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PENGOLAHAN AIR TERPRODUKSI DENGAN MEMBRAN BIOREAKTOR DI WILAYAH PENAMBANGAN WONOCOLO
Get PDFABSTRAK: Masalah pengolahan air terproduksi di wilayah penambangan Wonocolo mulai menjadi perhatian sejak ditetapkannya Wonocolo sebagai Petroleum Geoheritage. Air terproduksi yang ikut terangkut ke permukaan pada saat pengambilan minyak bumi di sumur minyak Wonocolo memiliki tingkat kekeruhan 105 NTU, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1714 mg/L, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 90 mg/L, dan nilai COD 77,9 mg/L. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media filtrasi pasir aktif dan karbon aktif sebelum air dimasukkan ke membran bioreaktor. Hasil pengolahan air terproduksi tanpa menggunakan media filtrasi menghasilkan air dengan tingkat kekeruhan 0,33 NTU, COD 35, TSS 8 mg/L dan efisiensi penurunan TDS 90,45 %, sedangkan dengan pasir aktif menghasilkan tingkat kekeruhan 0 NTU, COD 7,1 mg/L; TSS 6 mg/L, dengan efektivitas penurunan TDS 91,85%. Sementara pada media karbon aktif, tingkat kekeruhan 0,27 NTU; COD 10,5 mg/L; TSS 4 mg/L dengan efektivitas penurunan TDS 90,97%. Pengolahan menggunakan media filtrasi menghasilkan air yang memiliki kualitas lebih baik dari pada tanpa filtrasi. Media filtrasi pasir aktif lebih baik daripada karbon aktif. Media filtrasi juga dapat menurunkan beban membran dalam mengolah air.Kata Kunci: Air terproduksi; Membran bioreaktor; pasir aktif; karbon aktif ABSTRACT: The issues of produced water has become very much considered since the stipulation of “Wonocolo” as Petroleum Geoheritage. Produced water transported to the surface during oil extraction at the Wonocolo oil well has a turbidity level of 105 NTU, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 1714 mg / L, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 90 mg / L, and COD value of 77.9 mg / L. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of filtration media (active sand and activated carbon) before water was put into the bioreactor membrane. The results of water treatment without using filtration media produced water with turbidity levels of 0.33 NTU, COD 35 mg/L, TSS 8 mg L and efficiency of TDS reduction of 90.45% while using active sand produced water with turbidity levels of 0 NTU, COD 7.1 mg/L, TSS 6 mg L and efficiency of TDS reduction of 91.85%. For activated carbon, turbidity level was 0.27 NTU, COD 10.5 mg/L, TSS 4 mg L and efficiency of TDS reduction of 90.97%. From the results of the analysis, processing using filtration media produces water that has better quality and active sand filtration media better than activated carbon.Keywords: Produced water; Membrane bioreactor; active sand; activated carbon
Bioethanol Production From Green Algae Spirogyra sp
Get PDFBioethanol is an alternative fuel that has potential to replace the oil fuel. The bioethanol feedstock can be derived from the green algae Spirogyra sp that is rarely exploited. High carbohydrates content in the Spirogyra sp algae is highly potential to be developed into ethanol through chemical and biological processes. This research is done through several stages: preparation of raw material, hydrolysis using sulfuric acid 0,2 M, and fermentation using Saccharomyses cerevisiae in an anaerob condition. The objective of this study is to find out the optimum reaction time and optimum quantity of Saccharomyses cerevisiae in the fermentation process. Variations of reaction time and yeast quantity are applied; those are 3, 4, 5 and 6 days for reaction time, and 0,5%; 0,75%; 1%; 1,25%; 1,5%; and 1,75% for yeast quantity. The stoichiometric calculation is used to analyse the result of this experiment. The result shows that the optimum duration for the fermentation is 5 days and the optimum quantity of yeast is 1% by weight. The condition of fermentation process must be held in pH of 4,5 and temperature of 30oC. The produced alcohol in those condition is 0,0613 mol
Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah dengan Bantuan Gelombang Ultrasonik
