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KOPOLIMERISASI CANGKOK METIL METAKRILAT PADA PATI TAPIOKA MENGGUNAKAN INISIATOR CERIC AMMONIUM NITRAT
Get PDFTelah dilakukan kopolimerisasi cangkok antara tepung pati tapioka dengan metil metakrilat menggunakan inisiator cerric ammonium nitrat, hasilnya berupa kopolimer cangkok pati-metil metakrilat/ Starch-graft-Polimetil Metakrilat (S-g-PMM). S-g-PMM yang dihasilkan dari sintesis ini merupakan produk yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai penyerap air, selain itu kopolimer ini dapat digunakan sebagai material pengganti yangbersifat biodegradable. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencampurkan pati tapioka yang dilarutkan dalam air dan diaduk sampai homogen dalam labu leher tiga. Kemudian ditambahkan inisiator inisiator cerric ammonium nitrat (CAN) yang telah dilarutkan dalam HNO3 0,5 N, serta monomer metil metakrilat. Setelah reaksi selesai ditambahkan metanol. Padatan S-g-PMM yang diperoleh diuji strukturnya menggunakan FTIR, daya serap air dan daya urainya Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada perbandingan 8,5 g tepung tapioka dengan 12 ml metil metakrilat (perbandingan MM:pati tapioka =1,3201:1), suhu 40oC, dihasilkan S-g-PMM dengan yield 41,74%, kapasitas absorbsi air 375% dan kemampuan terurai secara alami 6,42%
Magnetite Surface Modification with Silica and Its Application as Adsorbent of Heavy Metal Ion Nickel and Manganese
Get PDFThis study aims to synthesize magnetite by a co-precipitation method. The prepared adsorbent magnetite coated by silica for the efficient removal nickel and manganese ions from the aqueous solutions. The prepared samples have characterized by several techniques like FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM. Surface modification causes the magnetite ability of removing metals ions increasing more than 98%. Preliminary results indicate that magnetite coated silica may be used as an adsorbent for removal of nickel and manganese ions from wastewater
Acid Tar Waste Beneficiation Through Blending with Coal
Get PDFThe possibility of blending acid tar waste with coal as a beneficiation method was explored in this work. It was essential to first establish the material properties of the acid tar and coal samples together with that of the blends in terms of proximate analyses. The acid tar waste to coal blending ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 were used. It was observed that acid tar waste exhibited high volatile and moisture content with low ash and carbon content when compared with coal. When compared with coal; a 3:1 blending ratio exhibited 56.9 % and 7.6 % reduction in ash and fixed carbon respectively and on the contrary a 38.1 % increase in volatile matter was observed. An opposite trend was obtained with 1:3 blend ratio. The 1:1 blend ratio was found to decrease the volatile and ash content by 8.3 % and 52.7 % respectively whilst fixed carbon boosted by 4.2 %. The choice for the blending ratio to apply is a trade-off between fixed carbon and volatile matter. If volatile matter is of any significance then a 3:1 mixture would be ideal; such a mixture will aid in easier ignition of coal. On the other hand a 1:3 binary mixture yields a higher fixed carbon fraction, whose effect is to boost the calorific value of the fuel, an excellent factor for combustion. Overall however, it makes economic sense to blend coal with acid tar waste for enhancing sustainability
KOEFISIEN PERPINDAHAN PANAS KONVEKSI PADA PEMISAHAN FRAKSI RINGAN MINYAK PELUMAS BEKAS
Get PDFLubricant oil has límited time in its using. After ín that time, the oìl has been not aplicated so ít hasto be substìtuted with the another one. By forward wíth transportation, there wìll be pollution in environment. Inholding that problems, so the renewable processing used lubrícant oil is needed to be more ecommíc product. The process was done ín the separating equipment that was being heated 200-250"C wíth some pnæess ptameters.The parameters were 0.061 -0.0389 m/sec in flow rate, 170-230 degree C in the feeding temperature, 0.11 - 0.07 m in ã diameter of separation equipment, 77 -95.5\u27C in the diference temperature wíth in oíl and equipment wall. The feed from feed tank was flowed by pass heater and than its in to separation equipment. The product was dístilate, were analyzed in physic characterìzatíon í.e., specific gravity, viscosity, colour ASTM and flash point. The rafinate þottom product, heavy fractÍon, was put ín to feeding tank. The rafinøt was analyzed fisic characterization i.e., specítìc gratity, flash point, fire poínt¡ kinematic, viscosíty and viscosity índex. The rafinate analysis was done after the process was stopped
