Eksergi
Not a member yet
261 research outputs found
Sort by
Effect of Tandem Flocculation Agent System on Lime Mud NPE (Non Process Element)
Get PDFNon Process Element (NPE) is an impurity substance that is not expected to be present in the caustic system because it can cause disruption to the process and affect the product quality. One way to minimize NPE input is through the process of clarifying raw green liquor into clean green liquor using the coagulation-flocculation method with PDADMAC and A-PAM chemicals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of tandem flocculation agent system on lime mud NPE taking into account the quality standards of several Non Process Element (NPE) compounds in lime mud, as follows : P2O5 <1%, SiO2 < 0.5%, MgO < 0.75%, Fe2O3 < 0.3%, Mn2O3, and Al2O3 < 0.5%. The clean green liquor production uses variations in PDADMAC doses (0, 3, and 5 ppm), while the A-PAM dose is fixed at 7 ppm for each variation. The results show that the optimal dose ratio of PDADMAC: A-PAM from a technical point of view is the second variation ( PDADMAC 3 ppm: A-PAM 7 ppm), where the P₂O₅ value : 0.7159%, SiO2 : 1.4856%, MgO : 0.2234%, Fe2O3 : 0.2568%, Mn2O3 : 0.0055% , and Al2O3 : 0.5988%. But, the SiO2 and Al2O3 compounds at this dose ratio still exceed the lime mud quality standard. However, the dose ratio of PDADMAC 3 ppm : A-PAM 7 ppm showed more significant result than the other ratios.Non Process Element (NPE) is an impurity substance that is not expected to be present in the caustic system because it can cause disruption to the process and affect the product quality. One way to minimize NPE input is through the process of clarifying raw green liquor into clean green liquor using the coagulation-flocculation method with PDADMAC and A-PAM chemicals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of tandem flocculation agent system on lime mud NPE taking into account the quality standards of several Non Process Element (NPE) compounds in lime mud, as follows : P2O5 <1%, SiO2 < 0.5%, MgO < 0.75%, Fe2O3 < 0.3%, Mn2O3, and Al2O3 < 0.5%. The clean green liquor production uses variations in PDADMAC doses (0, 3, and 5 ppm), while the A-PAM dose is fixed at 7 ppm for each variation. The results show that the optimal dose ratio of PDADMAC: A-PAM from a technical point of view is the second variation ( PDADMAC 3 ppm: A-PAM 7 ppm), where the P₂O₅ value : 0.7159%, SiO2 : 1.4856%, MgO : 0.2234%, Fe2O3 : 0.2568%, Mn2O3 : 0.0055% , and Al2O3 : 0.5988%. But, the SiO2 and Al2O3 compounds at this dose ratio still exceed the lime mud quality standard. However, the dose ratio of PDADMAC 3 ppm : A-PAM 7 ppm showed more significant result than the other ratios
Mass Transfer Coefficient of Extraction of Anthocyanin from Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) with Ethanol-HCl as Solvent
Get PDFAnthocyanin is a natural pigment that causes the purple skin of the mangosteen fruit. This study aimed to observe the effect of temperature, stirring time, and ethanol concentration in ethanol–HCl solvent on anthocyanins produced from the mangosteen peel extraction process and determine the value of its mass transfer coefficient. The laboratory work was conducted with mangosteen peel powder extracted with ethanol solvent containing 1% HCl solution using an extraction apparatus set. The mangosteen rind is cleaned and then mashed until it passes the size of -60+80 mesh. Then 50 g of mangosteen rind powder was put into a three-neck flask along with ethanol solution with various concentrations of 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95%, each containing 1% HCl. Extraction was carried out at various stirring times of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 hours with temperature variations of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70oC. Each product was distilled at a temperature of <60oC. Anthocyanin content were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the optimum conditions at the extraction temperature of 50oC with stirring time for 4 hours and 95% ethanol concentration in ethanol–HCl solvent with anthocyanin content obtained of 9,8377.10-4 (g anthocyanin/g solvent) and kC of 0,00781 g/(cm2.hour)
Separation of Mineral from Brown Algae Extract using Micro Filtration (MF) and Ultra Filtration (UF) Membrans – Review
Get PDFBrown algae (Phaeophyta) contain active compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics, fats, pigments, vitamins and minerals. The mineral content of brown algae is around 8% to 40% consisting of cations Na+, K+, Mg++, Fe++, Zn++, Mn++ and heavy metals. Bioactive brown algae has many benefits, including Fucoidan as a cancer drug. The barrier of using Fucoidan as a medicine is its high mineral content. Therefore, the minerals must be separated. The extraction process of brown algae using various methods has been carried out with the aim of isolating the active component of Fucoidan that is free from minerals that will be an obstacle in utilizing the active component. This paper will describe some of the latest methods of extracting the active ingredients of brown algae and mineral separation processes using Micro Filtration (MF) and Ultra Filtration (UF) membrane. MF and UF membrane can separate small molecules such as cations (minerals) that can pass through the membrane so that macromolecules such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, pigments, phenolics and vitamins can be separated from minerals and active ingredients in the absence of minerals can be obtained. The purpose of this paper is to provide research directions in the exploration of the active ingredients of brown algae for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications without side effects caused by high metal or mineral content above the threshold value in brown algae extracts
Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Kontak dan Dosis Adsorben Fly ash teraktivasi NaOH terhadap Adsorpsi Metilen Biru
Get PDFA rapid growth of textile industry creates a new problems on environment, one of those is the presence of dye waste. Methylene blue is one of the dyes which is toxic to living things, one of those triggers cyanosis for human and bother photosyntesis of algae. Therefore, it needs the effort to reduce, one of those is by adsorption. This study aims to determined the effect of dosage adsorbent variation and contact time variation to adsorb methylene blue. Adsorption is an adsorbate molecule absorption process that occurs on the surface of the adsorbent. This study used fly ash from PG. Pagottan and has been activated by NaOH. Measure method of this study using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to measure concentration of methylene blue at maximum wavelenght. Based on data, NaOH-activated fly ash and non-activated fly ash following Langmuir isotherm adsorption, it mean a monolayer site is formed. Adsorption capacity also increase after activation, it about 21,74 mg/g to 23, 25 mg/g. Based on the study fly ash has a potential as a new adsorbent. Pertumbuhan industri menimbulkan masalah yang baru terhadap lingkungan salah satunya adalah adanya limbah warna. Metilen biru merupakan pewarna tekstil yang berbahaya bagi makhluk hidup salah satunya pemicu sianosis bagi manusia dan dapat mengganggu fotosintesis bagi tumbuhan air. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan upaya untuk mengatasi hal tersebutsalah satunya dengan adsorpsi.Metode adsorpsi menggunakan fly ash PG.Pagottan yang telah diaktivasi dengan NaOH 2M untuk menyerap metilen biru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi massa adsoren dan variasi waktu kontak terhadap absorbansi metilen biru sebelum aktivasi dan sesudah aktivasi. Metode pengukuran menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis Genesys-10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkn bahwa persen removal terbaik untuk penyerapan metilen biru dengan konsentrasi 0,03 g/L adalah fly ash Berdasarkan data dapat diketahui fly ash aktivasi dan non aktivasi mengikuti model isoterm Langmuir yang berarti terbentuk monolayer adsorpsi dengan R2 0,987dan R 2 0,677 untuk non aktivasi untuk aktivasi NaOH 2M. Kapasitas adsorbsi fly ash juga mengalami peningkatan setelah aktivasi yaitu 21,739 mg/gram menjadi 23, 255 mg/gram teraktivasi NaOH dengan dosis 0,2 gram selama 10 menit yang dapat mengadsorpsi sebesar 100%
Simulasi Siktus Refrijerasi Satu, Dua, dan Tiga Tahap dengan HYSYS 3.2.
Get PDFPenggunøan sikus refriijerasi semakin meningkat dalam industri kimia untuk penyediaan chilled water. Pada makalah ini disimulasikan siklus refrijerasi satu tahap, dua tahap, dan tiga tahap dengøn HYSYS 3.2. Beberapa data dimasukkan agar tercapai derajat kebebasan (degree of freedom) sama dengan 0. Neraca massa dm energi terhìtung dengan bantuan sortware HYSYS 3.2. dan diamati profìl beban kondensor, kompresor, dan evaporator terhadap berbagai variable yang berpengaruh. Berdasarkan hasil simulasì, beban kondensor, evaporator dan kompresor dipengaruhi oleh tekanan kondensoi tekanan evaporstoti dan tekanan interstage
Model Matematika dan Simulasi Untuk Non-Idealitas Reaktor Alir Pipa
Get PDFThis paper presents a mathematical model for the performance of a non-ìdeality plugflow reactor. An analytical technique used was the residence time distribution (RTD) involving tracer component. This model can give a prediction of the number of the ideal continuous stirred tank reactors that could represent the non-ideal plug flow reactor. Regardíng to the literature, the result obtained is 9 continuous stirred tank reactors in series would represent the performance of non-ideal plugflow reactor that was analyze
Pengaruh Aktivasi Bentonit Wonosegoro terhadap Perbaikan Sifat Fisis Minyak Pelumas Bekas Industri