Get PDFIn this research, the effect of ultrasonic on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil to biodiesel is studied. The biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is conducted in two process stages. All reactions are conducted with the ultrasonic power of 750 watt and frequency of 20 kHz. The first stage is the esterification process that aims to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) contents using acid catalyst. The esterification reaction is carried out in certain condition. The second stage is the production of biodiesel through transesterification using alkaline catalyst. The parameters being studied are the effect temperature and ultrasonic amplitude to the transesterification reaction. The results shows that the FFA content can be reduced to 0,77% using sulfuric acid catalyst 1% by weight of oil, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 and a reaction time of 60 minutes. Then, the oil is converted into biodiesel using KOH catalyst. The obtained conversion is 83% with the catalyst amount of 1% by weight of oil, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, frequency of 20 kHz, amplitude of 50%, temperature of 60oC and reaction time of 40 minutes. The biodiesel has a density of 879 kg /m3 , 5,67 cst of viscosity, flash point of 158oC, pour point of 16oC, water content 0,0642% and caloric value 8521,1 kkal/kg.ABSTRAK: Pada penelitian ini, dipelajari pengaruh dari gelombang ultrasonik terhadap reaksi transesterifikasi dari minyak jelantah menjadi biodiesel. Pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak jelantah dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap. Seluruh reaksi dijalankan dengan gelombang ultrasonik berdaya 750 watt dan frekuensi 20 kHz. Tahap pertama adalah proses esterifikasi yang bertujuan mengurangi kandungan asam lemak bebas (FFA) menggunakan katalis asam. Reaksi esterifikasi berlangsung dalam kondisi tertentu. Tahap kedua adalah produksi biodiesel melalui transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis alkali. Parameter yang dipelajari adalah efek dari suhu dan amplitude terhadap reaksi transesterifikasi. Hasil dari percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kandungan FFA dapat diturunkan menjadi 0,77% menggunakan katalis asam sulfat 1% w/w minyak, rasio methanol terhadap minyak 6:1, dan waktu reaksi 60 menit. Selanjutnya, minyak diubah menjadi biodiesel menggunakan katalis KOH, dan diperoleh konversi sebesar 83% dengan jumlah katalis 1% w/w minyak, rasio methanol terhadap minyak 6:1, frekuensi 20 kHz, amplitude 50%, suhu 60°C, dan waktu reaksi 40 menit. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan memiliki densitas 879 kg/m3, viskositas 5,67 cst, titik nyala 158 °C, titik tuang 16 °C, kandungan air 0,0642%, dan nilai kalori 8521,1 kkal/kgKata Kunci: amplitudo; biodiesel; transesterifikasi; ultrasonik; minyak jelantah ABSTRACT: In this research, the effect of ultrasonic on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil to biodiesel is studied. The biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is conducted in two process stages. All reactions are conducted with the ultrasonic power of 750 watt and frequency of 20 kHz. The first stage is the esterification process that aims to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) contents using acid catalyst. The esterification reaction is carried out in certain condition. The second stage is the production of biodiesel through transesterification using alkaline catalyst. The parameters being studied are the effect temperature and ultrasonic amplitude to the transesterification reaction. The results shows that the FFA content can be reduced to 0,77% using sulfuric acid catalyst 1% by weight of oil, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 and a reaction time of 60 minutes. Then, the oil is converted into biodiesel using KOH catalyst. The obtained conversion is 83% with the catalyst amount of 1% by weight of oil, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, frequency of 20 kHz, amplitude of 50%, temperature of 60oC and reaction time of 40 minutes. The biodiesel has a density of 879 kg /m3, 5,67 cst of viscosity, flash point of 158oC, pour point of 16oC, water content 0,0642% and caloric value 8521,1 kkal/kg.Keywords: amplitude; biodiesel; transesterification; ultrasonic; waste cooking oi