Koefisien Perpindahan Massa pada Ekstraksi Tanin dari Putrimalu (Mimosa Pudika)
No full textKoefisien Perpindahan Massa pada Ekstraksi Tanin dari Putrimalu (Mimosa Pudika
EVALUASI KONSTANTA PERSAMAAN KARAKTER PHOTOVOLTAIC TYPE MULTI KRISTAL DENGAN METODE HOOKE-JEEYES
Get PDFPersamaan karakter arus dan voltase (I-V) dari photovoltaik, mengandung beberapa konstanta, Persamaan ini dapat berlaku umum untuk meramalkan karakter (l-V) photovoltaic, apabila nilai-nilai konstanta diketahui. Penentuan nilai-nilai konstanta dilakukan berdasarkan dari data-data elsperimen yang dilakukan dengan variasi variabel yang berpengaruh. Nilai konstanta yang sesuai didapatkan dengan membandingkan data-hasil perhitungan\u27dengan data eksperimen menggunakan kaedah jumlah kuadrat kesalahan (SSE) minimum, proses ini dikenal sebagai optimasi (minimasi) persamaan nonlinier multi variabel. Pada tulisan ini akan dipaparkan optimasi regresi nonlinier multi variabel, dengan metoda pencarian langsung tanpa kendala (Hooke-Jebves method) dan algoritma maupun diagram alir program metode Hooke-Jeeves. Pemrogramankomputer dilakukan dengan bantuan bahasa program Scilab. Hasil optimasi diperoleh konstanta persamaan k1: 0.0065, k2= 0.006, k3=2858173 dan k4=12960. Persamaan model maternatik ini dengan konstanta tersebut dapat mewakili karakterist k photovoltaic type multikristal
Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst
Get PDFThe world\u27s oil reserves are running low, which makes the government also implement a mandatory B30 policy starting in early 2020. With this policy, it is necessary to develop energy by utilizing renewable energy such as vegetable oil that can be converted into biodiesel. Waste cooking oil is one of the vegetable oils that has the potential to be processed into biodiesel because the use of waste cooking oil in Indonesia is still not developed. In this study, we report the yield of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with variations in the ratio of the number of moles and weight of heterogeneous catalysts. Biodiesel is made by esterification and transesterification with a heterogeneous catalyst (CaO), then a separation process is carried out to separate the biodiesel produced from the by-product in the form of glycerol. The separated biodiesel is then analyzed for density, viscosity, flash point, and pour point. The results showed that the best biodiesel was at a mole ratio of 1:24 with 3% CaO catalyst. Based on the analysis data, this biodiesel has the largest yield of 72.49% with a viscosity value of 4.9806 cSt, a flash point value of 72.5 oC, a pour point value of 0 oC, and a density value of 0.8662 g/ml and calorific value. 8837,302 cal/gram. With the results of the analysis, that are in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 7182:2015
The Effect of Adding Activated Sludge and Types of Series Circuit Systems Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Using Chinese Food Restaurant Wastewater
Get PDFElectricity consumption expands every year. However, in Indonesia, electricity is still highly dependent on conventional energy sources such as coal. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the alternative inventions that consists of a series of tools which converts chemical energy into electrical energy in the presence of microbial metabolism. In addition to produce electrical energy, it may also help to solve environmental issues by dealing with waste. This research was purposed to investigate the potency of Chinese food restaurant waste as substrate to generate electricity in microbial fuel cell. The research was done in three stages: wastewater preparation, assembly of MFC tools in various circuits, and running MFC processes. Results showed that the best electrical average (1.02 V) was found in the treatment system without active sludge. The best circuit was in the system in 4 series, which obtained a maximum voltage of 3.76 V and the largest power density of 62.66 mW/m2. In addition, with the addition of active sludge, biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater could be lowered up to 29.27%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 51.58%. Total suspended solid (TSS) could be decreased up to 49% on the sample withoud sludge addition