Get PDFBentonit is a kind of ore which has a high adsorption power due to its hígh content of montmorilonit. Its wìdely used in many applications as well as an activated carbon. In fact, activated bentonit can improve physical properties of used lubrícant oil partially its Rëdwood vìscocity, flash point and carbon residue. In this research, the activation procceses including heating, pressurizing and acíd methods. Such methods were conducted ìn a muffle burner (at temperature of 280, 300, 320, 340, 360 and 38 degree C, ín a pressure vessel (at pressures of 1.75; 2.23; 2.54; 2,66; and 3.02 atm), and three neck bottles (at acid concentrations of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 and 0.5 N), respectìvely. The activated bentonit was thereafter tested to absorp a quantity of sample used lubricant oil. From these experiments, it was concluded that activated bentonit can increase the Redwood viscocity and flash poínt of used lubrícant oil and also decrease its carbon residue. The optimum temperature, pressure and acidconcentratíon obtainedwere 36tC, 2.66 atm and 0.4 N, respectively. At this condition, the used lubricant oil had a Redwood víscocity 125.9 cP, flash point of 112 degree C and carbon residue of 22.05%
Prediksi Kinerja Sistem Integrasi Penyerap Energi Surya dan Storage Air dengan Nomogram
No full textPrediksi Kinerja Sistem Integrasi Penyerap Energi Surya dan Storage Air dengan Nomogra
GRID CONNECTED SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM
No full textSolar-Hydr-ogen energy system has been regarded æ ttre future energy system that is clean, environmental-friendly, availability of renewable energy resources and easy to transfer or deliver to the end user. The grid connected solar hydrogen energy system (GCSHES) have the capability of overcoming the problems that óccur on the grid connected power system (GCPS) when there is a black out of grid electricity. Moreover, stand alone power system (SAPS) requires batteries and larger hydrogen tank capacity is required for higher energy genèration. An experimental GCSHES has been setup and tested. The GCSHES consists of subsystems photovoltaic (PV) array with 40 PV module type multicrystalin with its capacity of 5000 Wp, inverter capacity of 6000 W, electrolyzer capacity of 19 scf/h, hydrogen tank capacity of 1500 liter and fuelcell of 500 W. The characteristics equation and maximuln power output of PV was presented The monthly efficiency and performance of PV array is 12.7% and 26% , while the efficiency and performance of inverter is 95.1% and 98%, respectively. The efficiency of electrolyzer subsystem and fuel cell is 51% and 25%, respectively. The techno economical analysis indictated that the pay back period of this system is 18 years
Improving Stability of Anthocyanin Extracted from Ipomoea batatas by Co-pigmentation
Get PDFPublic awareness of the dangers of using synthetic dyes has started to boost the prestige of natural dyes. The limitation of natural dyes is one of the causes of the limited use of natural dyes commercially. This research utilized purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as a source of anthocyanins. The purpose of this study was the stabilization of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato through the co-pigmentation process. The first stage is the extraction of natural anthocyanin dyes from purple sweet potatoes using the microwave-assisted method, then stabilization of anthocyanins through a co-pigmentation process with variations in the addition of arabic gum, Fe-Alginate, and catechins at various concentrations as Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC), and stability test. The higher the concentration value of the co-pigmenting agent added to the extract, the higher the color shift, indicated by a decrease in the TAC value. The best copigmentation was obtained with green tea containing catechin concentration of 0.01 ml green tea/20 ml extract. with a TAC value of 0.1499 mg/L. Stabilization test against storage, co-pigmentation with catechins in green tea gave the best stability. While the stability against heating and oxidation, co-pigmentation with gum arabic will stabilize the condition of anthocyanin extracts.Public awareness of the dangers of using synthetic dyes has started to boost the prestige of natural dyes. The limitation of natural dyes is one of the causes of the limited use of natural dyes commercially. This research utilized purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as a source of anthocyanins. The purpose of this study was the stabilization of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato through the co-pigmentation process. The first stage is the extraction of natural anthocyanin dyes from purple sweet potatoes using the microwave-assisted method, then stabilization of anthocyanins through a co-pigmentation process with variations in the addition of arabic gum, Fe-Alginate, and catechins at various concentrations as Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC), and stability test. The higher the concentration value of the co-pigmenting agent added to the extract, the higher the color shift, indicated by a decrease in the TAC value. The best copigmentation was obtained with green tea containing catechin concentration of 0.01 ml green tea/20 ml extract. with a TAC value of 0.1499 mg/L. Stabilization test against storage, co-pigmentation with catechins in green tea gave the best stability. While the stability against heating and oxidation, co-pigmentation with gum arabic will stabilize the condition of anthocyanin extracts