EFFECT OF pH ON LIQUID-PHASE MASS TRANSFER AND DIFFUSIVITY COEFFICIENT AT LEACHATE TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE LANDFILL IN ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR
Get PDFLeachate is a liquid waste resulted from physical, biological and chemical decomposition of landfill waste. Leachate contains complex dissolved organic and anorganic substrate which are biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Anaerobic treatment principally utilizes anaerobic bacteria in order to degrade the dissolved organic substance into biogas. Anaerobic treatment is very sensitive towards the substrate cocentration, temperature, and pH. This research used anaerobic bioreactor with the volume of 160 L, the ratio of the leachate: biogas is 70:30. Seeding and acclimatization steps were done, respectively for 10 days, leachate treatment was done in 21 days. Seeding, acclimatization, and leachate treatment were done on the pH ambience of 7.2 and 8.0 and ambient temperature. COD and VFA analysis were done every two days. The objective of this research is to decide the pH effect on the coefficient of liquid-phase mass transfer: kL, and the diffusivity of the dissolved substace, DL. pH affects the degradation of the concentratio of dissolved organic substrate in the leachate. The higher the pH is, the higher the obtained VFA concentration is. VFA concentration is affected by pH; however, it still considers the optimal pH condition of the substrate biodegradation. pH affects the average rate of mass transfer, rkL and diffusivity of the dissolved substance, DL in the anaerobic treatment of leachate. pH affect the concentration of dissolved organic substrate which subsequently influenes the coefficient of liquid-phase mass transfer of the leachate, kL and the diffusivity of the dissolved substance, DL. The higher the pH is, the more increasing the kL is and the more decreasing the DL is
Optimization of the Citronellal Synthesis Process from Cymbopogon winterianus Assisted by Microwave using Methanol and N-Hexan Solvent
Get PDFABSTRAK: Proses ekstraksi minyak atsiri menjadi penting diperhatikan untuk menghasilkan rendemen yang lebih tinggi. Ekstraksi minyak sereh wangi yang biasa dilakukan adalah dengan maerasi, destilasi fraksinasi bertingkat, soxhlet dan proses konvensional lainnya. Hasil ekstrak dari minyak sereh wangi dengan komponen paling tinggi adalah sitronelal yaitu 35%. Sitronelal bermanfaat untuk pembuatan parfum, aerosol, detergen dan masih banyak yang lainnya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis sitronelal dari sereh wangi menggunakan ekstraksi dengan bantuan gelombang mikro. Alat ekstraktor dibuat dengan memodifikasi alat ekstraktor berupa microwave yang diberi labu alas bulat sebagai media untuk bahan sereh wangi dan pelarut metanol dan n-heksan. Variabel yang berpengaruh antara lain waktu dan volume pelarut. Waktu yang digunakan 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 menit, daya sebesar 10, 20, 30, 50 W dan variasi volume pelarut metanol sebanyak 50, 100, 150 dan 200 ml. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dengan waktu yang singkat dengan variabel beda daya diperoleh dalam waktu 5 menit diperoleh ekstrak sitronelal sebesar 30,1%. Pada volume yang rendah 50 ml diperoleh ekstrak sitronelal sebanyak 32,5%. Hasil perolehan sintesis sitronelal menggunakan bantuan gelombang mikro dan pelarut etanol ini lebih kecil dibandingkan ekstraksi evaporasi yang dapat mengekstrak sitronelal hingga mencapai 36%.Kata Kunci: ekstraksi; gelombang mikro; sitronelal ABSTRACT: The process of extracting essential oils is important to note in order to produce a higher yield. The extraction of citronella oil is commonly done with maerasi, stratified fractionation distillation, soxhlet and other conventional processes. The extract from citronella oil with the highest component was citronellal which was 35%. Sitronelal is useful for making perfumes, aerosols, detergents and many others. In this study, citronellal synthesis of citronella was done using microwave extraction. The extractor is made by modifying the extractor in the form of a microwave which is given a round bottom flask as a medium for the ingredients of citronella with metanol and n-hexan solvent. The variables that influence include time and volume of solvent. Time used 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 min, power 10, 20, 30, 50 W and variation of methanol solvent volume of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ml. The results obtained with a short time with variable power difference obtained within 5 minutes obtained 30 cm of sitronelal extract. At a low volume of 50 ml citronellal extract obtained as much as 32.5%. The result of citronellal synthesis using microwaves and ethanol solvent is smaller than evaporative extraction which can extract citronellal up to 36%.Keywords: extraction; microwave; citronella
