampai 5:5. Karakterisasi edible film meliputi analisis kuat tarik (sifat mekanik) dan daya larut dalam air (sifat fisis). Komposisi relatif baik untuk sifat edible film yang dihasilkan adalah dengan perbandingan volume gliserol 1 ml dan volume sorbitol 1 ml dengan kuat tarik sebesar 17,2765 N dan daya larut sebesar 0,0091 g/ml
Preparasi Membran Selulosa Asetat untuk Penyaringan Nira Tebu
Get PDFIn the current the sugar cane process, the liquid sugar cane is purified by physical and chemical processes that need much energy and produce waste. Membrane process separation is alternative way for purifying it. In this research, membrane was prepared from cellulose acetate by phase inversion method with acetone as a solvent and formamide as additive. The experiment was conducted by varying cellulose acetate concentration and evaporation period. Cellulose aseatat, acetone and formamide with a particular composition is stirred for 3-4 hours until homogeneous. Mixture is then filled into the bottle and closed tightly and left for 1 day. Furthermore, the mold is poured on flat glass and evaporated during the allotted time. Matter and its lining membrane is inserted in a tub filled with water at a temperature 2oC for 5 minutes, the membrane was then dried.. Performance of membrane produced was tested determination by liquid sugar cane. The result of the experiment showed that the best weight ratio of cellulose acetate:acetone:formamide was and evaporation period were 12.5:5.2:3.5 and 45 second respectively; the membrane produced have volumetric flux, rejection of TSS and permeation of sucrose were 6.1698 l/m2.hour, 91.12% and 89% respectively
Ekstraksi Pektin dari Kulit Buah Coklat dengan Pelarut Asam Sitrat
Get PDF Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a plant which is often found Indonesia, especially from plantations. Cocoa is into 3 sections, that is peel, fruit’s flesh and seeds. But so far in its use only cocoa flesh and seeds are taken to be used. While the peel is less utilized, becames a lot of waste and is usually used as animal’s feed. Cocoa peel is a source of pectin. Pectin in the food industry is a thickener and an additive in manufacturing jam, jelly, marmalade etc. Process of taking pectin from cocoa peel is done by extraction with citric acid solvent at operating condition pH 3, material and solvent ratio of 1:2, 1:14, 1:16, 1:18, 1:20, operation time of 75 minutes, 100 minutes, 125 minutes, 150 minutes, and 175 minutes, at 80oC and washing with alcohol and without alcohol. From the result of the research it is obtained that methoxyl content is 42.80% on washing with alcohol and 42.86 % on washing without alcohol. The best comparison of solvent is at 1:18 and 150 minutes of extraction time. Treatment on washing with alcohol and without alcohol produces methoxyl content which is almost same, but is terms of color on pectin washing with alcohol produces a clean and white color
Pirolisis Katalitik Tandan Kosong Sawit Menjadi Bio-oil dengan Katalis HZSM-5
Get PDFOne of the alternative new energy sources is biomass. Biomass can be processes to produce bio-oil. The pyrolysis method was used to convert the palm empty fruit bunch from biomass to bio-oil. The purpose of this research are to study the influence of pyrolysis temperature with bio-oil yield and its properties. Pyrolysis process in slurry reactor with 50 grams palm empty fruit bunch, 500 ml thermo-oil and 2% HZSM-5 catalyst. Operating temperature variation (290,300,310 dan 3200 C) have been done. The result show that the optimum temperature obtained at 3200 C with bio-oil yield is 73.6%. The characterization result of bio-oil product are density is 1.008 gr/ml, viscosity is 12.63 cp, flash point 490 C, and maximum of component obtained is acetic acid with 47.09%
Study of Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger Performance : The Effects of Mass Flow Rate, Inlet Temperature and Type of Flow Againts The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to know the effects of mass flow rate, inlet temperature and type of flow againts overall heat transfer coefficient (U). Heat exchanger used in this study was plate and frame type of TRIMGS 10. Mass flow rate of hot fluida was variated into 0.3 and 0.253 kg/s; mass flow rate of cold fluida was variated into 0.276 and 0.22 kg/s; inlet temperature of hot fluida was variated into 40, 45, 50 oC; type of flow was variated into co-current and counter current. The results show that the faster mass flow rate hot and cold fluida, the bigger overall heat transfer coefficient obtained. Also, the higher inlet temperature, the the bigger overall heat transfer coefficient obtained. In this study, the biggest of U value was obtained with variable of inlet temperatur 50°C, mass flow rate of cold fluid 0.276 kg/s, mass flow rate of hot fluid 0.3 kg/s, which were 140.6532 W/m2°C using type of counter-current flow and 135.4576 W/m2°C using type of co-current flow. Type of counter-current flow gave more satisfactory result of U value than type of co-current flo
Potency of Microalgae as Source of Functional Food in Indonesia (Overview)
Get PDFMalnutrition in Indonesia continues to increase. It is needed to develop functional food source that is capable to be produced in rapid, feasible, sustainable, and meets the nutritional needs for the country. Microalgae is a type of single-celled plants, live in water by using photosynthesis to produce biomass. Microalgae such as Spirulina platensis has a high protein content. It also contains vitamins and pigments that is useful to the body. The potential of microalgae production in Indonesia is high considering that Indonesia passed the equator and has a supporting environment. Trends in the future, it is expected Indonesia could produce microalgae at high mass scale, at a cheap price and can be applied in everyday life