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Renewable Energy from Pyrolysis of Pine Wood with Zeolite Catalyst
Get PDFRenewable energy becomes a hot issue on the decrease of fossil energy reserves that can not be renewed. To answer the challenge of the availability of these energy a study was performed in a high-temperature cracking process from pine wood to obtain fuel oil or so-called pyrolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield, physical properties, and the calorific value of the pyrolysis results. Pyrolysis process is done by varying the percentage of mordenite-type zeolite catalyst as much as 0% b/b, 2% b/b, and 4% b/b, with a mass of 100 grams of pine wood that passes sieving each sample to 50 mesh. Before use, the catalysts physically activated by heating at a temperature of 500°C and chemically activated using HCl to enhance the activity of the zeolite. Pyrolysis carried out at 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C. After the analysis, bio-oil obtained optimum yield of 43.77142% by mass of the catalyst 4% b/b and a temperature of 500 °C. Physical properties obtained in the form of density 1.094723 g/ml, 2.96 cP viscosity, and 58°C flash point. While the highest calorific value on the condition of the catalyst 4% and the reaction temperature 550°C is 26045.50 kJ/kg
Influence of dietyl ether on the mixture of biodiesel B50
Get PDFBiodiesel is generally defined as monoalkyl esters of plant oils and animal fats. Oils derived from plants and animal fats and their derivatives have the possibility as a substitute for diesel fuel. This biodiesel is then mixed with diesel with a composition of 50% biodiesel and 50% diesel to make B50. In this study, B50 was then mixed with diethyl ether. The results of this study, obtained a mixture of B50+0% diethyl ether, B50+2% diethyl ether, B50+4% diethyl ether, B50+6% diethyl ether, B50+8% diethyl ether, B50+10% diethyl ether with kinematic viscosity (6.5 mm2/s, 6 mm2/s, 5.4 mm2/s, 5 mm2/s, 4.3 mm2/s, and 3.6 mm2/s), flash point (183 oC, 179 oC, 177 oC, 175 oC, 171 oC, and 167 oC), pour point (7 oC, 6 oC, 5 oC, 4 oC, 2 oC, and 1 oC), caloric value (10051,66 cal/m3, 10097,1322 cal/gram, 10128,13 cal/gram, 10170,38 cal/gram, 10235,37 cal/gram, and 10306,84 cal/gram), and density 15 oC (841.1 Kg/m3, 839.5 Kg/m3, 838.2 Kg/m3, 837 Kg/m3, 836.2 Kg/m3, dan 835.1 Kg/m3
Pengaruh Katalisator Asam pada Proses Pembuatan Gliserol dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit dengan Metanol
No full textPengaruh Katalisator Asam pada Proses Pembuatan Gliserol dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit dengan Metano
Pemanfaatan Cangkang Bekicot sebagai Koagulan Alternatif untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Air Sungai Code
No full textPemanfaatan Cangkang Bekicot sebagai Koagulan Alternatif untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Air Sungai Cod
Mathematical Model of Water Absorption in Arrowroot Starch-Chitosan Based Bioplastic
Get PDFExpansion of the size of the weight of bioplastics often occurs in daily use. This phenomenon happens because the material from bioplastics can absorb significant amounts of water. This process can lead to accumulation of swelling degree. Therefore, a mathematical model is needed to quantify this mechanism to predict the dynamics of changes in the weight of bioplastics with respet to time while contact with water to help practitioners during application design for the use of bioplastics. This study aims to build a mathematical model derived from the mass sense validated by experimental data through curve fitting. The experiment was conducted by observing the rate of change in the mass of bioplastic made from starch and chitosan by measuring the change in mass concerning time immersed in water under atmospheric conditions. The immersion time was varied between 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40,50, and 60 minutes. As a result, it can be concluded that starch-chitosan-based biofilms can absorb water up to ±10.9174 gr-water/gr-bioplastic, and also this phenomenon can be quantified by a mathematical equation that derived from mass balance with an average percent error of 1.13% and R-squared coefficient of 0.9981.