Effect of Clay Content in Sulfonated Poly-Ether–Ether Ketone (sPEEK) on Methanol Permeability via Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Membrane
Get PDFDirect Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) adalah sel pembangkit listrik yang menggunakan membran elektrolit sebagai sarana transportasi hidrogen/proton. Membran yang banyak digunakan adalah Nafion. Akan tetapi NafionÒmemiliki masalah metanol crossover, tidak tahan terhadap suhu tinggi dan harganya mahal. Pada penelitian ini difokuskan pada pembuatan membran pengganti Nafion untuk aplikasi DMFC. Membran yang digunakan untuk DMFC adalah dari jenis PEEK. Membran PEEK telah dimodifikasi dengan menggunakan proses sulfonasi pada suhu 60oC selama 3 jam dan ditambahkan clay sebagai filler dalam pelarut n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Karakteristik membran dapat dilihat dari morfologi membran, struktur membran, permeabilitas metanol, konduktivitas proton. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dengan sulfonasi 60oC selama 3 jam dianggap sebagai kondisi optimum pada penelitian sebelumnya, dengan penambahan clay 1%, 3%, 5% wt, penambahan sebanyak 1% dianggap sebagai penambahan optimum, menghasilkan konduktifitas 2.02E-03 S/cm, swelling 51.85% (air) 52.74% (metanol), permeabilitas 1,2E-05 cm2/s (refraktometer)1.5E-05 cm2/s (kurva kalibrasi), pengujian dan perhitungan permeabilitas dengan menggunakan 2 cara, yaitu refraktometer dan kurva kalibrasi hasilnya tidak jauh berbeda, sehingga kedua cara tersebut dapat digunakan, sehingga komposit sPEEK-Clay dengan penambahan 1% Clay yang optimum dapat digunakan untuk membrane pada DMFC. Keywords:
Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Hasil Pirolisis Ban Bekas
Get PDFCurrently, alternative renewable energy is needed, one of which is RCO (Rubber Compound Oil) oil which is made from waste tires. The making of RCO oil causes problems in the form of carbon waste which, if discharged, will cause environmental impacts. Efforts are needed to deal with kabon waste resulting from used tire pyrolysis, one of which is the creation of activated carbon to increase the economic value of waste. So the purpose of this study is to study the operating conditions in the manufacture of activated carbon from waste produced by used tire pyrolysis. Activated carbon is one of the absorbents that can be used in material purification. This study makes activated carbon using a chemical activation method. KOH was chosen as activating agent and the activation temperature variable was used with temperature variations of 700, 800, and 900 °C with activation times for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. In this study, the best activated carbon was obtained with 900 °C operating conditions for 60 minutes which produced an active carbon surface area of 230 m 2 /g.ABSTRAK: Saat ini diperlukan alternatif energi baru terbarukan salah satunya minyak RCO (Rubber Compound Oil) yang dibuat dari bahan baku ban bekas. Pembuatan minyak RCO ini menimbulkan permasalahan berupa limbah karbon yang apabila dibuang akan menimbulkan dampak lingkungan. Diperlukan upaya untuk menangani limbah kabon hasil pirolisis ban bekas salah satunya adalah pembuatan karbon aktif guna meningkatkan nilai ekonomi limbah. Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kondisi operasi dalam pembuatan karbon aktif dari limbah hasil pyrolisis ban bekas. Karbon aktif merupakan salah satu adsorben yang dapat digunakan dalam pemurnian bahan. Penelitian ini membuat karbon aktif dengan menggunakan metode aktivasi kimia. KOH dipilih sebagai aktivating agent serta digunakan variabel suhu aktivasi dengan variasi suhu 700, 800, dan 900 °C dengan waktu aktivasi selama 30, 45, dan 60 menit. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil karbon aktif terbaik dengan kondisi operasi 900 °C selama 60 menit yang menghasilkan luas permukaan karbon aktif seluas 230 m2/g.Kata Kunci: ban bekas, karbon aktif, aktivasi kimia ABSTRACT: Currently, alternative renewable energy is needed, one of which is RCO (Rubber Compound Oil) oil which is made from waste tires. The making of RCO oil causes problems in the form of carbon waste which, if discharged, will cause environmental impacts. Efforts are needed to deal with kabon waste resulting from used tire pyrolysis, one of which is the creation of activated carbon to increase the economic value of waste. So the purpose of this study is to study the operating conditions in the manufacture of activated carbon from waste produced by used tire pyrolysis. Activated carbon is one of the absorbents that can be used in material purification. This study makes activated carbon using a chemical activation method. KOH was chosen as activating agent and the activation temperature variable was used with temperature variations of 700, 800, and 900 °C with activation times for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. In this study, the best activated carbon was obtained with 900 °C operating conditions for 60 minutes which produced an active carbon surface area of 230 m2/g.Keywords: waste tyres, activated carbon, chemical activatio
Pembuatan Penyedap Rasa Alami Berbahan Dasar Jamur untuk Aplikasi Makanan Sehat (Batagor)
No full textABSTRAK: Makanan yang beredar di pasaran mengandung beberapa bahan tambahan pangan seperti penyedap, pemanis dan pengawet. Sebagian besar dari bahan tambahan pangan tersebut menggunakan bahan buatan seperti penyedap sintesis (MSG). MSG dapat diganti dengan penyedap alami yang memiliki kemiripan rasa. Jamur dikenal sebagai salah satu bahan yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk membuat penyedap rasa alami. Jamur dibuat dalam bentuk serbuk menggunakan alat pengering tipe tray dryer dengan udara pemanas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh jenis jamur (jamur tiram dan jamur merang), laju alir udara pengering (0,0028 m3/s, 0,0056 m3/s, 0,0084 m3/s) dan suhu pengeringan (30oC, 40oC, 50oC) terhadap kadar air, kadar abu, kadar serat, kadar protein, lemak dan karbohidrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar air serbuk jamur untuk semua variasi memenuhi SNI yang ditetapkan yaitu maksimum 12%. Analisis proksimat terbaik ditunjukkan pada suhu pengeringan 40oC yang menghasilkan kadar protein sebesar 26,4%, kadar lemak 0,9%, kadar karbohidrat 64,3%, kadar abu 2% dan kadar serat sebesar 6,5%. Variasi laju alir tidak terlalu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap uji analisis proksimat. Hasil organoleptik yang diujikan menggunakan serbuk jamur pada batagor menghasilkan penilaian jamur merang memiliki rasa gurih paling tinggi, sedangkan jamur tiram untuk aroma dan tekstur yang paling disukai.Kata Kunci: jamur, penyedap, tray dryer ABSTRACT: Healthy food is one of the important aspects of concern today. Most of these food additives use synthetic ingredients like Monosodium glutamate (MSG). Mushrooms are known as one of the ingredients that can be used to make natural flavorings.. Mushrooms are made in powder form using tray dryer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of types of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus and Volvariella volvacea), drying air flow rate (1 m/s, 2 m/s, 3 m/s) and drying temperature (30oC, 40oC, 50oC) to the water content, ash content, fiber content, protein, fat and carbohydrate content. The results showed that the moisture content of mushroom powder for all variations fulfilled the specified SNI that is maximum of 12%. The best proximate analysis was shown at a drying temperature of 40oC which resulted in protein content of 26.4%, fat content of 1.1%, carbohydrate content of 64.3 %, ash content of 2% and fiber content of 6.5%. The variation in flow rate does not significantly influence of proximate analysis. The organoleptic results tested using mushroom powder on batagor resulted in the highest tasteful of Pleurotus ostreatus, while Volvariella volvacea for the most preferred aroma and texture.Keywords: mushroom, flavoring, tray drye