Simulasi Enhancement Factor untukAbsorpsi Gas disertai Reaksi Kimia Reversibel Orde Dua Kondisi Non Isotermal dengan Model Difusitas Eddy
Get PDFProses absorpsi gas ke dalam liquida seríngkali dijumpai dalam dunia industri. Proses ini dilakukan untuk memisahkan suatu komponen yang tidak diinginkan dan untuk mendapatkan suatu senyawa yang merupakan hasil reaksi. Proses absorpsi di industri.umumnya adalah absorpsi secara kimia yang dilakukan dalam packed column atau bubble column dengan aliran counter current. Reaksi kimia dapat terjadi secaraineversibel atau reversibel. Pada kondisi nyatq proses absorpsi gas terjadi pada kondisi non isotennal yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh panas pelarutan gas. Pengaruh panas dan reaksi kimiaterhadap laju absorpsi dinyatakan dengan enhancement factor. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu tentang enhancement factor untuk absorpsigas pada kondisi non isotermal terbatas pada pemakaian model film dan model higbie. Model film cukup sederhana namun kurang realistis dengan asumsi film stagnan. Model higbie cukup realistis namun melibatkan persaamaandifusivitas unsteady state yang rumit. Pada simulasi ini penelitian dikembangkan dengan model difusivitrs eddyuntuk reaksi orde dua. Model ini cukup realistis namun sederhana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah permodelan matematis untuk menentukan faktor peningkatanabsorpsi gas dalam larutan yang disertai reaksi reversibel orde dua dalam kondisi non isotermal dengan model difusivitas eddy. Penelitian dilakukan secara teoritis dengan simulasi menggunakan program matlab dimana perumusan harga enhancement factor diturunkan dari persamaan dasar absorpsi dengan menggunakan model difusivitas eddy. Harga-harga variabel yang ditinjau pada penelitian ini adalah perbandingan rate difusi A terhadap rate difusi B (S) 0.01 0.0125, bilangan hatta 0 antara I 100, energi aktivasi difusi 0 4 -2 ,energi aktivasi reaksi 0 5, energi aktivasi pelarutan 0 0 - 1.5, panas pelarutan 0 dan panas reaksi 0 0.001 0.003, konstanta kesetimbangan (K) 10 - 15, ratio konsentrasi (L) 100, dan ratio difusi (T) LReynolds number 5000 (Tak berdimensi). Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan bahwa harga enhancement factor dipengaruhi oleh harga S dan bilangan hatta. Semakin besar bilangan hatta cenderung akan mempercepat laju absorpsi. Dan diperoleh bahwa dengan model difusivitas eddy, harga enhancement factor yang didapatkan lebih besar daripada dengan menggunakan model film. Panas kelarutan, panas reaksi, dan energy aktivasi memiliki andil tersendiri dalam mempengaruhi harga enhancement factor
PEMBUATAN MINYAK KELAPA DARI SANTAN DENGAN CARA ELEKTROKIMIA
Get PDFCoconut palm is a very usefitl plant. Almost every parts of the tree can be used by people. The most important part is its fruit. From coconut fruit we can get its oil as oil-water emulsion with protein emulsion fier. Coconut oil is the most value part of coconút fruit. Oil content of coconut fruit is 34,7 %. In order to extract its oil front the fruit, we can use electrochemical way. First the fruit make into coconut milk and then coconut milkput inlo electrochemical tool. Electrochemical is a process in which colloid particles are moved under influence of electric current, When a pair of electrodes are given electric current, the protein which has function as a emulsifìer will be destroyed and it causes the separaction oil from wøter. Good relativity condition is reached in : electrochemical time 60 minules, electric current 4 ampere, cathode width 40 cm2 and the coconut oil result is 38.5 ml, the presentage oil result I I % equivalent to 0,01103 mgrek / granr oil free futty acid oi