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi NaNO3 pada Medium Raoof terhadap Kultivasi Spirulina Platensis
Get PDFNutrition is one of the factors that affect the growth of Spirulina platensis. The cultivation medium proposed by Raoof is a modified version of Zarrouk medium. Raoof medium requires less nutrients than Zarrouk medium but the biomass produced is almost the same. This study was conducted to vary the concentration of NaNO3 of 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 g/L in Raoof medium to study its effect on growth and biomass composition of S. platensis. At each concentration of NaNO3 of 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 g/L obtained the highest biomass concentration of 0.6425; 0.6455; 0.6745; 0,5193 g/L on days 12, 12, 12, 10. Concentration of NaNO3 of 2.5 g/L resulted in the highest specific growth rate of 0.1371/day and the lowest double time of 5.0566 days. In general, increasing the concentration of NaNO3 from 0.5 to 2.5 g/L increased the protein content from 33.30 to 36.98%. The addition of higher NaNO3 (3.5 g/L) actually decreased the protein content to 35.52%.Nutrisi adalah salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan Spirulina platensis. Medium kultivasi yang diusulkan oleh Raoof adalah hasil modifikasi dari mudium Zarrouk. Medium Raoof membutuhkan nutrisi yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan medium Zarrouk tetapi biomassa yang dihasilkan hampir sama. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memvariasikan konsentrasi NaNO3 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 g/L pada medium Raoof untuk mempelajari pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan dan komposisi biomassa S. platensis. Pada masing-masing konsentrasi NaNO3 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 g/L diperoleh konsentrasi biomassa tertinggi sebesar 0,6425; 0,6455; 0,6745; 0,5193 g/L pada hari ke-12, 12, 12, 10. Konsentrasi NaNO3 2,5 g/L menghasilkan specific growth rate tertinggi yaitu 0,1371 /hari dan double time terendah yaitu 5,0566 hari. Secara umum, peningkatan konsentrasi NaNO3 dari 0,5 ke 2,5 g/L meningkatkan kadar protein dari 33,30 menjadi 36,98 %. Penambahan NaNO3 lebih tinggi (yaitu 3,5 g/L) justru menurunkan kadar protein menjadi 35,52%
Verification of the Walkley Black Method Test for Determination of Organic Carbon Elements in Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Waste Fertilizer
Get PDFVerification of the organic carbon method on organic fertilizer from Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches (TKKS) waste using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer has been carried out. The determination of this OPEFB fertilizer refers to the AOAC (2000) with the Walkley Black method. The results of the organic carbon test on OPEFB fertilizer show the correlation coefficient (r) value obtained is 1.0000, and the % relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 0.4022% means that the value is below 2/3 CV Horwitz of 4.7230. accuracy with a value of 106.99%. The method limit value (LOD) is 2.4531, and the quantization limit value (LOQ) is 8.1769. The instrument limit value (LOD) is 2.4990, and the quantification limit value (LOQ) is 8.3299; the test results indicate that it has complied with the conditions with acceptance. The test results for determining organic carbon in OPEFB fertilizer using the Walkley Black method with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer showed valid results, so the method could be used
Mass Transfer Coefficient Extraction of Oleoresin from Zodia Leaf (Evodia suaveolens) with Ethanol Solvent Using Ultrasonic Cleaner