Pemetaan dan Analisis Penelitian Pengurangan Tebal Lapisan film pada Lapisan diffusi gas PEM Fuel Cell
Get PDFOne way to reduce the cost of making PEM Fuel Cells is to reduce the thickness of the layer. The layer is located between GDL and PEMFC electrode. This layer, to refute the electrode, is expressed with thickness, porosity, pore diameter, active surface area. In this working paper, the results of the thin film research results have been mapped and the results of the tests are to determine the characteristics of the thin layer thickness reduction. The mapping and analysis results were obtained at thicknesses ranging from 250 µm. In testing the thickness of 250 µm can still be reduced by a spray machine of 145 µm with a carbon density of about 2 mg cm-2 , but PEMFC\u27s performance is smaller than the achievement of 250 µm thick.ABSTRAK: Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi biaya pembuatan PEM Fuel Cell adalah mengurangi tebal lapisan. Lapisan terletak diantara GDL dengan elektrode PEMFC. Lapisan ini, untuk menyanggah elektrode yang dinyatakan dengan tebal, porositas, diameter pori, luas permukaan aktif. Pada kertas kerja ini, dilakukan pemetaan hasil hasil penelitian lapisan tipis yang sudah dilaporkan dan hasil pengujian untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengurangan ketebalan lapisan tipis tersebut. Hasil pemetaan dan analisis didapatkan pada ketebalan berkisar 250 µm. Dalam pengujian ketebalan 250 µm masih dapat dikurangi dengan mesin sepray sekitar 145 µm dengan densitas karbon sekitar 2 mg cm-2., tetapi prestasi PEMFC lebih kecil dari prestasi tebal 250 µm. Kata Kunci: lapisan tipis GDL; pengurangan lapisan; carbon density; ukuran lapisan; prestasi lapisan tipisABSTRACT: One way to reduce the cost of making PEM Fuel Cells is to reduce the thickness of the layer. The layer is located between GDL and PEMFC electrode. This layer, to refute the electrode, is expressed with thickness, porosity, pore diameter, active surface area. In this working paper, the results of the thin film research results have been mapped and the results of the tests are to determine the characteristics of the thin layer thickness reduction. The mapping and analysis results were obtained at thicknesses ranging from 250 µm. In testing the thickness of 250 µm can still be reduced by a spray machine of 145 µm with a carbon density of about 2 mg cm-2, but PEMFC\u27s performance is smaller than the achievement of 250 µm thick.Keywords: GDL thin layer; layer reduction; carbon density; layer size; thin layer performanc
Design of Flow Control System with A Kickback Flow as A Manipulated Variable
Get PDFThe open loop experiment of water flow dynamic in pipe has been done in laboratory. Pump was used to flow water in pipe. Part of liquid from discard of pump was recycled back to the suction of pump (kickback) and adjusted to control the liquid flow to the next process. The open loop laboratory experiment produced the steady state parameters; they were discard flowrate =16.6 [L/min], kickback flowrate =5.8 [L/min], and liquid flowrate to the next process =10.8 [L/min]. These steady state parameters were then used as the initial value for closed loop simulation with computer programming. This study has proposed the liquid flow control configuration by manipulating the kickback flow. Proportional Integral (PI) was proposed to control the flow and Routh-Hurwitz (RH) stability criterion was chosen to predict the range of the controller gain (Kc) that gives stable response. The closed loop model was solved analytically with Laplace method for both servo and regulatory problems. The set point change of flow and disturbance were made based on step function. The scilab software was used to do closed loop simulation. Based on RH stability criterion, the controller gain should be negative in order to give stable response. The closed loop simulation showed that by using controller gain Kc=–0.5 and integral time constant tI=0.3 [min], stable and fast response with Integral Absolute Error (IAE) near to zero (0,0022) could be achieved