Get PDFThe Aedes sp mosquito is a vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and chikungunya which are still commonly found in Indonesia. To control DHF, natural insecticides from plants can be used. Zodia plants (Evodia suaveolens) can be used as natural insecticides because they contain essential oils that mosquitoes do not like. To obtain oleoresin with optimal quality and quantity, extraction can be carried out using ultrasonic waves. To design an efficient extractor, mass transfer coefficient data is needed. Until now, the data is still difficult to obtain. The experiment was carried out using an ultrasonic cleaner, by observing the concentration of oleoresin for various leaf mass ratios of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 grams, extracted with 300 mL ethanol for 900 seconds. Concentration observations were also carried out for a time variation of 90 - 900 seconds, with 90 seconds intervals. The best extraction results were tested using GC-MS, to determine the components in the oleoresin. To determine the mass transfer coefficient (Kc) is to make a relationship between concentration and time for the best ratio of leaf weight and ethanol volume.Based on research that has been done with 300 mL of ethanol and extraction time of 900 seconds, the highest concentration was 0.0120 gr/mL, for the experiment using a leaf weight of 12 gr. The largest percentage (%) of oleoresin that could be extracted was 88.5%, for the experiment the leaf weight was 2 g. The optimum mass transfer coefficient (Kc) is 0.161088 1/minute. These data were obtained for the experiment of the relationship between concentration and time. Oleoresin from Zodia leaves contains 20.61% nerolidol. This compound has effectiveness as a mosquito repellent
Modulus Patah dan Penyerapan Air pada Genteng Beton dari Tbas, Batu Apung dan Kapur Padam dengan Variasi
Get PDFDi Indonesiaîerdapat sumber dryø alamyang cakup baryak antara lain tras, batu apung danbatu kapun bahan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagaí bahan bangunan, jika ketiga bahan tersebatdicampur dan dítambah air maka akan menjadi keras dan cuhrp htat dígunakon sebagai bahan bongunan.Penelitían ini bertujuan mencari modulrc patah dan penyerapan air yang memenuhí Standard InùtstriIndonesia pada genteng beton dari campuran tras, batu apung dan kapur padam dengan varíasikomposisi. Campuran tras dan kapur pødamr dengan perbandingan 10 : 4 ditambah batu apung dengankomposisi bemaríasi dari nol sompaí dengan 42,5 prosen berat, dengan ukuran diameter butir lolosayakan 100 mesh dan 200 mesh, campuran ditambah aír sambil diaduk sampaí adonan menjadi plastßhemudíandicetakdenganukuranT,Sx6,6x2cm,sEnplekemudíandiperamselama2l hari,setelahkzringselaniunya dilalwkan uji terhadap modulus pøtah dan penyerapan ain Hasíl uji terhadap modulus pøahmalrsimum adalah 10,2 kg / cm\u271 pada ukuran butir 200 mesh sedangkan peresapan terhadap aìr minimumadalah0,l6 gramper cm\u27padaukuranbutir I00meshdalamwaktu2t hari. Moduluspatah-danperesapanaír masih dibautah standart SII sebagai genteng beton, sehingga perlu penelitian lebih lanjut misalnyawaklu pemeraman atau ditambahkan semen Portland
Kinetika Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tahu secara Biologi Menggunakan Biofilm dengan Sistem Batch
Get PDFIndustri talru menghasilkan limbah cair yang bersifat biodegradable sehingga dapat diurai secara biologi dengan menggunakan mikroorgaínsme. Penelitian ini mempelajari kìnetika pertumbuhan bakteri Bacillus sphaerícvs dalam limbah cair orgonik tahu. Penelítían diløkukan dengan mengembangbiakkan bakteri Bacílllussphaericas dalam larutan 5,5 gram nuttrìen Agar dan l00mL aquades selama 44jam, dimasukkan kedalam 500 mL limbah cair tahu yang berisi 20 buah batu apung. Setiap selang waktu I atau 2 jam, diømbÍl I buah batu apung dan I0 mL substrat untuk diamatí absorbansinya menggunakan spectronic 20", sehingga dþerclehkonsentrasi bakleri dan konsentrasi substrat (dalam mg/mL). Parameter yang dipelajari adalah pengruh perubahan pH pada air limbah terhadap konstanta kecepatan pertumbuhan bakteri. Dari hasil penelitîan didapat nilai konstanta laju pertumbuhan spesifik keadaan jenuh (0.403 / jam), dan yield terbesar (0.593) pada pH7,5 yang merupakan pH optimum pertumbuhan bakteri Bocillussphaericus